List of missions to Mars

This is a list of the 49 (and counting) spacecraft missions relating to the planet Mars, such as orbiters and rovers.

Launches to Mars
Decade
    1960s
    12
    1970s
    11
    1980s
    2
    1990s
    7
    2000s
    8
    2010s
    6
    2020s
    3

    Missions
    Spacecraft Launch Date Operator Mission[1] Outcome[2] Remarks Carrier rocket[3]
    1M No.1 10 October 1960 OKB-1
     Soviet Union    		 Flyby Launch failure Failed to orbit Molniya
    1M No.2 14 October 1960 OKB-1
     Soviet Union    		 Flyby Launch failure Failed to orbit Molniya
    2MV-4 No.1 24 October 1962  Soviet Union Flyby Launch failure Booster stage ("Block L") disintegrated in LEO Molniya
    Mars 1
    (2MV-4 No.2)    		 1 November 1962  Soviet Union Flyby Spacecraft failure Communications lost before flyby Molniya
    2MV-3 No.1 4 November 1962  Soviet Union Lander Launch failure Never left LEO Molniya
    Mariner 3 5 November 1964 NASA
     United States    		 Flyby Launch failure Payload fairing failed to separate Atlas LV-3 Agena-D
    Mariner 4 28 November 1964 NASA
     United States    		 Flyby Successful The first flyby of Mars on 15 July 1965 Atlas LV-3 Agena-D
    Zond 2
    (3MV-4A No.2)    		 30 November 1964  Soviet Union Flyby Spacecraft failure Communications lost before flyby Molniya
    Mariner 6 25 February 1969 NASA
     United States    		 Flyby Successful Atlas SLV-3C Centaur-D
    2M No.521

    (1969A)[4]

    		 27 March 1969  Soviet Union Orbiter Launch failure Failed to orbit Proton-K/D
    Mariner 7 27 March 1969 NASA
     United States    		 Flyby Successful Atlas SLV-3C Centaur-D
    2M No.522

    (1969B)[4]

    		 2 April 1969  Soviet Union Orbiter Launch failure Failed to orbit Proton-K/D
    Mariner 8 9 May 1971 NASA
     United States    		 Orbiter Launch failure Failed to orbit Atlas SLV-3C Centaur-D
    Kosmos 419
    (3MS No.170)    		 10 May 1971  Soviet Union Orbiter Launch failure Never left LEO; booster stage burn timer set incorrectly Proton-K/D
    Mars 2
    (4M No.171)    		 19 May 1971  Soviet Union Orbiter Successful Entered orbit on 27 November 1971, operated for 362 orbits[5] Proton-K/D
    Mars 2 lander
    (SA 4M No.171)    		 19 May 1971  Soviet Union Lander Spacecraft failure Deployed from Mars 2, failed to land during attempt on 27 November 1971 Proton-K/D
    Mars 3
    (4M No.172)    		 28 May 1971  Soviet Union Orbiter Successful Entered orbit on 2 December 1971, operated for 20 orbits[6][7] Proton-K/D
    Mars 3 lander
    (SA 4M No.172)    		 28 May 1971  Soviet Union Lander Successful[8] The first lander on Mars, soft landed on 2 December 1971. The first partial image (70 lines) was transmitted. Contact lost 14.5 seconds after transmission start. Proton-K/D
    Prop-M Rover rover
    (SA 4M No.172)    		 28 May 1971  Soviet Union Rover Partial failure Deployment is unknown, due to communication problem because of storm Proton-K/D
    Mariner 9 30 May 1971 NASA
     United States    		 Orbiter Successful[9] The first orbiter of Mars. Entered orbit on 14 November 1971, deactivated 516 days after entering orbit Atlas SLV-3C Centaur-D
    Mars 4
    (3MS No.52S)    		 21 July 1973  Soviet Union Orbiter Spacecraft failure Failed to perform orbital insertion burn Proton-K/D
    Mars 5
    (3MS No.53S)    		 25 July 1973  Soviet Union Orbiter Partial failure Failed after 9 days in Mars orbit; returned 180 frames Proton-K/D
    Mars 6
    (3MP No.50P)    		 5 August 1973  Soviet Union Lander
    Flyby    		 Spacecraft failure Contact lost upon landing, atmospheric data mostly unreadable. Flyby bus collected data.[10] Proton-K/D
    Mars 7
    (3MP No.51P)    		 9 August 1973  Soviet Union Lander
    Flyby    		 Spacecraft failure Separated from coast stage prematurely, failed to enter Martian atmosphere Proton-K/D
    Viking 1 orbiter 20 August 1975 NASA
     United States    		 Orbiter Successful Operated for 1385 orbits. Entered Mars orbit in 1976 June 19. Titan IIIE Centaur-D1T
    Viking 1 lander 20 August 1975 NASA
     United States    		 Lander Successful The second lander successfully returning data, deployed from Viking 1 orbiter. Operated for 2245 sols. Landed on Mars in 1976 July 20. Titan IIIE Centaur-D1T
    Viking 2 orbiter 9 September 1975 NASA
     United States    		 Orbiter Successful Operated for 700 orbits. Entered Mars orbit in 1976 August 7. Titan IIIE Centaur-D1T
    Viking 2 lander 9 September 1975 NASA
     United States    		 Lander Successful Deployed from Viking 2 orbiter, operated for 1281 sols (11 Apr 1980). Landed on Mars in 1976 September 3. Titan IIIE Centaur-D1T
    Phobos 1
    (1F No.101)    		 7 July 1988  Soviet Union Orbiter
    Phobos lander    		 Spacecraft failure Communications lost before reaching Mars; failed to enter orbit Proton-K/D-2
    Phobos 2
    (1F No.102)    		 12 July 1988  Soviet Union Orbiter
    Phobos lander    		 Partial failure Orbital observations successful, communications lost before landing Proton-K/D-2
    Mars Observer 25 September 1992 NASA
     United States    		 Orbiter Spacecraft failure Lost communications before orbital insertion Commercial Titan III
    Mars Global Surveyor 7 November 1996 NASA
     United States    		 Orbiter Successful Operated for seven years Delta II 7925
    Mars 96
    (M1 No.520)(Mars-8)[4]    		 16 November 1996 Rosaviakosmos
     Russia    		 Orbiter
    Penetrators    		 Launch failure Never left LEO Proton-K/D-2
    Mars Pathfinder 4 December 1996 NASA
     United States    		 Lander Successful Landed at 19.13°N 33.22°W on 4 July 1997,[11] Last contact on 27 September 1997 Delta II 7925
    Sojourner 4 December 1996 NASA
     United States    		 Rover Successful The first rover on another planet, operated for 84 days[12] Delta II 7925
    Nozomi
    (PLANET-B)    		 3 July 1998 ISAS
     Japan    		 Orbiter Spacecraft failure Ran out of fuel before reaching Mars M-V
    Mars Climate Orbiter 11 December 1998 NASA
     United States    		 Orbiter Spacecraft failure Approached Mars too closely during orbit insertion attempt due to a software interface bug involving different units for impulse and burned up in the atmosphere Delta II 7425
    Mars Polar Lander 3 January 1999 NASA
     United States    		 Lander Spacecraft failure Failed to land Delta II 7425
    Deep Space 2 3 January 1999 NASA
     United States    		 Penetrator Spacecraft failure Deployed from MPL, no data returned Delta II 7425
    Mars Odyssey 7 April 2001 NASA
     United States    		 Orbiter Operational Expected to remain operational until 2025. Delta II 7925
    Mars Express 2 June 2003 ESA
     European Union    		 Orbiter Operational Enough fuel to remain operational until 2026. Soyuz-FG/Fregat
    Beagle 2 2 June 2003 ESA

     United Kingdom

    		 Lander Lander failure No communications received after release from Mars Express. Orbital images of landing site suggest a successful landing, but two solar panels failed to deploy, obstructing its communications. Soyuz-FG/Fregat
    Spirit
    (MER-A)    		 10 June 2003 NASA
     United States    		 Rover Successful Landed on 4 January 2004.
    Operated for 2208 sols    		 Delta II 7925
    Opportunity
    (MER-B)    		 8 July 2003 NASA
     United States    		 Rover Successful Landed on 25 January 2004.
    Operated for 5351 sols    		 Delta II 7925H
    Rosetta 2 March 2004 ESA
     European Union    		 Gravity assist Successful Flyby in February 2007 en route to 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko[13] Ariane 5G+
    Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter 12 August 2005 NASA
     United States    		 Orbiter Operational Entered orbit on 10 March 2006 Atlas V 401
    Phoenix 4 August 2007 NASA
     United States    		 Lander Successful Landed on 25 May 2008.
    End of mission 2 November 2008    		 Delta II 7925
    Dawn 27 September 2007 NASA
     United States    		 Gravity assist Successful Flyby in February 2009 en route to 4 Vesta and Ceres Delta II 7925H
    Fobos-Grunt 8 November 2011 Roskosmos
     Russia    		 Orbiter
    Phobos sample    		 Spacecraft failure Never left LEO (intended to depart under own power) Zenit-2M
    Yinghuo-1 8 November 2011 CNSA
     China    		 Orbiter Failure
    Lost with Fobos-Grunt    		 To have been deployed by Fobos-Grunt Zenit-2M
    Curiosity
    (Mars Science Laboratory)    		 26 November 2011 NASA
     United States    		 Rover Operational Landed on 6 August 2012 Atlas V 541
    Mars Orbiter Mission
    (Mangalyaan)    		 5 November 2013 ISRO
     India    		 Orbiter Operational Entered orbit on 24 September 2014. Mission extended till 2020.[14] PSLV-XL
    MAVEN 18 November 2013 NASA
     United States    		 Orbiter Operational Orbit insertion on 22 September 2014[15] Atlas V 401
    ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter 14 March 2016 ESA/Roscosmos
     European Union/ Russia    		 Orbiter Operational Entered orbit on 19 October 2016 Proton-M/Briz-M
    Schiaparelli EDM lander 14 March 2016 ESA
     European Union    		 Lander Spacecraft failure Carried by the ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter. Although the lander crashed,[16][17] engineering data on the first five minutes of entry was successfully retrieved.[18][19] Proton-M/Briz-M
    InSight 5 May 2018[20][21] NASA
     United States    		 Lander Operational Landed on 26 November 2018. Atlas V 401
    MarCO 5 May 2018[20][21][22] NASA
     United States    		 Two CubeSats flyby supporting InSight Successful Flyby 26 November 2018. Last contact Feb 2019 Atlas V 401
    Emirates Mars Mission 19 July 2020[23] MBRSC
     United Arab Emirates    		 Orbiter En route Arrives February 2021. H-IIA
    Tianwen-1 orbiter 23 July 2020[24] CNSA
     China    		 Orbiter En route Proposed orbit insertion: 11-24 February 2021 Long March 5
    Tianwen-1 lander/rover 23 July 2020[24] CNSA
     China    		 Lander/rover En route Proposed landing: 23 April 2021 Long March 5
    Tianwen-1 deployable camera[25] 23 July 2020[24] CNSA
     China    		 Satellite to image Tianwen-1 N/A Photographed the Tianwen-1 spacecraft while en route to Mars. Will flyby Mars. Deployed from Tianwen-1 Long March 5
    Perseverance rover 30 July 2020[26] NASA
     United States    		 Rover En route Proposed landing: 18 February 2021[27] Atlas V 541
    Ingenuity helicopter 30 July 2020[28] NASA
     United States    		 Helicopter En route Proposed landing: 18 February 2021[28] To be deployed from the Perseverance rover. Atlas V 541

    Mars landing locations
    Interactive image map of the global topography of Mars, overlain with locations of Mars landers and rovers. Hover your mouse over the image to see the names of over 60 prominent geographic features, and click to link to them. Coloring of the base map indicates relative elevations, based on data from the Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter on NASA's Mars Global Surveyor. Whites and browns indicate the highest elevations (+12 to +8 km); followed by pinks and reds (+8 to +3 km); yellow is 0 km; greens and blues are lower elevations (down to −8 km). Axes are latitude and longitude; Polar regions are noted.
    (See also: Mars map, Mars Memorials, Mars Memorials map) (view • discuss)
    (   Active Rover •   Active Lander •   Future )
    Mars Landing Sites (16 December 2020]

    There are a number of derelict orbiters around Mars whose location is not known precisely; there is a proposal to search for small moons, dust rings, and old orbiters with the Optical Navigation Camera on the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter. [29] There should be 8 derelict Mars orbiters barring unforeseen events if they have not decayed as of 2016.[30] One example is Mariner 9, which entered Mars orbit in 1971 and is expected to remain in orbit until approximately 2022, when the spacecraft is projected to enter the Martian atmosphere and either burn up or crash into the planet's surface.[31] The Viking 1 orbiter is predicted not to decay until at least 2019.[32] One orbiter that is confirmed to have undergone Mars atmospheric entry is Mars Climate Orbiter.

    See also: List of Mars orbiters

    Timeline
    Perseverance (rover)Tianwen-1InSightCuriosity (rover)Phoenix (spacecraft)Opportunity (rover)Spirit (rover)Mars PathfinderViking 2Viking 1Mars 3

    Future missions

    In development
    Mission Organization Launch Type
    ExoMars 2022 ESA
     European Union
    SRI RAS
     Russia    		 2022[33][34] Lander, rover
    Mars Terahertz Microsatellite[35] NICT, ISSL
     Japan    		 2022[36] Orbiter, lander
    Mars Orbiter Mission 2 (Mangalyaan 2) ISRO
     India    		 2024[37][38] Orbiter and possibly a lander
    Martian Moons Exploration (MMX) JAXA
     Japan    		 2024[39][40] Orbiter
    Psyche NASA
     United States    		 2023 Flyby En route to 16 Psyche
    Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer ESA
     European Union    		 2025 Flyby En route to Jupiter

    Proposals
    Mission Organisation Proposed
    launch    		 Type
    MELOS rover JAXA
     Japan    		 2022 Rover and aircraft
    Next Mars Orbiter (NeMO) NASA
     United States    		 2022[41] Telecomm orbiter[42] (originally proposed for 2022)
    Starship Demo mission SpaceX
     United States    		 2022 Lander, cargo[43]
    Biological Oxidant and Life Detection (BOLD) Washington State University
     United States    		 2022 Landing probes and Impactors
    Mars-Grunt Roscosmos
     Russia    		 2024 Orbiter, lander, ascent vehicle, sample-return
    Starship Crewed mission SpaceX
     United States    		 2024 or 2026 Lander, cargo, crew[44]
    Icebreaker Life NASA
     United States    		 2026 Lander
    Deimos and Phobos Interior Explorer (DePhine) ESA
     European Union    		 2030 Orbiter and moon flybys
    Mars MetNet FMI
     Finland
    IKI
     Russia
    INTA
     Spain
    		 TBD Impactors
    Mars Geyser Hopper NASA
     United States    		 TBD Hopper
    Mars Micro Orbiter (MMO) NASA
     United States    		 ? Orbiter
    Phobos And Deimos & Mars Environment NASA
     United States    		 ? Orbiter
    Mars Exploration Ice Mapper NASA
     United States
    Canadian Space Agency
     Canada
    		 2026 Orbiter

    Missions to the moons of Mars
    Phobos' Stickney Crater
    Deimos (lower left) and Phobos (lower right) compared with the asteroid 951 Gaspra
    Phobos by Mars Global Surveyor in 1998[45]

    Missions dedicated to explore the two moons of Mars, Phobos and Deimos. Many missions to Mars have also included dedicated observations of the Moons, while this section is about missions focused solely on them. There have been three unsuccessful dedicated missions and many proposals. Because of the proximity of the Mars moons to Mars, any mission to them may also be considered a mission to Mars from some perspectives.

    There have been at least three proposals in the United States Discovery Program, including PADME, PANDORA, and MERLIN.[46] The ESA has also considered a sample return mission, one of the latest known as Martian Moon Sample Return or MMSR, and it may use heritage from an asteroid sample return mission.[47]

    ProposalTargetReference
    AladdinPhobos and Deimos[48]
    DePhinePhobos and Deimos[49]
    DSRDeimos[50]
    GulliverDeimos[51]
    HallPhobos and Deimos[52]
    M-PADSPhobos and Deimos[53]
    MerlinPhobos and Deimos[54]
    MMSR (2011 ver.)Phobos or Deimos[47]
    OSRIS-REx 2Phobos or Deimos[55]
    PandoraPhobos and Deimos[46]
    PCROSSPhobos[56]
    Phobos SurveyorPhobos[57]
    PRIMEPhobos[58]
    Fobos-Grunt 2Phobos[59]
    PhootprintPhobos[60][61]
    PADMEPhobos and Deimos[62][63]

    In Japan, the Institute of Space and Astronautical Science (ISAS) is developing a sample return mission to Phobos,[64][65] due to launch in 2024. This mission is called Martian Moons Exploration (MMX)[66] and is proposed as a flagship Strategic Large Mission.[67] MMX will build on the expertise the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) would gain through the Hayabusa2 and SLIM missions.[68] As of January 2018, MMX is set for launch in September 2024.[69]

    Planned missionTargetReference
    Martian Moons Exploration (MMX)Phobos and Deimos[66]

    Three missions to land on Phobos have been launched; the Phobos program in the late 1980s saw the launch of Fobos 1 and Fobos 2, while the Fobos-Grunt sample return mission was launched in 2011. None of these missions were successful: Fobos 1 failed en route to Mars, Fobos 2 failed shortly before landing, and Fobos-Grunt never left low Earth orbit.

    Launched missionTargetReference
    Phobos 1Phobos
    Phobos 2Phobos
    Fobos-GruntPhobos

    Missions sent to the Martian system have returned data on Phobos and Deimos and missions specifically dedicated to the moons are a subset of missions Mars that often include dedicated goals to acquire data about these moons. An example of this is the imaging campaigns by Mars Express of the Mars moons.

    Osiris-Rex 2 was a proposal to make OR a double mission, with the other one collecting samples from the two Mars moons.[70] In 2012, it was stated that this mission would be the both quickest and least expensive way to get samples from the Moons.[71]

    The 'Red Rocks Project', a part of Lockheed Martin's "Stepping stones to Mars" program, proposed to explore Mars robotically from Deimos.[72][73]

    Undeveloped concepts

    examples only

    1970s
    • Mars 4NM and Mars 5NM – projects intended by the Soviet Union for heavy Marsokhod (in 1973 according to initial plan of 1970) and Mars sample return (planned for 1975). The missions were to be launched on the failed N1 rocket.[74]
    • Mars 5M (Mars-79) – double-launching Soviet sample return mission planned to 1979 but cancelled due to complexity and technical problems
    • Voyager-Mars – USA, 1970s – Two orbiters and two landers, launched by a single Saturn V rocket.

    1990s
    • Vesta – the multiaimed Soviet mission, developed in cooperation with European countries for realisation in 1991–1994 but canceled due to the Soviet Union disbanding, included the flyby of Mars with delivering the aerostat and small landers or penetrators followed by flybys of 1 Ceres or 4 Vesta and some other asteroids with impact of penetrator on the one of them.
    • Mars Aerostat – Russian/French balloon part for cancelled Vesta mission and then for failed Mars 96 mission,[75] originally planned for the 1992 launch window, postponed to 1994 and then to 1996 before being cancelled.[76]
    • Mars Together, combined U.S. and Russian mission study in the 1990s. To be launched by a Molinya with possible U.S. orbiter or lander.[77][78]
    • Mars Environmental Survey – set of 16 landers planned for 1999–2009
    • Mars-98 – Russian mission including an orbiter, lander, and rover, planned for 1998 launch opportunity as repeat of failured Mars 96 mission and cancelled due to lack of funding

    2000s
    • Mars Surveyor 2001 Lander – October 2001 – Mars lander (refurbished, became Phoenix lander)
    • Kitty Hawk – Mars airplane micromission, proposed for 17 December 2003, the centennial of the Wright brothers' first flight.[79] Its funding was eventually given to the 2003 Mars Network project.[80]
    • NetLander – 2007 or 2009 – Mars netlanders
    • Beagle 3 – 2009 British lander mission meant to search for life, past or present.
    • Mars Telecommunications Orbiter – September 2009 – Mars orbiter for telecommunications

    2010s
    • Sky-Sailor – 2014 – Plane developed by Switzerland to take detailed pictures of Mars surface
    • Mars Astrobiology Explorer-Cacher – 2018 rover concept, cancelled due to budget cuts in 2011. Sample cache goal later moved to Mars 2020 rover.[81]
    • Red Dragon – Derivative of a Dragon 2 capsule by SpaceX, designed to land by aerobraking and retropropulsion. Planned for 2018, then 2020. Canceled in favor of the Starship system.
    • Tumbleweed rover, wind-propelled sphere[82]

    See also

    References
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    3. Russian Space Web - Mars Missions
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