Liberalism in Israel
Liberalism has played a role in the political history of Israel since Israel's founding.[1]
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Several liberal political parties have claimed substantial popular support, mainly proved by having representation in the Knesset. While liberalism is usually suspicious of nationalism, Jewish liberals in Israel generally support some form of Zionism.
Conservative liberals (see General Zionists, Liberal Party) were founding members of the Likud, the country's main conservative party, while social liberals (see Progressive Party, Independent Liberals) were integrated in the social-democratic Labor Party. Later on, a long-time liberal, anti-clerical and pro-free market party was Shinui, a member of the Liberal International. More recently, Kadima was a broad liberal and centrist party, integrating politicians from the left and the right.
Current liberal (and liberal Zionist) parties are New Hope, Yesh Atid and Hosen (Blue and White). By contrast, Balad draws upon liberal values in its aim to eliminate discrimination against Arab citizens and redefine Israel as a state for all its citizens rather than a "Jewish and democratic state", but it is a secular party rather than a liberal one.
Timeline
From General Zionists to Liberal Party
- 1922: Centrists in the World Zionist Organization form the General Zionists.[2][3][4][5][6]
- 1931: The General Zionists split in "Faction A" and "Faction B".[2]
- 1945: Factions A and B of the General Zionists merge.[2]
- 1951: The party wins 16.2% of the vote and 20 seats in the general election.
- 1961: The party merges with the Progressive Party (PP) to become the Liberal Party (LP),[7][8][9] which wins 13.6% of the vote and 17 seats in the general election.
- 1965: The LP splits with the conservative majority joining Herut to form Gahal,[10] eventually becoming Likud,[11][12] and the leftist faction forming the Independent Liberals.
- 1988: The LP and Herut formally merge transforming Likud from an electoral coalition to a unitary political party.
From Progressive Party to Independent Liberals
- 1948: The Progressive Party (PP) is formed.[8][13]
- 1961: The PP merges with the General Zionists to become the Liberal Party (LP).[8]
- 1965: The Independent Liberals are founded by splinters from the LP.[14][15]
- 1984: The party joins the Alignment electoral list.
- 1991: The party is formally merged into the Labor Party.
Shinui, Democratic Movement, Shinui, Hetz
- 1973: Amnon Rubinstein forms Shinui.[16][17]
- 1976: Shinui merges with other minor liberal parties to become the Democratic Movement for Change (Dash).[16][18]
- 1977: Dash wins 11.6% of the vote and 15 seats in the general election.
- 1978: Dash splits into the Democratic Movement and the Movement for Change and Initiative.
- 1981: The Movement for Change and Initiative renames itself Shinui.
- 1988: Shinui is renamed Shinui–Center Party.[17]
- 1992: The party merges with Mapam and Ratz to form Meretz,[16][19] a social-democratic party.
- 1998: Avraham Poraz leads a split from Meretz and recreates Shinui as an independent party.
- 1999: Tommy Lapid is invited by Poraz to head Shinui.
- 2003: The party wins 12.3% of the vote and 15 seats in the general election.
- 2006: Lapid leaves Shinui and Poraz forms Hetz.[20]
- 2006: Both Shinui and Hetz fail to win any seats in the general election.[20]
- 2012: Poraz allows Tzipi Livni to use the Hetz's infrastructure to base her new party, Hatnuah.[20]
Kadima and Hatnuah
- 2005: Ariel Sharon, Prime Minister and leader of the Likud, leaves the party and forms Kadima largely to support the unilateral disengagement plan from the Gaza Strip and is soon joined by like-minded politicians from the Labor Party, notably including Shimon Peres, and other parties.
- 2006: Sharon suffers a massive stroke, but Kadima, led by Ehud Olmert, wins the general election with 22.0% of the vote and 29 seats. Olmert is Prime Minister.
- 2009: Kadima, led by Tzipi Livni, comes first the general election with 22.5% of the vote and 28 seats, but Livni fails to form a government.
- 2013: Kadima, which has suffered the split of Hatnuah, is reduced to 2.1% of the vote and 2 seats in the general election. Hatnuah gets 5.0% and 6 seats.
- 2014: Hatnuah joins the Zionist Union list, along with the Labor Party and the Green Movement.
- 2015: In the general election Hatnuah wins 6 seats from the Zionist Union list, while Kadima, whose latest leader has joined the brand-new Kulanu, opts out.
- 2019: In the run-up of the April general election Hatnuah announces withdrawal.
Splits from and mergers into Likud
- 2014: Moshe Kahlon, a splinter from Likud, launches Kulanu.
- 2015: In the general election Kulanu wins 7.5% and 10 seats. After the election, Moshe Feiglin leads his faction out of Likud and forms the (right-)libertarian Zehut.
- 2019: In the April general election Kulanu wins 3.5% and 4 seats, while Zehut receives 2.7% and no seats. Both Kulanu and Zehut do not contest the September general election, after agreements with Likud. Kulanu gets one seat from Likud's list.
- 2020: In the general election Kulanu gets one seat from Likud's list, while Zehut stays out. In December Gideon Sa'ar, a splinter from Likud, launches New Hope.
Yesh Atid, Hosen, Telem and minor parties
- 2012: Yair Lapid, Tommy's son, launches Yesh Atid.[1]
- 2013: In the general election Yesh Atid wins 14.3% and 19 seats.
- 2015: In the general election Yesh Atid is reduced to 8.8% of the vote and 11 seats.
- 2018: Benny Gantz launches the Hosen, a broad centrist party whose economic goals are liberal.[21] Orly Levy, a splinter from Yisrael Beitenu, forms Gesher.
- 2019: In the run-up of the April general election Yesh Atid, Hosen and the newly-formed Telem, led by former Likud minister Moshe Ya'alon, join forces into Blue and White. The list wins 26.1% and 35 seats, while Gesher 1.7% and no seats. In the September general election the Blue and White list comes first with 26.1% and 33 seats, while Gesher obtains one seat for its leader Levy in alliance with the Labor Party.
- 2020: In the general election Blue and White increases its tallies to 26.6% and 33 seats, but comes second after Likud. After the election, Blue and White splits over the formation of a national-unity government along with Likud: Hosen, which retains the "Blue and White" name, on one side, Yesh Atid and Telem on the other. In the event, a minority faction of Telem splits and forms Derekh Eretz, supporting the national-unity government along with Hosen. In December Derekh Eretz joins New Hope. Also in December Ofer Shelah, a splinter from Yesh Atid, announces his intent of forming a new political party named Tnufa, while, on the left, Tel Aviv mayor Ron Huldai leaves the Labor Party to launch The Israelis, which was joined also by leading splinters from Hosen / Blue and White.
- 2021: In the run-up of the general election Yesh Atid and Telem part ways, and the latter finally drops out.
References
- Asa-El, Amotz (24 March 2018). "Yair Lapid's shot at bringing the political center to the forefront". Jerusalem Report.
- https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/general-zionism
- https://yivoencyclopedia.org/article.aspx/General_Zionists
- https://www.tandfonline.com/eprint/f4qJJcMKBJkxu2gGfAkc/full
- https://en.idi.org.il/israeli-elections-and-parties/parties/general-zionists
- https://www.knesset.gov.il/faction/eng/FactionPage_eng.asp?PG=81
- https://www.knesset.gov.il/faction/eng/FactionPage_eng.asp?PG=79
- https://en.idi.org.il/israeli-elections-and-parties/parties/progressive-party
- https://en.idi.org.il/israeli-elections-and-parties/parties/the-liberal-party
- https://en.idi.org.il/israeli-elections-and-parties/parties/gachal
- https://en.idi.org.il/israeli-elections-and-parties/parties/likud
- Zeigerman, Dror (2013). המהפך הליברלי; מיזוגים פוליטיים : חקר המפלגה הליברלית בישראל [The Liberal Revolution; Political Mergers: A Study of the Liberal Party in Israel]. Schocken Books. ISBN 9789651908903.
- https://www.knesset.gov.il/faction/eng/FactionPage_eng.asp?PG=82
- https://en.idi.org.il/israeli-elections-and-parties/parties/independent-liberals
- https://www.knesset.gov.il/faction/eng/FactionPage_eng.asp?PG=53
- https://en.idi.org.il/israeli-elections-and-parties/parties/shinui
- https://www.knesset.gov.il/faction/eng/FactionPage_eng.asp?PG=160
- https://en.idi.org.il/israeli-elections-and-parties/parties/dash
- Shavit, Zeev; Yuchtman-Yaar, Ephraim, eds. (2001). מגמות בחברה הישראלית [Trends in Israeli Society]. 2. Open University of Israel. p. 1166.
- Goldman, Yoel (23 November 2012). "Livni heading for 10 seats, and Barak will make it back into the Knesset, poll shows". Times of Israel.
- Hoffman, Gil (31 December 2018). "Gantz declares himself politically flexible". Jerusalem Post.
See also
Liberalism in Asia | |
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