List of vice presidents of the United States

There have been 49 vice presidents of the United States since the office came into existence in 1789. Originally, the vice president was the person who received the second most votes for president in the Electoral College. However, in the election of 1800 a tie in the electoral college between Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr led to the selection of the president by the House of Representatives. To prevent such an event from happening again, the Twelfth Amendment was added to the Constitution, creating the current system where electors cast a separate ballot for the vice presidency.[1]

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The vice president is the first person in the presidential line of succession and assumes the presidency if the president dies, resigns, or is impeached and removed from office.[2] Nine vice presidents have ascended to the presidency in this way – eight (John Tyler, Millard Fillmore, Andrew Johnson, Chester A. Arthur, Theodore Roosevelt, Calvin Coolidge, Harry S. Truman, and Lyndon B. Johnson) through the president's death and one (Gerald Ford) through the president's resignation. In addition, the vice president serves as the president of the Senate and may choose to cast a tie-breaking vote on decisions made by the Senate. Vice presidents have exercised this latter power to varying extents over the years.[1]

Prior to adoption of the Twenty-fifth Amendment in 1967, an intra-term vacancy in the office of the vice president could not be filled until the next post-election inauguration. Several such vacancies occurred—seven vice presidents died, one resigned and eight succeeded to the presidency. This amendment allowed for a vacancy to be filled through appointment by the president and confirmation by both chambers of the Congress. Since its ratification, the vice presidency has been vacant twice (both in the context of scandals surrounding the Nixon administration) and was filled both times through this process, namely in 1973 following Spiro Agnew's resignation, and again in 1974 after Gerald Ford succeeded to the presidency.[1] The amendment also established a procedure whereby a vice president may, if the president is unable to discharge the powers and duties of the office, temporarily assume the powers and duties of the office as acting president. Two vice presidents have briefly acted as president under the 25th Amendment: George H. W. Bush on July 13, 1985, and Dick Cheney on June 29, 2002 and on July 21, 2007.

The persons who have served as vice president were born in or primarily affiliated with 27 states plus the District of Columbia. New York has produced the most of any state as eight have been born there and three others considered it their home state. Most vice presidents have been in their 50s or 60s and had political experience prior to assuming the office.[1] The youngest person to become vice president was John C. Breckinridge at 36 years of age while the oldest was Alben W. Barkley at 71 years of age. Two vice presidents—George Clinton and John C. Calhoun—served under more than one president.

There are currently six living former vice presidents. The most recent former vice president to die was George H. W. Bush on November 30, 2018.

Vice presidents
Vice Presidency[lower-alpha 1] Vice President Party[lower-alpha 2] Election President
1 April 21, 1789[lower-alpha 3]
–
March 4, 1797		 John Adams
[3][4][5]		 Pro-Administration[lower-alpha 4] 1788–89 George Washington[lower-alpha 5]
Federalist 1792
2 March 4, 1797
–
March 4, 1801		 Thomas Jefferson
[6][7][8]		 Democratic-Republican 1796 John Adams[lower-alpha 6]
3 March 4, 1801
–
March 4, 1805		 Aaron Burr
[9]		 Democratic-Republican 1800 Thomas Jefferson
4 March 4, 1805
–
April 20, 1812		 George Clinton[lower-alpha 7]
[10]		 Democratic-Republican 1804
1808 James Madison
Office vacant April 20, 1812 – March 4, 1813[lower-alpha 8]
5 March 4, 1813
–
November 23, 1814		 Elbridge Gerry[lower-alpha 7]
[11]		 Democratic-Republican 1812
Office vacant November 23, 1814 – March 4, 1817[lower-alpha 8]
6 March 4, 1817
–
March 4, 1825		 Daniel D. Tompkins
[12]		 Democratic-Republican 1816 James Monroe
1820
7 March 4, 1825
–
December 28, 1832		 John C. Calhoun[lower-alpha 9]
[13]		 Democratic-Republican 1824 John Q. Adams
Nullifier[lower-alpha 10] 1828 Andrew Jackson[lower-alpha 11]
Office vacant December 28, 1832 – March 4, 1833[lower-alpha 8]
8 March 4, 1833
–
March 4, 1837		 Martin Van Buren
[14][15][16]		 Democratic 1832
9 March 4, 1837
–
March 4, 1841		 Richard Mentor Johnson
[17]		 Democratic 1836 Martin Van Buren
10 March 4, 1841
–
April 4, 1841		 John Tyler[lower-alpha 12]
[18][19][20]		 Whig[lower-alpha 13] 1840 William H. Harrison
[lower-alpha 7]
Office vacant April 4, 1841 – March 4, 1845[lower-alpha 8] John Tyler
11 March 4, 1845
–
March 4, 1849		 George M. Dallas
[21]		 Democratic 1844 James K. Polk
12 March 4, 1849
–
July 9, 1850		 Millard Fillmore[lower-alpha 12]
[22][23][24]		 Whig 1848 Zachary Taylor
[lower-alpha 7]
Office vacant July 9, 1850 – March 4, 1853[lower-alpha 8] Millard Fillmore
13 March 4, 1853[lower-alpha 14]
–
April 18, 1853		 William R. King[lower-alpha 7]
[25]		 Democratic 1852 Franklin Pierce
Office vacant April 18, 1853 – March 4, 1857[lower-alpha 8]
14 March 4, 1857
–
March 4, 1861		 John C. Breckinridge
[26]		 Democratic 1856 James Buchanan
15 March 4, 1861
–
March 4, 1865		 Hannibal Hamlin
[27]		 Republican 1860 Abraham Lincoln[lower-alpha 15]
16 March 4, 1865
–
April 15, 1865		 Andrew Johnson[lower-alpha 12]
[28][29][30]		 National Union[lower-alpha 16] 1864
Office vacant April 15, 1865 – March 4, 1869[lower-alpha 8] Andrew Johnson
17 March 4, 1869
–
March 4, 1873		 Schuyler Colfax
[31]		 Republican 1868 Ulysses S. Grant
18 March 4, 1873
–
November 22, 1875		 Henry Wilson[lower-alpha 7]
[32]		 Republican 1872
Office vacant November 22, 1875 – March 4, 1877[lower-alpha 8]
19 March 4, 1877
–
March 4, 1881		 William A. Wheeler
[33]		 Republican 1876 Rutherford B. Hayes
20 March 4, 1881
–
September 19, 1881		 Chester A. Arthur[lower-alpha 12]
[34][35][36]		 Republican 1880 James A. Garfield[lower-alpha 17]
Office vacant September 19, 1881 – March 4, 1885[lower-alpha 8] Chester A. Arthur
21 March 4, 1885
–
November 25, 1885		 Thomas A. Hendricks[lower-alpha 7]
[37]		 Democratic 1884 Grover Cleveland
Office vacant November 25, 1885 – March 4, 1889[lower-alpha 8]
22 March 4, 1889
–
March 4, 1893		 Levi P. Morton
[38]		 Republican 1888 Benjamin Harrison
23 March 4, 1893
–
March 4, 1897		 Adlai Stevenson I
[39]		 Democratic 1892 Grover Cleveland
24 March 4, 1897
–
November 21, 1899		 Garret Hobart[lower-alpha 7]
[40]		 Republican 1896 William McKinley[lower-alpha 18]
Office vacant November 21, 1899 – March 4, 1901[lower-alpha 8]
25 March 4, 1901
–
September 14, 1901		 Theodore Roosevelt[lower-alpha 12]
[41][42][43]		 Republican 1900
Office vacant September 14, 1901 – March 4, 1905[lower-alpha 8] Theodore Roosevelt
26 March 4, 1905
–
March 4, 1909		 Charles W. Fairbanks
[44]		 Republican 1904
27 March 4, 1909
–
October 30, 1912		 James S. Sherman[lower-alpha 7]
[45]		 Republican 1908 William H. Taft
Office vacant October 30, 1912 – March 4, 1913[lower-alpha 8]
28 March 4, 1913
–
March 4, 1921		 Thomas R. Marshall
[46]		 Democratic 1912 Woodrow Wilson
1916
29 March 4, 1921
–
August 2, 1923		 Calvin Coolidge[lower-alpha 12]
[47][48][49]		 Republican 1920 Warren G. Harding
[lower-alpha 7]
Office vacant August 2, 1923 – March 4, 1925[lower-alpha 8] Calvin Coolidge
30 March 4, 1925
–
March 4, 1929		 Charles G. Dawes
[50]		 Republican 1924
31 March 4, 1929
–
March 4, 1933		 Charles Curtis
[51]		 Republican 1928 Herbert Hoover
32 March 4, 1933
–
January 20, 1941		 John Garner
[52]		 Democratic 1932 Franklin D. Roosevelt[lower-alpha 7]
1936
33 January 20, 1941
–
January 20, 1945		 Henry A. Wallace
[53]		 Democratic 1940
34 January 20, 1945
–
April 12, 1945		 Harry S. Truman[lower-alpha 12]
[54][55][56]		 Democratic 1944
Office vacant April 12, 1945 – January 20, 1949[lower-alpha 8] Harry S. Truman
35 January 20, 1949
–
January 20, 1953		 Alben W. Barkley
[57]		 Democratic 1948
36 January 20, 1953
–
January 20, 1961		 Richard Nixon
[58][59][60]		 Republican 1952 Dwight D. Eisenhower
1956
37 January 20, 1961
–
November 22, 1963		 Lyndon B. Johnson[lower-alpha 12]
[61][62]		 Democratic 1960 John F. Kennedy[lower-alpha 19]
Office vacant November 22, 1963 – January 20, 1965[lower-alpha 8] Lyndon B. Johnson
38 January 20, 1965
–
January 20, 1969		 Hubert Humphrey
[63]		 Democratic 1964
39 January 20, 1969
–
October 10, 1973		 Spiro Agnew[lower-alpha 9]
[64]		 Republican 1968 Richard Nixon[lower-alpha 9]
1972
Office vacant October 10 – December 6, 1973[lower-alpha 20]
40 December 6, 1973
–
August 9, 1974		 Gerald Ford[lower-alpha 12]
[65][66][67]		 Republican
Office vacant August 9 – December 19, 1974[lower-alpha 20] Gerald Ford
41 December 19, 1974
–
January 20, 1977		 Nelson Rockefeller
[68]		 Republican
42 January 20, 1977
–
January 20, 1981		 Walter Mondale
[69]		 Democratic 1976 Jimmy Carter
43 January 20, 1981
–
January 20, 1989		 George H. W. Bush
[70][71][72]		 Republican 1980 Ronald Reagan
1984
44 January 20, 1989
–
January 20, 1993		 Dan Quayle
[73]		 Republican 1988 George H. W. Bush
45 January 20, 1993
–
January 20, 2001		 Al Gore
[74]		 Democratic 1992 Bill Clinton
1996
46 January 20, 2001
–
January 20, 2009		 Dick Cheney
[75]		 Republican 2000 George W. Bush
2004
47 January 20, 2009
–
January 20, 2017		 Joe Biden
[76]		 Democratic 2008 Barack Obama
2012
48 January 20, 2017
–
January 20, 2021		 Mike Pence
[77][78]		 Republican 2016 Donald Trump
49 January 20, 2021
–
Incumbent		 Kamala Harris Democratic 2020 Joe Biden

Subsequent public office

Twenty-six vice presidents held other high state or federal government positions after leaving the vice presidency. Fifteen went on to become president: John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, Martin Van Buren, John Tyler, Millard Fillmore, Andrew Johnson, Chester A. Arthur, Theodore Roosevelt, Calvin Coolidge, Harry S. Truman, Richard Nixon, Lyndon B. Johnson, Gerald Ford, George H. W. Bush and Joe Biden (nine of them did so following their predecessor's death or resignation); and six served in the Senate: John C. Calhoun, John C. Breckinridge, Hannibal Hamlin, Andrew Johnson, Alben W. Barkley and Hubert Humphrey. Several served as a member of the U.S. Cabinet or as an ambassador in later administrations, or in state government.

See also

Notes
  1. The U.S. Vice Presidents are counted according to uninterrupted periods of time served by the same person. For example, John Adams served two consecutive terms and is counted as the first vice president (not the first and second). Likewise, George Clinton is counted as the fourth and John Calhoun as the seventh, even though each one's consecutive terms in office were served under more than one president. Following the resignation of 39th vice president Spiro Agnew, Gerald Ford became the 40th vice president even though he was chosen to serve out the remainder of Agnew's second term. Then, after Ford succeeded to the presidency later in that same term, Nelson Rockefeller became the 41st vice president and served out the remainder of the term.
  2. Reflects the vice president's political party at the start of their vice presidency. Changes during their time in office are noted. Also reflects the president's political party unless otherwise noted beside the individual's name.
  3. Due to logistical delays, John Adams assumed the office of Vice President 1 month and 17 days after the March 4, 1789 scheduled start of operations of the new government under the Constitution. As a result, his first term was only 1,413 days long, and was the shortest term for a U.S. vice president who served a full term.
  4. Pro-Administration is a contemporary term for the supporters of the political and economic policies of the Washington Administration prior to the formation of the Federalist and Democratic–Republican parties.
  5. George Washington remained unaffiliated with any political faction or party throughout his eight-year presidency. Greatly concerned about the very real capacity of political parties to destroy the fragile unity holding the nation together, he was, and remains, the only U.S. President never to be affiliated with a political party.
  6. The 1796 presidential election was the first contested American presidential election and resulted in a situation where the persons elected President and Vice President belonged to opposing political parties. Federalist John Adams was elected President, and Thomas Jefferson of the Democratic-Republicans was elected Vice President.
  7. Died in office of natural causes.
  8. Prior to ratification of the Twenty-fifth Amendment, February 10, 1967, an intra-term vacancy in the vice presidency could not be filled.
  9. Resigned from office
  10. John Calhoun, formerly a Democratic-Republican, founded the Nullifier Party in 1828 to advance the cause of states' rights, but was brought on as Andrew Jackson's running mate in the 1828 presidential election in an effort to broaden the political coalition emerging around Jackson.
  11. Andrew Jackson's supporters from the former Democratic-Republican Party, which had largely collapsed by the mid-1820s, began calling themselves 'Democrat' during his first term in office, thus marking the evolution of Thomas Jefferson's Democratic-Republican Party into the modern Democratic Party.
  12. Succeeded to the presidency intra-term.
  13. John Tyler was elected vice president on the Whig Party ticket in 1840. His policy priorities as president soon proved to be opposed to most of the Whig agenda, and he was expelled from the party in September 1841.
  14. Ill with tuberculosis, William King traveled to Cuba after the 1852 election in an effort to regain his health, and was not able to be in Washington, D.C. to take his oath of office on March 4, 1853. By an Act of Congress, he was allowed to take the oath outside the United States, and was sworn in on March 24, 1853 near Matanzas, Cuba. He is the only Vice President to take his oath of office in a foreign country.
  15. Died April 15, 1865; see Assassination of Abraham Lincoln for further details.
  16. When he ran for reelection in 1864, Republican Abraham Lincoln formed a bipartisan electoral alliance with War Democrats by selecting Democrat Andrew Johnson as his running mate, and running on the National Union Party ticket. Later, while president, Johnson tried and failed to build a party of loyalists under the National Union banner. Near the end of his presidency, Johnson rejoined the Democratic Party.
  17. Died September 19, 1881; see Assassination of James A. Garfield for further details.
  18. Died September 14, 1901; see Assassination of William McKinley for further details.
  19. Died November 22, 1963; see Assassination of John F. Kennedy for further details.
  20. The Twenty-fifth Amendment established a process whereby an intra-term vacancy in the vice presidency is filled by presidential appointment.

References
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  38. "Levi P. Morton – Vice President". Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Archived from the original on September 17, 2016. Retrieved September 6, 2016.
  39. "Adlai E. Stevenson (1893–1897) – Vice President". Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Retrieved September 6, 2016.
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