Kariri languages

After the Dutch were expelled from Northeast Brazil in the 17th century, Portuguese settlers rapidly colonized the region, forcing Kariri speakers to become widely dispersed due to forced migrations and resettlement. Hence, Kariri languages became scattered across Paraíba, Ceará, Pernambuco, Bahia, and other states.[1]

The four known Kariri languages are:

• Kipeá (Quipea, Kariri)
• Kamurú (Camuru)
• Dzubukuá (Dzubucua, Kiriri)
• Sabujá (Sapoyá, Pedra Branca)

There are short grammatical descriptions of Kipeá and Dzubukuá, and word lists for Kamurú and Sabujá. Ribeiro established through morphological analysis that Kariri is likely to be related to the Jê languages.

Mason (1950) lists:[2]

• Cariri
  • Kipea
  • Camurú
  • Dzubucua
  • Pedra Branca
• Sapuya

Map of traditional Kariri territory

Below is a full list of Kiriri languages and dialects listed by Loukotka (1968), including names of unattested varieties.[3]

• Kariri / Quipea / Cariri - originally spoken in the Serra dos Velhos, Paraíba state, later at the old missions of Missão Velha, Missão Nova, Milagres, Crato, and others, in the states of Paraíba, Pernambuco and Ceará. Now entirely extinct, and the survivors speak only Portuguese.
• Kiriri / Dzubucua / Quiriri - extinct language once spoken on the islands of the São Francisco River near Cabrobó, Pernambuco. Now extinct, and the last survivors spoke only Portuguese.
• Sapuyá / Sabuya - extinct language originally spoken in the Serra Chapada, later in Caranguejo, Bahia
• Kamurú - originally spoken on the Pardo River and in Pedra Branca; the last survivors on the Gongogi River spoke only Portuguese.

Unattested varieties

• Iñamum - once spoken on the Inhamum Island of the São Francisco River, Pernambuco. (Unattested)
• Quesque - once spoken on the Pajeú River, state of Pernambuco. (Unattested)
• Abacatiara - once spoken on an island in the São Francisco River, Pernambuco. (Unattested)
• Icozinho - once spoken around the confluence of the Salgado River and Jaguaribe River, Ceará. (Unattested)
• Icó - once spoken between the Salgado River, Piranhas River and Peixe River, Ceará. (Unattested)
• Calabaça - the Portuguese name of an extinct language of the Salgado River, Ceará. (Unattested)
• Cariú - once spoken between the Cariús River and Bastiões River, Ceará. (Unattested)
• Corema - formerly spoken on the Piancó River, state of Paraíba. (Unattested)
• Jucá - once spoken south of the sources of the Jaguaribe River and near Arneiroz, Ceará. (Unattested)
• Ichú / Ansus - once spoken on the sources of the Salgado River in the state of Ceará. (Unattested)
• Ariú / Peba - extinct language formerly spoken on the Piranhas River and Sabugi River in the state of Paraíba. (Unattested)
• Bultrin - extinct language of the Serra da Borborema of the state of Paraíba. (Unattested)
• Quixexeu - once spoken on the Jaguaribe River, Ceará. (Unattested)
• Quixelu - once spoken on the Jaguaribe River, Ceará. (Unattested)
• Aracapa - extinct language once spoken on Aracapa Island in the São Francisco River, Pernambuco. (Unattested)

Tumbalalá, now extinct, is an unattested and unclassified language, but words for Tumbalalá ritual objects used in their traditional toré religion appear to be of Kariri origin, namely pujá, kwaqui, and cataioba.[4]

Indigenous peoples of Ceará, 2008

Indigenous peoples of Alagoas and Sergipe

The names Kariri and Kiriri were applied to many peoples over a wide area in the east of Brazil, in the lower and middle São Francisco River area and further north. Most of their now-extinct languages are too poorly known to classify, but what is recorded does not suggest that they were all members of the Kariri family. Examples are:

• Katembri (Kiriri, Kariri, Kariri de Mirandela [near Banzaê and Quijingue in Bahia])
  • Kaufman (1990) classified it as Katembri–Taruma.
• Xukurú (Kirirí, Kirirí-Xokó [in the Serra do Urubá of Pesqueira, Pernambuco])
  • Loukotka (1968) says this forms a small family with Paratió.[3]
• Xocó (Xokó, Chocó [in Sergipe], Kariri-Xocó, Kariri-Shoko, Cariri-Chocó [in Alagoas], Xukuru-Kariri, Xucuru-Kariri, Xucuru-Cariri [in Alagoas])
  • Three populations. Not clear if this was one language or three. In the Porto Real do Colégio and Palmeira dos Índios areas of Alagoas.[5]

Other nearby language isolates and language families:[5]

• Natú (in the area of Porto Real do Colégio, Alagoas)
• Wakoná (Aconã) (in Penedo, Alagoas) (unattested)
• Wasu (in Joaquim Gomes, Alagoas) (unattested)
• Pankararú (in Brejo dos Padres, Tacaratu, Pernambuco)
• Tuxá (in Rodelas, Bahia)
• Truká (in Cabrobó, Pernambuco) (unattested)
• Kapinawá (in Buíque, Pernambuco) (unattested)
• Wamoé (Atikum) (in the Serra Negra of Pernambuco and surroundings)
• Kambiwá (in Barreira, Petrolândia, Pernambuco)
• Yaté (Fulniô) (in Águas Belas, Pernambuco)
• Baenan (near Itaju, Bahia)
• Kaimbé (in Caimbé, Euclides da Cunha, Bahia)
• Kamakã languages (in Bahia and Minas Gerais states)
  • Masakará (in Massacará, Euclides da Cunha, Bahia and Mirandela, Banzaê, Bahia)
• Tarairiú (in Rio Grande do Norte and Ceará states)
• Tremembé (in Ceará and surroundings) (unattested)
• Gamela (in Viana, Maranhão)

The Maxakalían, Krenák (Botocudo, Aimoré), and Purían families, which are probable Macro-Jê languages, are spoken further to the south in Espirito Santo and Minas Gerais states.

Ramirez et al. (2015) notes that Kariri languages display some lexical similarities with Cariban languages. Similarities with Katembri (also known as Kariri of Mirandela or Kaimbé) may be due to either a Kariri superstratum or substratum in Katembri.[1]

Unlike most Macro-Jê languages which are SOV, Karirí languages are verb-initial and make use of prepositions.[6]

Loukotka (1968) lists the following basic vocabulary items for the Kariri languages.[3]

gloss	Quipea	Dzubucua	Sapuya	Kamurú
ear	beñe	beñé	penix	benyen
tooth	dza	dza	zá	zah
tongue	nunu	nunú	nunü	nunuh
hand	amísa	musang	musoé	musang
water	dzu	isú	dzú	dzu
stone	kro	kro		kro
sun	ukie	uxe	uché	uchih
moon	kayaku	kayakú	gayakú	gayakúh
star	bati	bathü	bathü	batthüh
tree	bewó	tsi	tsui
tobacco	badze	paewi	poyú
pot		ruñu

Kiriri word list recorded by Wilbur Pickering in 1961 from João Manoel Domingo of Mirandela, Banzaê, Bahia:[5]

• Rodrigues, A. D. (1942). O Artigo Definido e os Numerais na Língua Kiriri. Arquivos do Museu Paranaense, 2:179-212.

• Ribeiro, Eduardo. (2002) 'O marcador de posse alienavel em Kariri: um morfema macro-je revisitado'. Revista Liames, 2: 31-48.
• Fabre, Alain. 2005. Diccionario etnolingüístico y guía bibliográfica de los pueblos indígenas sudamericanos: KARIRI