List of historically black colleges and universities

This list of historically black colleges and universities (HBCUs) lists institutions of higher education in the United States that were established before 1964 with the intention of primarily serving the black community.[1][2]

Alabama leads the nation with the number of HBCUS, followed by North Carolina then Georgia.

Current institutions

SchoolCityState/TerritoryFoundedTypeReligious AffiliationCommentRegionally accredited[3]
Alabama A&M UniversityNormalAlabama1875PublicFounded as "Colored Normal School at Huntsville"Yes
Alabama State UniversityMontgomeryAlabama1867PublicFounded as "Lincoln Normal School of Marion"Yes
Albany State UniversityAlbanyGeorgia1903PublicFounded as "Albany Bible and Manual Training Institute"Yes
Alcorn State UniversityLormanMississippi1871PublicFounded as "Alcorn University" in honor of James L. AlcornYes
Allen UniversityColumbiaSouth Carolina1870PrivateAfrican Methodist EpiscopalFounded as "Payne Institute"Yes
American Baptist CollegeNashvilleTennessee1924PrivateBaptistFederal designation as a historically Black college or university was awarded on March 20, 2013 by the U.S. Education Department.[4]Yes
University of Arkansas at Pine BluffPine BluffArkansas1873PublicFounded as "Branch Normal College"Yes
Arkansas Baptist CollegeLittle RockArkansas1884PrivateBaptistFounded as "Minister’s Institute"[5]Yes
Barber-Scotia CollegeConcordNorth Carolina1867PrivatePresbyterianFounded as two institutions, Scotia Seminary and Barber Memorial CollegeNo
Benedict CollegeColumbiaSouth Carolina1870PrivateAmerican Baptist Churches USAFounded as "Benedict Institute"Yes
Bennett CollegeGreensboroNorth Carolina1873PrivateUnited Methodist ChurchFounded as "Bennett Seminary"Yes
Bethune-Cookman UniversityDaytona BeachFlorida1904PrivateUnited Methodist ChurchFounded as "Daytona Educational and Industrial Training School for Negro Girls"Yes
Bishop State Community CollegeMobileAlabama1927PublicOriginally a branch of Alabama State CollegeYes
Bluefield State CollegeBluefieldWest Virginia1895PublicFounded as "Bluefield Colored Institute"Yes
Bowie State UniversityBowieMaryland1865PublicFounded as "Baltimore Normal School"Yes
Central State UniversityWilberforceOhio1887PublicAfrican Methodist Episcopal ChurchOriginally a department at Wilberforce University[6]Yes
Cheyney University of PennsylvaniaCheyneyPennsylvania1837PublicThe oldest HBCU. Founded by Quaker philanthropist Richard Humphreys as "Institute for Colored Youth"Yes
Claflin UniversityOrangeburgSouth Carolina1869PrivateUnited Methodist ChurchYes
Clark Atlanta UniversityAtlantaGeorgia1865PrivateUnited Methodist ChurchOriginally two institutions, Clark College and Atlanta UniversityYes
Clinton CollegeRock HillSouth Carolina1894PrivateAfrican Methodist Episcopal Zion ChurchFounded as "Clinton Institute"[7]Yes
Coahoma Community CollegeCoahoma CountyMississippi1924PublicFounded as "Coahoma County Agricultural High School"Yes
Coppin State UniversityBaltimoreMaryland1900PublicFounded as "Colored High School"Yes
Delaware State UniversityDoverDelaware1891PublicFounded as "The Delaware College for Colored Students"Yes
Denmark Technical CollegeDenmarkSouth Carolina1947PublicFounded as "Denmark Area Trade School"[8]Yes
Dillard UniversityNew OrleansLouisiana1869PrivateUnited Church of Christ and the United Methodist ChurchFounding predecessor institutions: "Straight University" and "New Orleans University"Yes
University of the District of ColumbiaWashingtonDistrict of Columbia1851PublicFounded as "Miner Normal School"Yes
Edward Waters CollegeJacksonvilleFlorida1866PrivateAfrican Methodist Episcopal ChurchFounded as "Brown Theological Institute"Yes
Elizabeth City State UniversityElizabeth CityNorth Carolina1891PublicYes
Fayetteville State UniversityFayettevilleNorth Carolina1867PublicFounded as "Howard School"Yes
Fisk UniversityNashvilleTennessee1866PrivateUnited Church of Christ[9]Named for Clinton Bowen FiskYes
Florida A&M UniversityTallahasseeFlorida1887PublicFounded as "State Normal College for Colored Students"Yes
Florida Memorial UniversityMiami GardensFlorida1879PrivateAmerican Baptist Churches USAFounded as "Florida Baptist Institute in Live Oak"Yes
Fort Valley State UniversityFort ValleyGeorgia1895PublicFounded as "Fort Valley High and Industrial School"Yes
Gadsden State Community CollegeGadsdenAlabama1925PublicFounded as "Alabama School of Trades"Yes
Grambling State UniversityGramblingLouisiana1901PublicFounded as "Colored Industrial and Agricultural School"Yes
Hampton UniversityHamptonVirginia1868PrivateFounded as "Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute"Yes
Harris-Stowe State UniversitySt. LouisMissouri1857PublicFounded as "St. Louis Normal School" for whites in 1857, with Stowe Teachers College begun in 1890 for blacks; merged in 1954 [10]Yes
Hinds Community College at UticaUticaMississippi1903PublicFounded as "Utica Junior College"Yes
Howard UniversityWashingtonDistrict of Columbia1867PrivateFounded as "Howard Normal and Theological School for the Education of Teachers and Preachers"Yes
Huston-Tillotson UniversityAustinTexas1875PrivateUnited Methodist Church /United Church of ChristFounded as "Tillotson Collegiate and Normal Institute"Yes
Interdenominational Theological CenterAtlantaGeorgia1958PrivateInterdenominationalYes
J. F. Drake State Technical CollegeHuntsvilleAlabama1961PublicFounded as "Huntsville State Vocational Technical School"Yes
Jackson State UniversityJacksonMississippi1877PublicFounded as "Natchez Seminary" by the American Baptist Home Mission Society, became public in 1942Yes
Jarvis Christian CollegeHawkinsTexas1912PrivateThe DisciplesYes
Johnson C. Smith UniversityCharlotteNorth Carolina1867PrivatePresbyterian Church (U.S.A.)Founded as "Biddle Memorial Institute"Yes
Kentucky State UniversityFrankfortKentucky1886PublicFounded as "State Normal School for Colored Persons"Yes
Knoxville CollegeKnoxville (Mechanicsville)Tennessee1875PrivateUnited Presbyterian Church of North AmericaNo
Lane CollegeJacksonTennessee1882PrivateChristian Methodist Episcopal ChurchFounded as "Colored Methodist Episcopal High School"[11]Yes
Langston UniversityLangstonOklahoma1897PublicFounded as "Oklahoma Colored Agricultural and Normal University"Yes
Lawson State Community CollegeBessemerAlabama1949PublicYes
LeMoyne-Owen CollegeMemphisTennessee1862PrivateUnited Church of ChristFounded as "LeMoyne Normal and Commercial School"[12] (elementary school until 1870)Yes
Lincoln UniversityChester CountyPennsylvania1854PublicFounded as "Ashmun Institute"Yes
Lincoln University of MissouriJefferson CityMissouri1866PublicFounded as "Lincoln Institute"[13]Yes
Livingstone CollegeSalisburyNorth Carolina1879PrivateAfrican Methodist Episcopal Zion ChurchFounded as "Zion Wesley Institute"Yes
University of Maryland Eastern ShorePrincess AnneMaryland1886PublicOriginally: Methodist EpiscopalFounded as "Delaware Conference Academy"Yes
Meharry Medical CollegeNashvilleTennessee1876PrivateUnited Methodist ChurchFounded as the Medical Department of Central Tennessee CollegeYes
Miles CollegeFairfieldAlabama1898PrivateCME ChurchKnown until 1941 as "Miles Memorial College"; named after Bishop William H. MilesYes
Mississippi Valley State UniversityItta BenaMississippi1950PublicFounded as "Mississippi Vocational College"Yes
Morehouse CollegeAtlantaGeorgia1867PrivateOriginally: American Baptist Home Mission SocietyFounded as "Augusta Institute"Yes
Morehouse School of MedicineAtlantaGeorgia1975PrivateFounded as a part of Morehouse CollegeYes
Morgan State UniversityBaltimoreMaryland1867PublicOriginally: Methodist EpiscopalFounded as "Centenary Biblical Institute"Yes
Morris Brown CollegeAtlantaGeorgia1881PrivateAfrican Methodist EpiscopalNamed after the second Bishop in the African Methodist Episcopal ChurchNo
Morris CollegeSumterSouth Carolina1908PrivateBaptist Educational and Missionary ConventionYes
Norfolk State UniversityNorfolkVirginia1935PublicFounded as "Norfolk Unit of Virginia State University"[14]Yes
North Carolina Agricultural & Technical State UniversityGreensboroNorth Carolina1891PublicFounded as "The Agricultural & Mechanical College for the Colored Race"Yes
North Carolina Central UniversityDurhamNorth Carolina1910PublicFounded as "National Religious Training School and Chautauqua"Yes
Oakwood UniversityHuntsvilleAlabama1896PrivateSeventh-day Adventist ChurchFounded as "Oakwood Industrial School"Yes
Paine CollegeAugustaGeorgia1882PrivateUnited Methodist Church and Christian Methodist Episcopal ChurchFounded as "Paine Institute"Yes
Paul Quinn CollegeDallasTexas1872PrivateAfrican Methodist Episcopal ChurchNamed for William Paul QuinnYes
Payne Theological SeminaryWilberforceOhio1856PrivateAfrican Methodist Episcopal ChurchNamed for Bishop Daniel Payne. Founded as a seminary with Wilberforce University in 1856. Later became Payne Theological Seminary in 1894Yes
Philander Smith CollegeLittle RockArkansas1877PrivateUnited Methodist ChurchFounded as "Walden Seminary"Yes
Prairie View A&M UniversityPrairie ViewTexas1876PublicFounded as "Alta Vista Agriculture & Mechanical College for Colored Youth"[15]Yes
Rust CollegeHolly SpringsMississippi1866PrivateUnited Methodist ChurchKnown as "Shaw University" until 1882Yes
Savannah State UniversitySavannahGeorgia1890PublicFounded as "Georgia State Industrial College for Colored Youth"Yes
Selma UniversitySelmaAlabama1878PrivateAlabama State Missionary Baptist ConventionFounded as "Alabama Baptist Normal and Theological School"Yes
Shaw UniversityRaleighNorth Carolina1865PrivateNational Baptist Convention, USA, Inc.Yes
Shorter CollegeNorth Little RockArkansas1886PrivateAfrican Methodist EpiscopalTwo-year college; founded as "Bethel University"Yes [16]
Shelton State Community CollegeTuscaloosaAlabama1952PublicFounded as "J.P. Shelton Trade School"Yes
Simmons CollegeLouisvilleKentucky1869PrivateFounded as Kentucky Normal Technological InstituteYes
South Carolina State UniversityOrangeburgSouth Carolina1896PublicFounded as "Colored, Normal, Industrial, Agricultural, and Mechanical College of South Carolina"Yes
Southern University at New OrleansNew OrleansLouisiana1959PublicFounded as a branch unit of Southern University in Baton RougeYes
Southern University at ShreveportShreveportLouisiana1967PublicPart of the Southern University SystemYes
Southern University and A&M CollegeBaton RougeLouisiana1880PublicConceptualized by P. B. S. Pinchback, T. T. Allain, and Henry DemasYes
Southwestern Christian CollegeTerrellTexas1948PrivateChurch of ChristFounded as "Southern Bible Institute"[17]Yes
Spelman CollegeAtlantaGeorgia1881PrivateOriginally, American Baptist Home Mission SocietyFounded as "Atlanta Baptist Female Seminary"Yes
St. Augustine's UniversityRaleighNorth Carolina1867PrivateEpiscopal Church (United States)Yes
St. Philip's CollegeSan AntonioTexas1898PublicEpiscopal ChurchFounded as "St. Philip's Sewing Class for Girls"[18]Yes
Stillman CollegeTuscaloosaAlabama1876PrivatePresbyterianFounded as Tuscaloosa Institute, the College was a concept of Reverend Dr. Charles Allen Stillman, pastor of First Presbyterian Church of Tuscaloosa[19]Yes
Talladega CollegeTalladega CountyAlabama1867PrivateUnited Church of ChristKnown as "Swayne School" until 1869Yes
Tennessee State UniversityNashvilleTennessee1912PublicFounded as "Agricultural and Industrial State Normal School"Yes
Texas CollegeTylerTexas1894PrivateChristian Methodist Episcopal ChurchYes
Texas Southern UniversityHoustonTexas1927PublicFounded as "Texas State University for Negroes"Yes
Tougaloo CollegeHinds CountyMississippi1869PrivateAmerican Missionary AssociationFounded as "Tougaloo University"Yes
Trenholm State Technical CollegeMontgomeryAlabama1947PublicFounded as "John M. Patterson Technical School"[21]Yes
Tuskegee UniversityTuskegeeAlabama1881PrivateFounded as Tuskegee Institute, Now a National Historic SiteYes
University of the Virgin IslandsSt. Croix & St. ThomasUnited States Virgin Islands1962PublicFounded as "College of the Virgin Islands"Yes
Virginia State UniversityPetersburgVirginia1882PublicFounded as "Virginia Normal and Collegiate Institute at Petersburg"Yes
Virginia Union UniversityRichmondVirginia1865PrivateAmerican Baptist Churches USAFounded as "Wayland Seminary," and merged with Richmond Institute (1865) in 1889[22]Yes
Virginia University of LynchburgLynchburgVirginia1886PrivateBaptistFounded as "Lynchburg Baptist Seminary"Yes
Voorhees CollegeDenmarkSouth Carolina1897PrivateEpiscopal ChurchFounded as "Denmark Industrial School"Yes
West Virginia State UniversityInstituteWest Virginia1891PublicFounded as "West Virginia Colored Institute"Yes
Wilberforce UniversityWilberforceOhio1856PrivateAfrican Methodist Episcopal ChurchNamed for William WilberforceYes
Wiley CollegeMarshallTexas1873PrivateUnited Methodist ChurchNamed for Isaac William WileyYes
Winston-Salem State UniversityWinston-SalemNorth Carolina1892PublicFounded as "Slater Industrial and State Normal School"Yes
Xavier University of LouisianaNew OrleansLouisiana1915PrivateRoman CatholicFounding predecessor institutions: "St. Katharine Drexel" and the "Sisters of the Blessed Sacrament"Yes

Defunct institutions

SchoolCityStateFoundedClosedTypeReligious AffiliationComment
Avery CollegePittsburghPennsylvania18491873PrivateA.M.E. Zion ChurchThough the records are scant, it appears that Avery College suspended operations in 1873, the year of a great nationwide financial panic. Trustees considered selling the school property to the marker University of Western Pennsylvania (University of Pittsburgh), which had reluctantly accepted Avery's donation to assist in educating a handful of African-American students. Nothing came of the negotiations, however, and Avery College never reopened. As late as 1908, the trustees were debating whether to establish a manual training school or a hospital and nursing school facility on the property. Years later the original three-story building was demolished to make way for a new highway project.
Bishop CollegeDallasTexas18811988PrivateHome Mission SocietyFounded in Marshall, Texas; later moved to Dallas.
Booker T. Washington Junior CollegePensacolaFlorida19491965PublicThe first of twelve black junior colleges created in Florida, it closed after passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Nominally merged with Pensacola Junior College.
J. P. Campbell CollegeStarted in Vicksburg, moved to Jackson in 1898Mississippi18901964PrivateAfrican Methodist Episcopal ChurchLocated across the street from Jackson College, now Jackson State University, J. P. Campbell College famously admitted students expelled from high school for participating in the Civil Rights Movement. Then, amidst a failed plan to relocate to Mound Bayou, Mississippi, a black town, it collapsed financially.[23]
Carver Junior CollegeCocoaFlorida19601963PublicOne of eleven black junior colleges founded in Florida after the Brown vs. Board of Education decision, in an attempt to show that separate but equal higher education facilities existed in Florida. All were abruptly closed after passage of the 1964 Civil Rights Act.
Collier-Blocker Junior CollegePalatkaFlorida19601964PublicOne of eleven black junior colleges founded in Florida after the Brown vs. Board of Education decision, in an attempt to show that separate but equal higher education facilities existed in Florida. All were abruptly closed after passage of the 1964 Civil Rights Act.
Concordia College, AlabamaSelmaAlabama19222018PrivateLutheran Church–Missouri SynodKnown as "Alabama Lutheran Academy and Junior College" until 1981; It was the only historically black college among the ten colleges and universities in the Concordia University System. The college ceased operations at the completion of the Spring 2018 semester, citing years of financial distress and declining enrollment.
Daniel Payne CollegeBirminghamAlabama18891979PrivateAfrican Methodist Episcopal Church
Friendship CollegeRock HillSouth Carolina18911981PrivateBaptist
George R. Smith CollegeSedaliaMissouri18941925It burned down April 26, 1925, after which its assets were merged (in 1933) with the Philander Smith College
Gibbs Junior CollegeSt. PetersburgFlorida19571966PublicRegionally accredited. Founded to show that separate but equal educational institutions for African Americans were viable, and that racial integration, mandated by Brown v. Board of Education, was unnecessary. Closed shortly after passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964; nominally merged with St. Petersburg Junior College (today St. Petersburg College).
Guadalupe CollegeSeguinTexas18841936PrivateTexas Missionary Baptist General ConventionCeased operations after a fire destroyed the main building in 1936.[24]
Hampton Junior CollegeOcalaFlorida19581966PublicOne of eleven black junior colleges founded in Florida after the Brown vs. Board of Education decision, in an attempt to show that separate but equal higher education facilities existed in Florida. All were abruptly closed after passage of the 1964 Civil Rights Act.
Jackson Junior CollegeMariannaFlorida19611966PublicOne of eleven black junior colleges founded in Florida after the Brown vs. Board of Education decision, in an attempt to show that separate but equal higher education facilities existed in Florida. All were abruptly closed after passage of the 1964 Civil Rights Act.
Johnson Junior CollegeLeesburgFlorida19601966PublicOne of eleven black junior colleges founded in Florida after the Brown vs. Board of Education decision, in an attempt to show that separate but equal higher education facilities existed in Florida. All were abruptly closed after passage of the 1964 Civil Rights Act.
Kittrell CollegeKittrellNorth Carolina18861975PrivateAfrican Methodist Episcopal Church
Leland UniversityNew OrleansLouisiana18701960PrivateHome Mission SocietyFounded as a grade school in New Orleans, Leland was a Baker, Louisiana-based Baptist University when it closed.
Lewis College of BusinessDetroitMichigan19282013[25]PrivateFounded as "Lewis Business College"
Lincoln Junior CollegeFort PierceFlorida19601966PublicOne of eleven black junior colleges founded in Florida after the Brown vs. Board of Education decision, in an attempt to show that separate but equal higher education facilities existed in Florida. All were abruptly closed after passage of the 1964 Civil Rights Act.
Mary Holmes CollegeWest PointMississippi18922005PrivatePresbyterian
Mississippi Industrial CollegeHolly SpringsMississippi19051982PrivateColored Methodist Episcopal Church; later called the Christian Methodist Episcopal Church.
Morristown College Morristown Tennessee 1881 1994 Private Methodist Episcopal Founded as a seminary and normal school in the late 1870s, became Knoxville College's satellite campus in 1989, and closed for good in 1994.
Mount Hermon Female SeminaryClintonMississippi18751924PrivateAmerican Missionary Association
Natchez CollegeNatchezMississippi18851993PrivateBaptist
Payne CollegeCuthbertGeorgia18791912On June 5, 1912, it became part of Morris Brown University[26]
Roger Williams UniversityNashvilleTennessee18641929PrivateAmerican Baptist Home Mission SocietyTwo suspicious fires destroyed its main building in 1905. Financial problems ledto its closure in 1929; combined with other institutions to form LeMoyne–Owen College.
Roosevelt Junior CollegeWest Palm BeachFlorida19581965PublicRegionally accredited. One of eleven black junior colleges founded in Florida after the Brown vs. Board of Education decision, in an attempt to show that separate but equal higher education facilities existed in Florida. All were abruptly closed after passage of the 1964 Civil Rights Act.
Rosenwald Junior CollegePanama CityFlorida19581966PublicOne of eleven black junior colleges founded in Florida after the Brown vs. Board of Education decision, in an attempt to show that separate but equal higher education facilities existed in Florida. All were abruptly closed after passage of the 1964 Civil Rights Act.
Saint Paul's CollegeLawrencevilleVirginia18882013PrivateProtestant Episcopal ChurchFounded as "Saint Paul Normal and Industrial School". Closed June 2013.
Saints CollegeLexingtonMississippi2006PrivateChurch of God in ChristOriginated as Saints Junior College and Academy
Southern Christian InstituteEdwards Mississippi1908?1954PrivateProtestantMerged into Tougaloo College. For a time thereafter its campus, renamed Mt. Beulah, was used by the Delta Ministry, CDGM, and other civil rights organizations.
Storer CollegeHarpers FerryWest Virginia18651955PrivateFounded by Freewill Baptist Missionary SocietyIts endowment was transferred to Virginia Union, where its alumni have been recognized, and its physical assets were given to Alderson-Broaddus College to create scholarships for black students.[22] Its former campus is now part of the Harpers Ferry National Historical Park.[27]
Suwannee River Junior CollegeMadisonFlorida19591966PublicOne of eleven black junior colleges founded in Florida after the Brown vs. Board of Education decision, in an attempt to show that separate but equal higher education facilities existed in Florida. All were abruptly closed after passage of the 1964 Civil Rights Act.
Volusia County Junior CollegeDaytona BeachFlorida19581965PublicOne of eleven black junior colleges founded in Florida after the Brown vs. Board of Education decision, in an attempt to show that separate but equal higher education facilities existed in Florida. All were abruptly closed after passage of the 1964 Civil Rights Act.
Western University (Kansas)QuindaroKansas18651943PrivateAfrican Methodist Episcopal Church

References

  1. "White House Initiative on Historically Black Colleges and Universities". 2008-04-11. Archived from the original on 2008-05-13. Retrieved 2008-04-23.
  2. "Presidential Commission on Historically Black Colleges". Archived from the original on 2007-12-23.
  3. "U.S. Dept. of Ed. White House Initiative on HBCUs' Accredited HBCU Listing". Ed.gov. Archived from the original on 3 February 2015. Retrieved 25 October 2017.
  4. Roach, Ronald (24 April 2013). "American Baptist College Designated as a Historically Black Institution". Diverse: Issues In Higher Education. Retrieved 29 April 2013.
  5. "Home Page - Arkansas Baptist College". Arkansasbaptist.edu. Retrieved 25 October 2017.
  6. Central State University History Archived 2008-05-26 at the Wayback Machine
  7. Clinton Junior College History Archived 2012-07-22 at the Wayback Machine
  8. "Denmark Technical College History Website". Denmarktech.edu. Retrieved 25 October 2017.
  9. "History of Fisk". Archived from the original on 2007-10-28. Retrieved 2008-03-01.
  10. "Harris-Stowe State University (314) 340-3366". Hssu.edu. Retrieved 25 October 2017.
  11. "Lane College History Website". Lanecollege.edu. Archived from the original on 12 June 2010. Retrieved 25 October 2017.
  12. LeMoyne-Owen College History Website Archived 2009-06-23 at the Wayback Machine
  13. "Lincoln University of Missouri Website". Lincolnu.edu. Archived from the original on 3 January 2009. Retrieved 25 October 2017.
  14. Norfolk State University History Archived 2007-12-30 at the Wayback Machine
  15. "History of Prairie View A&M University : PVAMU Home". Pvamu.edu. Archived from the original on 10 October 2013. Retrieved 25 October 2017.
  16. "U.S. Department of Education Database of Accredited Postsecondary Institutions and Programs". ope.ed.gov. Retrieved 25 October 2017.
  17. "Southwestern Christian College History". Swcc.edu. Archived from the original on 29 May 2009. Retrieved 25 October 2017.
  18. "St. Philip's College History". Accd.edu. Archived from the original on 8 January 2009. Retrieved 25 October 2017.
  19. "Stillman History". Stillman.edu. Retrieved 28 November 2012.
  20. Trinity Washington University WebPages 2014 I
  21. Trenholm State Technical College Website Archived 2008-12-16 at the Wayback Machine
  22. Hylton, Raymond. "University History". About Virginia Union. Virginia Union University. Archived from the original on 12 May 2012. Retrieved 26 May 2012.
  23. Jackson Civil Rights Driving Tour. City of Jackson. 2014. p. 37. Retrieved August 16, 2019.
  24. "Guadalupe College: A Case History in Negro Higher Education 1884-1936". Ecommons.txstate.edu. Retrieved 25 October 2017.
  25. "Lewis College of Business, once a Michigan jewel - African American Registry". Aaregistry.org. Archived from the original on 2017-10-26. Retrieved 25 October 2017.
  26. Newkirk, Vann R. (30 April 2012). New Life for Historically Black Colleges and Universities: A 21st Century Perspective. McFarland. ISBN 9780786490998. Retrieved 25 October 2017 via Google Books.
  27. "Storer College - Harpers Ferry National Historical Park (U.S. National Park Service)". Nps.gov. Retrieved 25 October 2017.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.