List of presidents of the United States by education

Most presidents of the United States received a college education, even most of the earliest. Of the first seven presidents, five were college graduates. College degrees have set the presidents apart from the general population, and presidents have held degrees even though it was quite rare and unnecessary for practicing most occupations, including law. Of the forty-four individuals to have been the president, twenty-four of them graduated from a private undergraduate college, nine graduated from a public undergraduate college, and twelve held no degree. Every president since 1953 has had a bachelor's degree, reflecting the increasing importance of higher education in the United States.

List by university attended

Did not graduate from college

George Washington (the death of Washington's father ended his formal schooling; however, he believed strongly in formal education, and his will left money and/or stocks to support three educational institutions and he received a surveyors certificate from the College of William and Mary)[1]
James Monroe (attended the College of William and Mary, but dropped out to fight in the Revolutionary War)
Andrew Jackson
Martin Van Buren
William Henry Harrison (attended college, but never received a degree)
Zachary Taylor
Millard Fillmore (founded the University at Buffalo)
Abraham Lincoln (had only about a year of formal schooling of any kind)
Andrew Johnson (no formal schooling of any kind)
Grover Cleveland
William McKinley (attended Allegheny College, but did not graduate; also attended Albany Law School, but also did not graduate)
Harry S. Truman (went to business college and law school, but did not receive a degree from either)

Undergraduate

School	Location	President(s)
Allegheny College	Meadville, Pennsylvania	William McKinley (withdrew)
Amherst College	Amherst, Massachusetts	Calvin Coolidge
Bowdoin College	Brunswick, Maine	Franklin Pierce
The College of William & Mary	Williamsburg, Virginia	Thomas Jefferson James Monroe (withdrew) John Tyler
Columbia University	New York, New York	Barack Obama
Davidson College	Davidson, North Carolina	Woodrow Wilson (transferred to Princeton University)
Dickinson College	Carlisle, Pennsylvania	James Buchanan
Eureka College	Eureka, Illinois	Ronald Reagan
Fordham University	The Bronx, New York City	Donald Trump (transferred to the University of Pennsylvania)
Georgetown University	Washington, D.C.	Bill Clinton
Georgia Institute of Technology	Atlanta, Georgia	Jimmy Carter (transferred to United States Naval Academy)
Georgia Southwestern State University	Americus, Georgia	Jimmy Carter (transferred to Georgia Institute of Technology)
Hampden–Sydney College	Hampden Sydney, Virginia	William Henry Harrison (withdrew)
Harvard University	Cambridge, Massachusetts	John Adams John Quincy Adams Theodore Roosevelt Franklin D. Roosevelt John F. Kennedy
Hiram College	Hiram, Ohio	James A. Garfield (transferred to Williams College)
Kenyon College	Gambier, Ohio	Rutherford B. Hayes
London School of Economics^A	London, United Kingdom	John F. Kennedy (transferred to Princeton University)
Miami University	Oxford, Ohio	Benjamin Harrison
Mount Union College	Alliance, Ohio	William McKinley (withdrew)
Occidental College	Los Angeles, California	Barack Obama (transferred to Columbia University)
Ohio Central College	Iberia, Ohio	Warren G. Harding
Princeton University	Princeton, New Jersey	John F. Kennedy (transferred to Harvard University) James Madison Woodrow Wilson
Texas State University	San Marcos, Texas	Lyndon B. Johnson
Spalding's Commercial College	Kansas City, Missouri	Harry S. Truman (withdrew)
Stanford University	Stanford, California	Herbert Hoover
Leiden University	Leiden, Netherlands	John Quincy Adams (transferred to Harvard University)
Union College	Schenectady, New York	Chester A. Arthur
University of Delaware	Newark, Delaware	Joe Biden
University of Michigan	Ann Arbor, Michigan	Gerald Ford
University of North Carolina	Chapel Hill, North Carolina	James K. Polk
University of Pennsylvania	Philadelphia, Pennsylvania	Donald Trump
United States Military Academy	West Point, New York	Ulysses S. Grant Dwight D. Eisenhower
United States Army Command and General Staff College	Fort Leavenworth, Kansas	Dwight D. Eisenhower
United States Army Industrial College	Washington, D.C.	Dwight D. Eisenhower
United States Army War College	Carlisle, Pennsylvania	Dwight D. Eisenhower
United States Naval Academy	Annapolis, Maryland	Jimmy Carter
Whittier College	Whittier, California	Richard Nixon
Williams College	Williamstown, Massachusetts	James A. Garfield
Yale University	New Haven, Connecticut	William Howard Taft George H. W. Bush George W. Bush

A.^ JFK enrolled, but did not attend

Additional undergraduate information

Some presidents attended more than one institution. George Washington never attended college, though The College of William & Mary did issue him a surveyor's certificate.[2] Two presidents have attended a foreign college at the undergraduate level: John Quincy Adams at Leiden University and Bill Clinton at the University of Oxford (John F. Kennedy intended to study at the London School of Economics, but failed to attend as he fell ill before classes began.)

Three presidents have attended the United States Service academies: Ulysses S. Grant and Dwight D. Eisenhower graduated from the United States Military Academy at West Point, while Jimmy Carter graduated from the United States Naval Academy at Annapolis, Maryland. No presidents have graduated from the United States Coast Guard Academy or the much newer U.S. Air Force Academy. Eisenhower also graduated from the Army Command and General Staff College, Army Industrial College and Army War College. These were not degree granting institutions when Eisenhower attended, but were part of his professional education as a career soldier.

Graduate school

A total of 18 presidents attended some form of graduate school (including professional schools). Among them, nine presidents received a graduate degree during their lifetimes; two more received graduate degrees posthumously.

Business school

School	Location	President(s)
Stanford University Graduate School of Business	Palo Alto, California	John F. Kennedy (auditor)
Harvard Business School	Cambridge, Massachusetts	George W. Bush (MBA)

Political science

School	Location	President(s)
Johns Hopkins University School of Arts and Sciences	Baltimore, Maryland	Woodrow Wilson (PhD)

Medical school

School	Location	President(s)
University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine	Philadelphia, Pennsylvania	William Henry Harrison (withdrew)

Law school

School	Location	President(s)
Albany Law School	Albany, New York	William McKinley (withdrew)
Columbia Law School	New York, New York	Theodore Roosevelt (withdrew; J.D. awarded posthumously in 2008, Class of 1882) Franklin D. Roosevelt (withdrew; J.D. awarded posthumously in 2008, Class of 1907)
Duke University School of Law	Durham, North Carolina	Richard Nixon
Georgetown University Law Center	Washington, D.C.	Lyndon B. Johnson (withdrew)
Harvard Law School	Cambridge, Massachusetts	Rutherford B. Hayes Barack Obama
University of Michigan Law School	Ann Arbor, Michigan	Gerald Ford (transferred)
Northampton Law School	Northampton, Massachusetts	Franklin Pierce (did not graduate)
State and National Law School	Ballston Spa, New York	Chester A. Arthur (did not graduate)
Syracuse Law School	Syracuse, New York	Joe Biden
University of Cincinnati College of Law	Cincinnati, Ohio	William Howard Taft
University of Kansas City School of Law	Kansas City, Missouri	Harry S. Truman (withdrew)
University of Virginia School of Law	Charlottesville, Virginia	Woodrow Wilson (withdrew)
Yale Law School	New Haven, Connecticut	Gerald Ford Bill Clinton

Several presidents who were lawyers did not attend law school, but became lawyers after independent study under the tutelage of established attorneys.[3] Some had attended college before beginning their legal studies, and several studied law without first having attended college. Presidents who were lawyers but did not attend law school include: John Adams; Thomas Jefferson; James Madison; James Monroe; John Quincy Adams; Andrew Jackson; Martin Van Buren; John Tyler; James K. Polk; Millard Fillmore; James Buchanan; Abraham Lincoln; James A. Garfield; Grover Cleveland; Benjamin Harrison; and Calvin Coolidge.

Presidents who were admitted to the bar after a combination of law school and independent study include; Franklin Pierce; Chester A. Arthur; William McKinley; and Woodrow Wilson.

List by graduate degree earned

Ph.D. (doctorate)

School	Location	President(s)
Johns Hopkins University	Baltimore, Maryland	Woodrow Wilson

M.B.A. (Master of Business Administration)

School	Location	President(s)
Harvard Business School	Boston, Massachusetts	George W. Bush

J.D. or LL.B. (law degree)

School	Location	President(s)
University of Cincinnati College of Law	Cincinnati, Ohio	William Howard Taft
Columbia Law School	New York, New York	Theodore Roosevelt (awarded posthumously in 2008) Franklin Delano Roosevelt (awarded posthumously in 2008)
Duke University Law School	Durham, North Carolina	Richard Nixon
Yale Law School	New Haven, Connecticut	Gerald Ford Bill Clinton
Harvard Law School	Cambridge, Massachusetts	Rutherford B. Hayes Barack Obama
Syracuse Law School	Syracuse, New York	Joe Biden

Note: Hayes, Taft, Nixon and Ford were awarded LL.B. degrees.[4][5][6][7] When U.S. law schools began to use the J.D. as the professional law degree in the 1960s, previous graduates had the choice of converting their LL.B. degrees to a J.D.[8][9] Duke University Law School made the change in 1968,[10] and Yale Law School in 1971.[11] Theodore Roosevelt[12] and Franklin D. Roosevelt,[13] both of whom attended Columbia Law School but withdrew before graduating, were awarded posthumous J.D. degrees in 2008.[14]

List by president

Presidents	High school or equivalent	Undergraduate school	Graduate school
George Washington	Lower Church School	Did not attend college	none
John Adams	Braintree Latin School	Harvard University	none
Thomas Jefferson	James Maury's School	The College of William and Mary	none
James Madison	Donald Robertson's School	Princeton University	none
James Monroe	Campbelltown Academy	The College of William and Mary (did not graduate)	none
John Quincy Adams	Passy Academy	Leiden University (transferred) Harvard University	none
Andrew Jackson	William Humphries' Academy James White Stephenson's Academy	none	none
Martin Van Buren	Kinderhook Academy Washington Seminary	none	none
William Henry Harrison	Millfield Academy	Hampden–Sydney College (withdrew)	University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine (withdrew)
John Tyler	College of William and Mary Preparatory School	The College of William and Mary	none
James K. Polk	Zion Presbyterian Church Academy Bradley Academy	University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill	none
Zachary Taylor	Kean O'Hara's Academy[15]	none	none
Millard Fillmore	New Hope Academy	none	none
Franklin Pierce	Phillips Exeter Academy	Bowdoin College	Northampton Law School (withdrew)
James Buchanan	Old Stone Academy	Dickinson College	none
Abraham Lincoln	none	none	none
Andrew Johnson	none	none	none
Ulysses S. Grant	Maysville Academy	United States Military Academy	none
Rutherford B. Hayes	Norwalk Seminary The Webb School	Kenyon College	Harvard Law School
James Garfield	Geauga Seminary	Hiram College (transferred) Williams College	none
Chester A. Arthur	Schenectady Lyceum and Academy	Union College	State and National Law School (did not graduate)
Grover Cleveland	Clinton Academy	none	none
Benjamin Harrison	Farmers' College	Miami University	none
William McKinley	Poland Academy	Allegheny College (withdrew) Mount Union College (withdrew)	Albany Law School (withdrew)
Theodore Roosevelt	Schooled at home by parents and private tutors	Harvard University	Columbia Law School (withdrew) (awarded J.D. in 2008, class of 1882)
William Howard Taft	Woodward High School	Yale University	University of Cincinnati College of Law
Woodrow Wilson	Schooled at home by parents and private tutors	Davidson College (transferred) Princeton University	University of Virginia School of Law (withdrew) Johns Hopkins University (Ph.D.)
Warren G. Harding	Caledonia High School	Ohio Central College	none
Calvin Coolidge	Black River Academy St. Johnsbury Academy	Amherst College	none
Herbert Hoover	Attended business courses as a teenager in Oregon, Schooled by private tutor prior to attending college	Stanford University	none
Franklin D. Roosevelt	Groton School	Harvard University	Columbia Law School (withdrew) (awarded J.D. in 2008, class of 1907)
Harry S. Truman	Independence High School	Spalding's Commercial College (withdrew)	University of Kansas City School of Law (withdrew)
Dwight D. Eisenhower	Abilene High School	United States Military Academy (West Point)	United States Army Command and General Staff College United States Army Industrial College United States Army War College
John F. Kennedy	The Choate School	London School of Economics (General Course Program) Princeton University (transferred) Harvard University	Stanford Graduate School of Business (auditor)
Lyndon B. Johnson	Johnson City High School	Southwest Texas State Teachers College (now Texas State University)	Georgetown University Law Center (withdrew)
Richard Nixon	Whittier High School	Whittier College	Duke University School of Law
Gerald Ford	Grand Rapids South High School	University of Michigan	University of Michigan Law School (transferred) Yale Law School
Jimmy Carter	Plains High School	Georgia Southwestern College (transferred) Georgia Institute of Technology (transferred) United States Naval Academy	Union College (Postgraduate Nuclear Physics Course Program)
Ronald Reagan	Dixon High School	Eureka College	none
George H. W. Bush	Phillips Academy	Yale University	none
Bill Clinton	Hot Springs High School	Georgetown University	University of Oxford (Rhodes Scholar; withdrew) Yale Law School
George W. Bush	Phillips Academy	Yale University	Harvard Business School
Barack Obama	Punahou School	Occidental College (transferred) Columbia University	Harvard Law School
Donald Trump	New York Military Academy	Fordham University (transferred) Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania	None
Joe Biden	Archmere Academy	University of Delaware	Syracuse University College of Law

Other academic associations

Faculty member

President(s)	School	Position	Years
James A. Garfield	Hiram College	Professor of Latin, Greek, Mathematics, History, Philosophy, Rhetoric and English literature	1857–1861[16]
Grover Cleveland	Princeton University	Stafford Little Lecturer on Public Affairs	1899–1908[17]
William Howard Taft	University of Cincinnati College of Law	Dean	1896–1900[18]
	Yale Law School	Kent Professor of Law	1913–1921
	Boston University School of Law	Lecturer on Legal Ethics[19]	1918–1921
Woodrow Wilson	Bryn Mawr College	Professor of Politics and History	1885–1888[20]
	Wesleyan University	Professor of Politics	1888–1890[20]
	Princeton University	Professor of Jurisprudence and Political Economy	1890–1902
Harry S. Truman	Yale University	Chubb Fellow Visiting Lecturer	1958[21]
Harry S. Truman	Canisius College	Visiting Lecturer	1962[22]
Richard Nixon	Whittier College	Adjunct lecturer, taught undergraduate legal studies class	1937–1942
Jimmy Carter	Emory University	University Distinguished Professor	1982–Present
George H. W. Bush	Rice University	Part-Time Professor of Administrative Science	1978
Bill Clinton	University of Arkansas	Assistant Professor of Law[23]	1973–1977
Barack Obama	University of Chicago Law School	Senior Lecturer[24]	1992–2004
Joe Biden	Widener University Delaware Law School	Adjunct Professor[25]	1991-2008
Joe Biden	University of Pennsylvania	Benjamin Franklin Presidential Practice professor[26]	2017-2019

School rector or president

President(s)	School	Position	Years
Thomas Jefferson	University of Virginia	1st Rector	1819–1826
James Madison	University of Virginia	2nd Rector	1826–1836
James A. Garfield	Hiram College	President	1857–1860
Millard Fillmore	University of Buffalo	Chancellor	1846–1874
Woodrow Wilson	Princeton University	President	1902–1910
Dwight D. Eisenhower	Columbia University	President	1948–1953

School trustee or governor

President(s)	School	Position	Years
George Washington	College of William and Mary	Chancellor	1788–1799
	Washington College	Allowed use of his name, Benefactor, Board of Governors	1782–1799
	Washington and Lee University	Benefactor[27]	1796
Thomas Jefferson	University of Virginia	Board of Visitors	1819–1826
James Madison	University of Virginia	Board of Visitors	1819–1836
James Madison	Madison College (Pennsylvania)	Allowed use of his name; benefactor: contributed funds ($2,000 in 1827 dollars) towards founding[28]	1827
James Monroe	University of Virginia	Board of Visitors	1826–1831
John Quincy Adams	Harvard University	Board of Overseers	1830–1848
Andrew Jackson	University of Nashville	Board of Trustees	1806–1845[29]
Martin Van Buren	University of the State of New York	Board of Regents	1816–1829
John Tyler	College of William and Mary	Chancellor	1859–1862
Millard Fillmore	University at Buffalo	Chancellor	1846–1874
Franklin Pierce	Norwich University	Board of Trustees	1841–1859
James Buchanan	Franklin & Marshall College	President, Board of Trustees	1853–1865
Rutherford B. Hayes	The Ohio State University	Board of Trustees	1881–1893
	Western Reserve University	Chairman of the Board of Trustees	1881–1893
	Ohio Wesleyan University	Board of Trustees	1884–1893
James A. Garfield	Hiram College	Board of Trustees	1866–1881
James A. Garfield	Hampton University	Board of Trustees	1877–1881
Benjamin Harrison	Purdue University	Board of Trustees	1895–1901
Grover Cleveland	Princeton University	Board of Trustees	1901–1908
William McKinley	American University	Board of Trustees	1899–1901
Theodore Roosevelt	American University	Board of Trustees	1900–1919
Theodore Roosevelt	Harvard University	Board of Overseers	1895–1901, 1915–1916
William Howard Taft	Yale University	Member of the Yale Corporation	1901–1913
William Howard Taft	Hampton University	Board of Trustees	1909–1930
Warren G. Harding	American University	Board of Trustees	1921–1923
Calvin Coolidge	Amherst College	Board of Trustees (life member)	1921–1933
Herbert Hoover	Stanford University	Board of Trustees	1923–1960
Herbert Hoover	American University	Board of Trustees	1945–1950
Franklin D. Roosevelt	Harvard University	Board of Overseers	1917–1923
Franklin D. Roosevelt	Vassar College	Board of Trustees	1923–1945
Dwight D. Eisenhower	Eisenhower College	Namesake, fundraiser	1965–1969
John F. Kennedy	Harvard University	Board of Overseers	1957–1958
Jimmy Carter	Mercer University	Board of Trustees	2012–present
Ronald Reagan	Eureka College	Board of Trustees	1947–1953, 1967–1973, 1974–1980

References

"Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2008-11-01. Retrieved 2008-11-11.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
"George Washington's Professional Surveys". U.S. National Archives. 2019. Retrieved July 11, 2019.
"Lincoln Legal Career Timeline" – abrahamlincolnonline.org
Hoogenboom, Ari (1995). Rutherford Hayes: Warrior and President. Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas. pp. 52–53. ISBN 978-0-7006-0641-2.
"William Howard Taft". Laws.com. Retrieved February 18, 2020.
Gellman, Irwin F. (2017). The Contender: Richard Nixon, the Congress Years, 1946–1952. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. p. 7. ISBN 978-0-300-22020-9.
"Gerald R. Ford Biography". Fordlibrarymuseum.gov/. Grand rapids, MI: Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library & Museum. Retrieved November 28, 2017.
Bear, John (2001). Bear's Guide to Earning Degrees by Distance Learning. Berkeley, California: Ten Speed Press. p. 257. ISBN 978-1-58008-202-0.
Hylton, J. Gordon (January 11, 2012). "Why the Law Degree is Called a J.D. and not an LL.B." Marquette University Law School Faculty Blog. Milwaukee, WI: Marquette University.
Bolich, W. Bryan (1968). Duke Law School 1868–1968: A Sketch (PDF). Durham, NC: Duke University Law School. p. xxiv.
Mwenda, Kenneth Kaoma (2007). Comparing American and British Legal Education Systems. Youngstown, NY: Cambria Press. p. 14. ISBN 978-1-934-043-51-6.
New York Sun, "Presidents Roosevelt Honored With Posthumous Columbia Degrees", September 26, 2008
Columbia Law School, "Theodore and Franklin Roosevelt to Receive Posthumous Law Degrees from Columbia Law School", September 25, 2008
Johnson, Mary; Kelly, Erin St. John (October 9, 2008). "Presidents Roosevelt Awarded Law Degrees Posthumously: 26th and 32nd U. S. Presidents Become Official Graduates of Columbia Law School; Made Official Members of the Classes of 1882 and 1907". law.columbia.edu. New York, NY: Columbia Law School.
Johnston, J. Stoddard (1913). "Sketch of Theodore O'Hara". The Register of the Kentucky Historical Society. Frankfort, KY: State Journal Company. p. 67.
Joseph Nathan Kane, Facts About the Presidents (New York: Simon & Schuster [Pocket Books], 1968 [5th printing]), 194.
Leitch, Alexander (1978). "Biography, Grover Cleveland". A Princeton Companion. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. Retrieved July 29, 2018.
UC.edu Archived 2006-04-28 at the Wayback Machine
"BU School of Law Timeline". Boston University. Retrieved 16 January 2014.
Biography of Wilson on Princeton Web.
Robert H. Ferrell, Farewell to the Chief: Former Presidents in American Public Life, 1991, page 52
U.S. Government Printing Office, Congressional Record, Volume 108, Part 4, 1962, page 5168.
Kaczynski, Andrew; Apper, Megan (February 2, 2015). "Here's Bill Clinton's Personnel File From His Time As An Arkansas College Professor". buzzfeed.com/. New York, NY: Buzzfeed.com.
https://heavy.com/news/2020/09/biden-professor/
https://www.delcotimes.com/news/widener-students-proud-of-biden/article_25fd87c9-cf05-5320-bc66-c0028ec493e1.html
https://heavy.com/news/2020/09/biden-professor/
"Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2013-01-03. Retrieved 2013-01-17.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
Reynolds, G.T. (1902). "Madison College". In Haskins, Charles Homer; Hull, William Isaac (eds.). A History of Higher Education in Pennsylvania. Government Printing Office. pp. 155–7. Madison College Pennsylvania.
University of Nashville Board of Trustees (1892). The University of Nashville, 1785 to 1892. Nashville, TN: Marshall & Bruce. p. 5. Note: In 1791, Jackson was appointed to the board of trustees of Davidson Academy. Jackson continued on the board when the school was reorganized as Cumberland College in 1806. In 1826, Cumberland College was reincorporated as the University of Nashville, and Jackson remained a member of the board of trustees until his death.

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[1] "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2008-11-01. Retrieved 2008-11-11.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)

[2] "George Washington's Professional Surveys". U.S. National Archives. 2019. Retrieved July 11, 2019.

[3] "Lincoln Legal Career Timeline" – abrahamlincolnonline.org

[4] Hoogenboom, Ari (1995). Rutherford Hayes: Warrior and President. Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas. pp. 52–53. ISBN 978-0-7006-0641-2.

[5] "William Howard Taft". Laws.com. Retrieved February 18, 2020.

[6] Gellman, Irwin F. (2017). The Contender: Richard Nixon, the Congress Years, 1946–1952. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. p. 7. ISBN 978-0-300-22020-9.

[7] "Gerald R. Ford Biography". Fordlibrarymuseum.gov/. Grand rapids, MI: Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library & Museum. Retrieved November 28, 2017.

[8] Bear, John (2001). Bear's Guide to Earning Degrees by Distance Learning. Berkeley, California: Ten Speed Press. p. 257. ISBN 978-1-58008-202-0.

[9] Hylton, J. Gordon (January 11, 2012). "Why the Law Degree is Called a J.D. and not an LL.B." Marquette University Law School Faculty Blog. Milwaukee, WI: Marquette University.

[10] Bolich, W. Bryan (1968). Duke Law School 1868–1968: A Sketch (PDF). Durham, NC: Duke University Law School. p. xxiv.

[11] Mwenda, Kenneth Kaoma (2007). Comparing American and British Legal Education Systems. Youngstown, NY: Cambria Press. p. 14. ISBN 978-1-934-043-51-6.

[12] New York Sun, "Presidents Roosevelt Honored With Posthumous Columbia Degrees", September 26, 2008

[13] Columbia Law School, "Theodore and Franklin Roosevelt to Receive Posthumous Law Degrees from Columbia Law School", September 25, 2008

[14] Johnson, Mary; Kelly, Erin St. John (October 9, 2008). "Presidents Roosevelt Awarded Law Degrees Posthumously: 26th and 32nd U. S. Presidents Become Official Graduates of Columbia Law School; Made Official Members of the Classes of 1882 and 1907". law.columbia.edu. New York, NY: Columbia Law School.

[15] Johnston, J. Stoddard (1913). "Sketch of Theodore O'Hara". The Register of the Kentucky Historical Society. Frankfort, KY: State Journal Company. p. 67.

[16] Joseph Nathan Kane, Facts About the Presidents (New York: Simon & Schuster [Pocket Books], 1968 [5th printing]), 194.

[17] Leitch, Alexander (1978). "Biography, Grover Cleveland". A Princeton Companion. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. Retrieved July 29, 2018.

[18] UC.edu Archived 2006-04-28 at the Wayback Machine

[19] "BU School of Law Timeline". Boston University. Retrieved 16 January 2014.

[princetonWilsonBio-20] Biography of Wilson on Princeton Web.

[21] Robert H. Ferrell, Farewell to the Chief: Former Presidents in American Public Life, 1991, page 52

[22] U.S. Government Printing Office, Congressional Record, Volume 108, Part 4, 1962, page 5168.

[23] Kaczynski, Andrew; Apper, Megan (February 2, 2015). "Here's Bill Clinton's Personnel File From His Time As An Arkansas College Professor". buzzfeed.com/. New York, NY: Buzzfeed.com.

[24] ttps://heavy.com/news/2020/09/biden-professor/

[25] ttps://www.delcotimes.com/news/widener-students-proud-of-biden/article_25fd87c9-cf05-5320-bc66-c0028ec493e1.html

[26] ttps://heavy.com/news/2020/09/biden-professor/

[27] "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2013-01-03. Retrieved 2013-01-17.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)

[28] Reynolds, G.T. (1902). "Madison College". In Haskins, Charles Homer; Hull, William Isaac (eds.). A History of Higher Education in Pennsylvania. Government Printing Office. pp. 155–7. Madison College Pennsylvania.

[29] University of Nashville Board of Trustees (1892). The University of Nashville, 1785 to 1892. Nashville, TN: Marshall & Bruce. p. 5. Note: In 1791, Jackson was appointed to the board of trustees of Davidson Academy. Jackson continued on the board when the school was reorganized as Cumberland College in 1806. In 1826, Cumberland College was reincorporated as the University of Nashville, and Jackson remained a member of the board of trustees until his death.

A