Isotopes of phosphorus

Although phosphorus (₁₅P) has 23 isotopes from ²⁵P to ⁴⁷P, only ³¹P is stable; as such, phosphorus is considered a monoisotopic element. The longest-lived radioactive isotopes are ³³P with a half-life of 25.34 days and ³²P with a half-life of 14.268 days. All others have half-lives of under 2.5 minutes, most under a second. The least stable is ²⁵P with a half-life shorter than 30 nanoseconds.

List of isotopes

Nuclide[2] [n 1]	Z	N	Isotopic mass (Da)[3] [n 2][n 3]	Half-life [n 4]	Decay mode [n 5]	Daughter isotope [n 6]	Spin and parity [n 7][n 4]	Natural abundance (mole fraction)
Nuclide[2] [n 1]	Excitation energy			Half-life [n 4]	Decay mode [n 5]	Daughter isotope [n 6]	Spin and parity [n 7][n 4]	Normal proportion	Range of variation
²⁵P	15	10	25.02119(43)#	<30 ns	p	²⁴Si	(1/2+)#
²⁶P[n 8]	15	11	26.01178(21)#	43.7(6) ms	β⁺ (63.2%)	²⁶Si	(3+)
²⁶P[n 8]	15	11	26.01178(21)#	43.7(6) ms	β⁺, p (36.8%)	²⁵Al	(3+)
^26mP	164.4(1) keV			120(9) ns	IT	²⁶P
²⁷P	15	12	26.999224(28)	260(80) ms	β⁺ (99.93%)	²⁷Si	1/2+
²⁷P	15	12	26.999224(28)	260(80) ms	β⁺, p (.07%)	²⁶Al	1/2+
²⁸P	15	13	27.9923266(12)	270.3(5) ms	β⁺ (99.99%)	²⁸Si	3+
					β⁺, p (.0013%)	²⁷Al
					β⁺, α (8.6×10⁻⁴%)	²⁴Mg
²⁹P	15	14	28.9818004(4)	4.142(15) s	β⁺	²⁹Si	1/2+
³⁰P	15	15	29.97831349(7)	2.498(4) min	β⁺	³⁰Si	1+
³¹P	15	16	30.9737619986(7)	Stable			1/2+	1.0000
³²P	15	17	31.97390764(4)	14.268(5) d	β⁻	³²S	1+	Trace
³³P	15	18	32.9717257(12)	25.35(11) d	β⁻	³³S	1/2+
³⁴P	15	19	33.9736459(9)	12.43(10) s	β⁻	³⁴S	1+
³⁵P	15	20	34.9733141(20)	47.3(8) s	β⁻	³⁵S	1/2+
³⁶P	15	21	35.978260(14)	5.6(3) s	β⁻	³⁶S	4−
³⁷P	15	22	36.97961(4)	2.31(13) s	β⁻	³⁷S	(1/2+)
³⁸P	15	23	37.98430(8)	0.64(14) s	β⁻ (87.5%)	³⁸S
³⁸P	15	23	37.98430(8)	0.64(14) s	β⁻, n (12.5%)	³⁷S
³⁹P	15	24	38.98629(12)	282(24) ms	β⁻ (73.2%)	³⁹S	1/2+#
³⁹P	15	24	38.98629(12)	282(24) ms	β⁻, n (26.8%)	³⁸S	1/2+#
⁴⁰P	15	25	39.99129(16)	150(8) ms	β⁻ (84.2%)	⁴⁰S	(2−,3−)
⁴⁰P	15	25	39.99129(16)	150(8) ms	β⁻, n (15.8%)	³⁹S	(2−,3−)
⁴¹P	15	26	40.99465(13)	101(5) ms	β⁻ (70%)	⁴¹S	1/2+#
⁴¹P	15	26	40.99465(13)	101(5) ms	β⁻, n (30%)	⁴⁰S	1/2+#
⁴²P	15	27	42.00108(34)	48.5(15) ms	β⁻ (50%)	⁴²S
⁴²P	15	27	42.00108(34)	48.5(15) ms	β⁻, n (50%)	⁴¹S
⁴³P	15	28	43.00502(60)	35.8(13) ms	β⁻, n	⁴²S	1/2+#
⁴³P	15	28	43.00502(60)	35.8(13) ms	β⁻	⁴³S	1/2+#
⁴⁴P	15	29	44.01122(54)#	18.5(25) ms	β⁻	⁴⁴S
⁴⁵P	15	30	45.01675(54)#	8# ms [>200 ns]	β⁻	⁴⁵S	1/2+#
⁴⁶P	15	31	46.02466(75)#	4# ms [>200 ns]	β⁻	⁴⁶S
⁴⁷P[4]	15	32	47.03190(86)#	2# ms	β⁻	⁴⁷S

^mP – Excited nuclear isomer.
( ) – Uncertainty (1σ) is given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits.
# – Atomic mass marked #: value and uncertainty derived not from purely experimental data, but at least partly from trends from the Mass Surface (TMS).
# – Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from trends of neighboring nuclides (TNN).
Modes of decay:

IT: Isomeric transition

n: Neutron emission

p: Proton emission
Bold symbol as daughter – Daughter product is stable.
( ) spin value – Indicates spin with weak assignment arguments.
Has 1 halo proton

Radioactive isotopes

Phosphorus-32

³²P, a beta-emitter (1.71 MeV) with a half-life of 14.3 days, is used routinely in life-science laboratories, primarily to produce radiolabeled DNA and RNA probes, e.g. for use in Northern blots or Southern blots. Because the high-energy beta particles produced penetrate skin and corneas, and because any ³²P ingested, inhaled, or absorbed is readily incorporated into bone and nucleic acids, OSHA requires that a lab coat, disposable gloves, and safety glasses or goggles be worn when working with ³²P, and that working directly over an open container be avoided in order to protect the eyes. Monitoring personal, clothing, and surface contamination is also required. In addition, due to the high energy of the beta particles, shielding this radiation with the normally used dense materials (e.g. lead), gives rise to secondary emission of X-rays via a process known as bremsstrahlung, meaning braking radiation. Therefore, shielding must be accomplished with low-density materials, e.g. Plexiglas, Lucite, plastic, wood, or water.

Phosphorus-33

³³P, a beta-emitter (0.25 MeV) with a half-life of 25.4 days. It is used in life-science laboratories in applications in which lower energy beta emissions are advantageous such as DNA sequencing. ³³P can be used to label nucleotides. It is less energetic than ³²P, giving a better resolution. A disadvantage is its higher cost compared to ³²P, as most of the bombarded ³¹P will have acquired only one neutron, while only some will have acquired two or more. Its maximum specific activity is 5118 Ci/mol.

External links

Phosphorus isotopes data from The Berkeley Laboratory Isotopes Project's

References

Meija, Juris; et al. (2016). "Atomic weights of the elements 2013 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 88 (3): 265–91. doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0305.
Half-life, decay mode, nuclear spin, and isotopic composition is sourced in:
Audi, G.; Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S. (2017). "The NUBASE2016 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 41 (3): 030001. Bibcode:2017ChPhC..41c0001A. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/41/3/030001.
Wang, M.; Audi, G.; Kondev, F. G.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Xu, X. (2017). "The AME2016 atomic mass evaluation (II). Tables, graphs, and references" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 41 (3): 030003-1–030003-442. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/41/3/030003.
Neufcourt, L.; Cao, Y.; Nazarewicz, W.; Olsen, E.; Viens, F. (2019). "Neutron drip line in the Ca region from Bayesian model averaging". Physical Review Letters. 122: 062502–1—062502–6. arXiv:1901.07632. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.122.062502.

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[3] P – Excited nuclear isomer.

[5] ( ) – Uncertainty (1σ) is given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits.

[TMS-6] # – Atomic mass marked #: value and uncertainty derived not from purely experimental data, but at least partly from trends from the Mass Surface (TMS).

[TNN-7] # – Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from trends of neighboring nuclides (TNN).

[8] Modes of decay:

IT: Isomeric transition

n: Neutron emission

p: Proton emission

[9] Bold symbol as daughter – Daughter product is stable.

[10] ( ) spin value – Indicates spin with weak assignment arguments.

[11] Has 1 halo proton

[CIAAW2013-1] Meija, Juris; et al. (2016). "Atomic weights of the elements 2013 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 88 (3): 265–91. doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0305.

[2] Half-life, decay mode, nuclear spin, and isotopic composition is sourced in:
Audi, G.; Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S. (2017). "The NUBASE2016 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 41 (3): 030001. Bibcode:2017ChPhC..41c0001A. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/41/3/030001.

[4] Wang, M.; Audi, G.; Kondev, F. G.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Xu, X. (2017). "The AME2016 atomic mass evaluation (II). Tables, graphs, and references" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 41 (3): 030003-1–030003-442. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/41/3/030003.

[neufcourt-12] Neufcourt, L.; Cao, Y.; Nazarewicz, W.; Olsen, E.; Viens, F. (2019). "Neutron drip line in the Ca region from Bayesian model averaging". Physical Review Letters. 122: 062502–1—062502–6. arXiv:1901.07632. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.122.062502.

IT:	Isomeric transition
n:	Neutron emission
p:	Proton emission