Heights of presidents and presidential candidates of the United States

A record of the heights of the presidents of the United States and presidential candidates is useful for evaluating what role, if any, height plays in presidential elections. Some observers have noted that the taller of the two major-party candidates tends to prevail, and argue this is due to the public's preference for taller candidates.[1]

Presidents have grown taller over time as shown using linear trend estimation.

The tallest U.S. president was Abraham Lincoln at 6 feet 4 inches (193 centimeters), while the shortest was James Madison at 5 feet 4 inches (163 centimeters).

Joe Biden, the current president, is 5 feet 11 1⁄2 inches (182 centimeters) according to a physical examination summary from December 2019.[2]

U.S. Presidents by height order
Abraham Lincoln at 6 ft 4 in (193 cm) surmounts Lyndon B. Johnson as the tallest president.
James Madison, the shortest President, was 5 ft 4 in (163 cm).
RankNo.PresidentHeight (in)Height (cm)Ref.
116Abraham Lincoln6 ft 4 in 193 cm[3]
236Lyndon B. Johnson6 ft 3 1⁄2 in 192 cm[4][5][6]
345Donald Trump6 ft 3 in 191 cm[7][8][9][note 1]
43Thomas Jefferson6 ft 2 1⁄2 in 189 cm[12][13]
51George Washington6 ft 2 in 188 cm[14][15]
21Chester A. Arthur6 ft 2 in 188 cm[12]
32Franklin D. Roosevelt6 ft 2 in 188 cm[12]
41George H. W. Bush6 ft 2 in 188 cm[12][16]
42Bill Clinton6 ft 2 in 188 cm[12][16][17][18][19][20]
1044Barack Obama6 ft 1 1⁄2 in 187 cm [21]
117Andrew Jackson6 ft 1 in 185 cm[12][22]
35John F. Kennedy6 ft 1 in 185 cm [23]
40Ronald Reagan6 ft 1 in 185 cm[12]
145James Monroe6 ft 0 in 183 cm [12][24]
10John Tyler6 ft 0 in 183 cm [12]
15James Buchanan6 ft 0 in 183 cm [12]
20James A. Garfield6 ft 0 in 183 cm [12]
29Warren G. Harding6 ft 0 in 183 cm [12]
38Gerald Ford6 ft 0 in 183 cm [12][25]
2027William Howard Taft5 ft 11 1⁄2 in 182 cm [26]
31Herbert Hoover5 ft 11 1⁄2 in 182 cm [27]
37Richard Nixon5 ft 11 1⁄2 in 182 cm [12][25]
43George W. Bush5 ft 11 1⁄2 in 182 cm [20][28][29][30]
46Joe Biden5 ft 11 1⁄2 in 182 cm [2]
2522, 24Grover Cleveland5 ft 11 in 180 cm [12]
28Woodrow Wilson5 ft 11 in 180 cm [12][31]
2734Dwight D. Eisenhower5 ft 10 1⁄2 in 179 cm [12]
2814Franklin Pierce5 ft 10 in 178 cm [12]
17Andrew Johnson5 ft 10 in 178 cm [12]
26Theodore Roosevelt5 ft 10 in 178 cm [12][24]
30Calvin Coolidge5 ft 10 in 178 cm [12]
3239Jimmy Carter5 ft 9 1⁄2 in 177 cm [12][25]
3313Millard Fillmore5 ft 9 in 175 cm [12]
33Harry S. Truman5 ft 9 in 175 cm [12]
3519Rutherford B. Hayes5 ft 8 1⁄2 in 174 cm [12][32]
369William Henry Harrison5 ft 8 in 173 cm [12]
11James K. Polk5 ft 8 in 173 cm [12][33]
12Zachary Taylor5 ft 8 in 173 cm [12][24]
18Ulysses S. Grant5 ft 8 in 173 cm [34]
406John Quincy Adams5 ft 7 1⁄2 in 171 cm [35]
412John Adams5 ft 7 in 170 cm [12][36]
25William McKinley5 ft 7 in 170 cm [12]
438Martin Van Buren5 ft 6 in 168 cm [37]
23Benjamin Harrison5 ft 6 in 168 cm [38]
454James Madison5 ft 4 in 163 cm [12][39]

Electoral success as a function of height
Graph of winner v. loser heights in presidential elections from 1789 – 2004

Folk wisdom about U.S. presidential politics holds that the taller of the two major-party candidates always wins or almost always wins since the advent of the televised presidential debate.

There are more data if the relationship of electoral success to height difference starts from the year 1900, rather than from the beginning of televised debates. In the thirty-one presidential elections between 1900 and 2020, twenty of the winning candidates have been taller than their opponents, while nine have been shorter, and two were the same height. On average the winner was 1.1 inches (2.8 cm) taller than the loser.

However, it may be argued that drawing the line at any date ignores the fact that pictorial depictions presidential hopefuls have been available to the American public at large well before debates were televised. Stereographs were widely used as a form of photojournalism for historical events (including political events) by the 1870s.[40] Cutting off the date at 1900 excludes the seven presidential elections immediately preceding where the taller candidate won only once (which, when included, partially equalizes the ratio to 21 taller vs 14 shorter winners between 1872 and 2020). Considering that political cartoons and text-based descriptions of candidates have been a staple of American politics since the beginning, one could argue that Americans have always been able to compare candidates by height. Thus, upon including all elections until 2016 where the heights of each candidate are known, the average height of the winner above the loser drops to a mere 0.3 inches (0.8 cm);[41] this average height difference becomes little more than a round-off error—a mere 0.1 inches (0.3 cm)—when excluding the 2016 election, in which gender not only accounted for the height difference, but was likely the greater physical distinction between the two main candidates than height.[41]

The claims about taller candidates winning almost all modern presidential elections is still pervasive, however. Examples of such views include:

  • In Ray Bradbury's 1953 dystopian novel Fahrenheit 451, when Mildred and her friends talk about the success of one presidential candidate over the other in a recent election, they talk only about the attractiveness of the winning candidate over the loser. One of their points is "You just don't go running a little short man like that against a tall man."
  • A 1988 article in the Los Angeles Times fashion section about a haberdasher devoted to clothing shorter men included a variation of the tale: "Stern says he just learned that Dukakis is 5 feet, 8 inches. 'Did you know,' he adds, noticeably disappointed, 'that since 1900 the taller of the two candidates always wins?'"[42]
  • A 1997 book called How to Make Anyone Fall in Love with You discusses the issue in a section about the importance of height: "What about height? One assumes the taller the better, because our culture venerates height. In fact, practically every president elected in the United States since 1900 was the taller of the two candidates."[43]
  • A chapter titled "Epistemology at the Core of Postmodernism" in the 2002 book Telling the Truth: Evangelizing Postmodernisms makes this observation: "I remember the subversive effect the observation had on me that in every U.S. presidential race, the taller of the two candidates had been elected. It opened up space for a counterdiscourse to the presumed rationality of the electoral process."[44]
  • A 1975 book called First Impressions: The Psychology of Encountering Others notes: "Elevator Shoes, Anyone? One factor which has a far-reaching influence on how people are perceived, at least in American society, is height. From 1900 to 1968 the man elected U.S. president was always the taller of the two candidates. (Richard Nixon was slightly shorter than George McGovern.)"[45]
  • A 1978 book titled The Psychology of Person Identification states: "They also say that every President of the USA elected since the turn of the [20th] century has been the taller of the two candidates (Jimmy Carter being an exception)."[46]
  • A 1999 book, Survival of the Prettiest by Nancy Etcoff, repeated a version of the legend in a section on the power of heights: "... Since 1776 only [two Presidents,] James Madison and Benjamin Harrison[,] have been below-average height. The easiest way to predict the winner in a United States election is to bet on the taller man: in this century you would have had an unbroken string of hits until 1972 when Richard Nixon beat George McGovern."[47]

A comparison of the heights of the winning presidential candidate with the losing candidate from each election since 1788 is provided below to evaluate such views.

Comparative table of heights of United States presidential candidates


  Taller candidate was elected   Shorter candidate was elected 
  Winner and opponent were of the same height  Comparison data unavailable 
ElectionWinner
in Electoral College		HeightMain opponent(s)
during election		HeightDifference
2020Joe Biden5 ft 11 1⁄2 in 182 cm Donald Trump6 ft 3 in 191 cm3½ in9 cm
2016Donald Trump6 ft 3 in 191 cm Hillary Clinton[48]5 ft 5 in 165 cm10 in26 cm
2012Barack Obama6 ft 1 1⁄2 in 187 cmMitt Romney[49]6 ft 1 1⁄2 in 187 cm0 in0 cm
2008Barack Obama6 ft 1 1⁄2 in 187 cmJohn McCain[50]5 ft 9 in 175 cm4½ in12 cm
2004George W. Bush5 ft 11 1⁄2 in 182 cmJohn Kerry[25]6 ft 4 in 193 cm4½ in11 cm
2000George W. Bush5 ft 11 1⁄2 in 182 cmAl Gore[16][51]6 ft 1 in 185 cm1½ in3 cm
1996Bill Clinton6 ft 2 in 188 cmBob Dole[52]6 ft 1 1⁄2 in 187 cm½ in1 cm
1992Bill Clinton6 ft 2 in 188 cmGeorge H.W. Bush6 ft 2 in 188 cm0 in0 cm
1988George H.W. Bush6 ft 2 in 188 cmMichael Dukakis[53]5 ft 8 in 173 cm6 in15 cm
1984Ronald Reagan6 ft 1 in 185 cmWalter Mondale[16]5 ft 11 in 180 cm2 in5 cm
1980Ronald Reagan6 ft 1 in 185 cmJimmy Carter5 ft 9 1⁄2 in 177 cm3½ in8 cm
1976Jimmy Carter5 ft 9 1⁄2 in 177 cmGerald Ford6 ft 0 in 183 cm2½ in6 cm
1972Richard Nixon5 ft 11 1⁄2 in 182 cmGeorge McGovern[25][54]6 ft 1 in 185 cm1½ in3 cm
1968Richard Nixon5 ft 11 1⁄2 in 182 cmHubert Humphrey[54]5 ft 11 in 180 cm½ in2 cm
1964Lyndon B. Johnson6 ft 3 1⁄2 in 192 cmBarry Goldwater[54]5 ft 11 in 180 cm4½ in12 cm
1960John F. Kennedy6 ft 1 in 185 cmRichard Nixon5 ft 11 1⁄2 in 182 cm1½ in3 cm
1956Dwight D. Eisenhower5 ft 10 1⁄2 in 179 cmAdlai Stevenson II[54]5 ft 10 in 178 cm½ in1 cm
1952Dwight D. Eisenhower5 ft 10 1⁄2 in 179 cmAdlai Stevenson II5 ft 10 in 178 cm½ in1 cm
1948Harry S. Truman5 ft 9 in 175 cmThomas Dewey[53][54]5 ft 8 in 173 cm1 in2 cm
1944Franklin D. Roosevelt6 ft 2 in 188 cmThomas Dewey5 ft 8 in 173 cm6 in15 cm
1940Franklin D. Roosevelt6 ft 2 in 188 cmWendell Willkie[54][55]6 ft 2 1⁄2 in 189 cm½ in1 cm
1936Franklin D. Roosevelt6 ft 2 in 188 cmAlfred Landon[54]5 ft 11 in 180 cm3 in8 cm
1932Franklin D. Roosevelt6 ft 2 in 188 cmHerbert Hoover5 ft 11 1⁄2 in 182 cm2½ in6 cm
1928Herbert Hoover5 ft 11 1⁄2 in 182 cmAl Smith[54]5 ft 11 in 180 cm½ in2 cm
1924Calvin Coolidge5 ft 10 in 178 cmJohn W. Davis[54]5 ft 11 in 180 cm1 in2 cm
1920Warren G. Harding6 ft 0 in 183 cmJames M. Cox[56]5 ft 6 in 168 cm6 in15 cm
1916Woodrow Wilson5 ft 11 in 180 cmCharles Evans Hughes[54]5 ft 10 in 178 cm1 in2 cm
1912Woodrow Wilson5 ft 11 in 180 cmWilliam Howard Taft
Theodore Roosevelt		5 ft 11 ​1⁄2 in
5 ft 10 in		182 cm
178 cm		½ in
1 in		2 cm
2 cm
1908William Howard Taft5 ft 11 1⁄2 in 182 cmWilliam Jennings Bryan[57][58][59][60]5 ft 11 in 180 cm½ in2 cm
1904Theodore Roosevelt5 ft 10 in 178 cmAlton B. Parker[54]5 ft 9 in 175 cm1 in3 cm
1900William McKinley5 ft 7 in 170 cmWilliam Jennings Bryan5 ft 11 in 180 cm4 in10 cm
1896William McKinley5 ft 7 in 170 cmWilliam Jennings Bryan5 ft 11 in 180 cm4 in10 cm
1892Grover Cleveland5 ft 11 in 180 cmBenjamin Harrison5 ft 6 in 168 cm5 in12 cm
1888Benjamin Harrison5 ft 6 in 168 cmGrover Cleveland*5 ft 11 in 180 cm5 in12 cm
1884Grover Cleveland5 ft 11 in 180 cmJames G. Blaine[61]5 ft 11 in 180 cm0 in0 cm
1880James A. Garfield6 ft 0 in 183 cmWinfield Hancock[62]6 ft 1 1⁄2 in 187 cm1½ in4 cm
1876Rutherford B. Hayes5 ft 8 1⁄2 in 174 cmSamuel Tilden*[63]5 ft 10 in 178 cm1½ in4 cm
1872Ulysses S. Grant5 ft 8 in 173 cmHorace Greeley[64]5 ft 10 in 178 cm2 in5 cm
1868Ulysses S. Grant5 ft 8 in 173 cmHoratio Seymour   
1864Abraham Lincoln6 ft 4 in 193 cmGeorge B. McClellan[65]5 ft 8 in 173 cm8 in20 cm
1860Abraham Lincoln6 ft 4 in 193 cmStephen A. Douglas[66]
John C. Breckinridge[67]		5 ft 4 in
6 ft 2 in		163 cm
188 cm		12 in
2 in		30 cm
5 cm
1856James Buchanan6 ft 0 in 183 cmMillard Fillmore
John C. Frémont[68]		69 in5 ft 9 in
5 ft 9 in		175 cm
175 cm		3 in
3 in		8 cm
8 cm
1852Franklin Pierce5 ft 10 in 178 cmWinfield Scott[69]6 ft 5 in 196 cm7 in18 cm
1848Zachary Taylor5 ft 8 in 173 cmLewis Cass[70]5 ft 8 1⁄2 in 174 cm½ in1 cm
1844James K. Polk5 ft 8 in 173 cmHenry Clay[71]6 ft 1 in 185 cm5 in12 cm
1840William Henry Harrison5 ft 8 in 173 cmMartin Van Buren5 ft 6 in 168 cm2 in5 cm
1836Martin Van Buren5 ft 6 in 168 cmHugh Lawson White[72]
William Henry Harrison		5 ft 11 in
68 in5 ft 8 in		180 cm
173 cm		5 in
2 in		12 cm
5 cm
1832Andrew Jackson6 ft 1 in 185 cmHenry Clay6 ft 1 in 185 cm0 in0 cm
1828Andrew Jackson6 ft 1 in 185 cmJohn Quincy Adams5 ft 7 1⁄2 in 171 cm5½ in14 cm
1824John Quincy Adams5 ft 7 1⁄2 in 171 cmWilliam H. Crawford[73][74]
Andrew Jackson**
Henry Clay		6 ft 3 in
73 in6 ft 1 in
73 in6 ft 1 in		191 cm
185 cm
185 cm		7½ in
5½ in
5½ in		20 cm
14 cm
14 cm
1820James Monroe†6 ft 0 in 183 cm     
1816James Monroe6 ft 0 in 183 cmRufus King    
1812James Madison5 ft 4 in 163 cmDeWitt Clinton[75]6 ft 3 in 191 cm11 in28 cm
1808James Madison5 ft 4 in 163 cmCharles C. Pinckney5 ft 9 in 175 cm5 in12 cm
1804Thomas Jefferson6 ft 2 1⁄2 in 189 cmCharles C. Pinckney5 ft 9 in 175 cm5½ in14 cm
1800Thomas Jefferson6 ft 2 1⁄2 in 189 cmJohn Adams5 ft 7 in 170 cm7½ in19 cm
1796John Adams5 ft 7 in 170 cmThomas Jefferson6 ft 2 1⁄2 in 189 cm7½ in19 cm
1792George Washington†6 ft 2 in 188 cm     
1788–89George Washington†6 ft 2 in 188 cm     

Notes:

** Lost the House of Representatives vote, but received the most popular votes and a plurality of electoral votes; however, not the majority needed to win.

† Ran unopposed

Extremes
President Lincoln at Antietam in October 1862 with eventual 1864 opponent Gen. George B. McClellan (second from left)

The tallest president elected to office was Abraham Lincoln (6 ft 3 3⁄4 in or 192.4 cm). Portrait artist Francis Bicknell Carpenter supplies the information for Lincoln:

Mr. Lincoln's height was six feet three and three-quarter inches "in his stocking-feet." He stood up one day, at the right of my large canvas, while I marked his exact height upon it.[3]

A disputed theory holds that Lincoln's height is the result of the genetic condition multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2b (MEN2B); see medical and mental health of Abraham Lincoln.[76]

Only slightly shorter than Lincoln was Lyndon B. Johnson (6 ft 3 1⁄2 in or 192 cm), the tallest President who originally entered office without being elected directly.

The shortest President elected to office was James Madison (5 ft 4 in or 163 cm); the shortest President to originally enter the office by means other than election is tied between Millard Fillmore and Harry S. Truman (both were 5 ft 9 in or 175 cm).

The tallest unsuccessful presidential candidate (who is also the tallest of all presidential candidates) is Winfield Scott, who stood at 6 ft 5 in (196 cm) and lost the 1852 election to Franklin Pierce, who stood at 5 ft 10 in (178 cm). The second tallest unsuccessful candidate is John Kerry, at 6 ft 4 in (193 cm). The shortest unsuccessful presidential candidate is Stephen A. Douglas, at 5 ft 4 in (163 cm). The next shortest is Hillary Clinton, who lost the 2016 election and is 5 ft 5 in (165 cm).

The largest height difference between two presidential candidates (out of the candidates whose heights are known) was in the 1860 election, when Abraham Lincoln stood 12 inches (30 cm) taller than opponent Stephen A. Douglas. The second-largest difference was in the 1812 election, with De Witt Clinton standing 11 inches (28 cm) taller than incumbent James Madison. The 2016 election between Donald Trump and Hillary Clinton has the third largest difference at 10 inches (25 cm).

Notes
  1. Some public records, such as Trump's driver's license, give his height as 6 ft 2 in (188 cm).[10][11]

References
  • Kane, Joseph (1993). Facts about the Presidents: A Compilation of Biographical and Historical Information. New York: H. W. Wilson. ISBN 0-8242-0845-5.
  • Sommers, Paul M. (January 2002). "Is Presidential Greatness Related to Height?". The College Mathematics Journal. 33 (1): 14–16. doi:10.2307/1558973. JSTOR 1558973.
  • Gillis, John S. (1982). Too Tall, Too Small. Champaign, Illinois: Institute for Personality and Ability Testing, Inc. ISBN 0-918296-15-3.
  1. As some examples, USA TODAY listed height among six criteria for predicting who would win the 2004 election; a Washington Post blog Archived July 29, 2012, at the Wayback Machine noted the significance of height in physical appearance and its effect on voters. See the discussion of this phenomenon later in the article for further examples.
  2. O'Connor, Kevin C. (December 15, 2019). "Joe Biden's Physical Exam" (PDF). joebiden.com. Retrieved November 7, 2020. height: 5 feet, 11.65 inches, weight: 178 lbs, BMI: 24.38
  3. Carpenter, Francis B. (1866). Six Months in the White House: The Story of a Picture. Hurd and Houghton. p. 217.
  4. Dallek, Robert (1998). Flawed Giant: Lyndon Johnson and His Times, 1961–1973. Oxford University Press. p. 12. ISBN 978-0195054651.
  5. Caro, Robert (1982). The Years of Lyndon Johnson: The Path to Power. New York: Knopf. p. 146. ISBN 978-0394499734.
  6. Dallek, Robert (2003). An Unfinished Life: John F. Kennedy. Little, Brown, and Co. p. 354.
  7. Bornstein, Harold N. (September 13, 2016). "Donald J. Trump's Medical Records" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on September 16, 2016. Retrieved January 7, 2021. height: 6’3”, weight: 236 pounds
  8. Jackson, Ronny L. (January 12, 2018). "The President's Periodic Physical Exam" (PDF). The White House. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 16, 2018. Retrieved January 7, 2021. height: 75 inches, weight: 239 pounds
  9. Conley, Sean P. (February 8, 2019). "The President's Periodic Physical Exam". The White House. Archived from the original on February 14, 2019. Retrieved January 7, 2021. height: 6’3”, weight: 243 pounds
  10. Samuelsohn, Darren (December 12, 2016). "Trump's driver's license casts doubt on height claims". Politico. Retrieved January 27, 2021.
  11. "Donald Trump's Registration Card". The New York Times. December 26, 2018. Retrieved September 14, 2019.
  12. Kane, Joseph (1994). Facts about the Presidents: A Compilation of Biographical and Historical Information. New York: H. W. Wilson. pp. 344–45. ISBN 0-8242-0845-5.
  13. Macdonald, Zanne (July 1992). "Physical Descriptions of Thomas Jefferson". Monticello Report. Monticello Research Department. Archived from the original on July 13, 2009. Retrieved May 17, 2009.
  14. Various sources have put Washington's height between 6 ft and 6 ft 3 in. See: Chernow, Ron, Washington: A Life, 2010, The Penguin Press HC ISBN 1-59420-266-4; Wilson, Woodrow, George Washington, 2004, Cosimo, Inc., p. 111; Alden, John Richard, George Washington: A Biography, 1984, Louisiana State University Press, p. 11; Lodge, Henry Cabot, George Washington, Vol. I, 2007, The Echo Library, p. 30; Haworth, Paul Leland, George Washington, Kessinger Publishing, 2004, p. 119; Thayer, William Roscoe, George Washington, 1931, Plain Label Books, p. 65
  15. "George Washington Height, Weight", HowTallis.Org
  16. Page, Susan (June 23, 2004). "Time-tested formulas suggest both Bush and Kerry will win on Nov. 2". USA TODAY. Retrieved May 13, 2009.
  17. Sommers, Paul M. (January 2002). "Is Presidential Greatness Related to Height?". The College Mathematics Journal. 33 (1): 14–16. doi:10.2307/1558973. JSTOR 1558973.
  18. Sedghi, Ami (October 18, 2011). "Statesmen and stature: how tall are our world leaders?". The Guardian.
  19. Mathews, Jay (August 3, 1999). "The Shrinking Field". The Washington Post.
  20. "Presidential Height Index". The Height Site. Archived from the original on August 23, 2012. Retrieved August 22, 2012.
  21. Jackson, Ronny L. (March 8, 2016). "The President's Periodic Physical Exam" (PDF). The White House. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 9, 2020. Retrieved November 26, 2020. height: 73.5 inches, weight: 175 pounds, BMI: 22.8
  22. Remini, Robert V., Andrew Jackson, HarperCollins, 1969, p. 15. ISBN 0-06-080132-8
  23. Hendriks, Steven (2017). "JFK Presidential Library". The John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum. Retrieved April 19, 2009.
  24. Whitcomb, John and Claire Whitcomb, Real Life at the White House, Routledge (UK), 2002. ISBN 0-415-93951-8
  25. Tossey, Lisa D. (2004). "Is presidential race a simple matter of standing tall?". The Pendulum Online. Retrieved April 19, 2009.
  26. Sotos, John G. Taft and Pickwick: sleep apnea in the White House. Chest. 2003;124:1133-1142.Online copy
  27. Nash, George H. (1988). The Life of Herbert Hoover. W.W. Norton & Company. p. 365.
  28. "Report on President Bush's Physical Examination". New York Times. August 2, 2006.
  29. "Medical History Summary: President George W. Bush". FindLaw. August 7, 2007. Retrieved March 2, 2010.
  30. Scott, David (October 18, 2011). "GOP Debate: Does height matter in presidential politics?". The Christian Science Monitor.
  31. Levin, Phyllis Lee, Edith & Woodrow: the Wilson White House, New York: Simon & Schuster, 2001. ISBN 0-7432-1158-8 Google Print
  32. Davison, Kenneth E (1972). The Presidency of Rutherford B. Hayes. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, Inc. p. 69. ISBN 0-8371-6275-0.
  33. Behrman, Carol H.James K. Polk, Twenty-First Century Books, 2004. ISBN 0-8225-1396-X
  34. King, Charles, The True Ulysses Grant, Philadelphia & London, J.B. Lippincott & Co., 1914.Google Print
  35. Levy, Debbie,John Quincy Adams, Twenty-First Century Books, 2004, p. 28. ISBN 0-8225-0825-7
  36. Ferling, John E., John Adams: A Life, Owl Books, 1996, ISBN 0-8050-4576-7, p. 169.Google Print
  37. Widmer, Ted and Arthur M. Schlesinger, Edward L. Widmer, Martin Van Buren, Times Books, 2005, p. 2. ISBN 0-8050-6922-4
  38. Loderhouse, Gary and Nelson Price, William Addison Hunter, Legendary Hoosiers: Famous Folks from the State of Indiana, Emmis Books, 1999. ISBN 1-57860-097-9 Google Print
  39. Phillips, Louis, Ask Me Anything About the Presidents, HarperCollins, 1992. ISBN 0-380-76426-1
  40. "Stereographs". American Antiquarian Society. Archived from the original on October 16, 2019.
  41. Using the values in the table Comparative table of heights of United States presidential candidates (16 February 2020 version), by pairing every winner with every losing candidate in the same election year where the height was known for all main opponents listed, the average (mean) amount by which the winner was taller than the loser was 0.29 inches. When excluding the 2016 election in order to eliminate gender as a variable (since men are naturally taller than woman), the winner was only 0.12 inches taller on average, which, upon noting how all candidates are rounded to the nearest half-inch, rounds to a 0 inch difference.
  42. Los Angeles Times, March 25, 1988, pg. 7
  43. Lowndes, Leil, How to Make Anyone Fall in Love with You, McGraw-Hill Professional, 1997, pp.174-175. ISBN 0-8092-2989-7 Google Print
  44. Telling the Truth: Evangelizing Postmoderns, edited by D.A. Carson, Zondervan, 2002, p. 83. ISBN 0-310-24334-3 Google Print
  45. Kleinke, Chris L., First Impressions: The Psychology of Encountering Others, Prentice-Hall, 1975, p. 13. ISBN 0-13-318428-5 Google Print
  46. Clifford, Brian R. and Ray Bull, The Psychology of Person Identification, Routledge & K. Paul, 1978, p. 115. ISBN 0-7100-8867-1. Print
  47. Etcoff, Nancy, Survival of the Prettiest, New York, Anchor Books, 1999. ISBN 0-385-47942-5
  48. Mathews, Jay (September 24, 2015). "Is Hillary Clinton getting taller? Or is the Internet getting dumber?". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved August 19, 2016.
  49. Gaz, Randall D. (August 25, 2012). "Healthcare Statement on Mitt Romney" (PDF). Wall Street Journal. Retrieved January 8, 2021. height: 6’1.5”, weight: 184 lbs
  50. "John McCain Medical Records" (PDF). The Washington Post. May 23, 2008. p. 7. Retrieved February 23, 2009. height: 175.3 CM, weight: 78.93 KG, BMI: 25.68
  51. "The Shrinking Field". The Washington Post. August 3, 1999. Retrieved April 27, 2009.
  52. The Washington Post listed Dole at 6'2"/1.88 m, USA TODAY listed him at 6'1"/1.85 m
  53. Dowd, Maureen (June 21, 1992). "Where They Stand". The New York Times. Retrieved May 13, 2009.
  54. Gillis, John S. (1982). Too Tall, Too Small. Champaign, Illinois: Institute for Personality and Ability Testing, Inc. p. 20. ISBN 0-918296-15-3.
  55. "Wendell Willkie". imdb.com. Retrieved December 1, 2016.
  56. Morris, Charles E. (1920). Progressive Democracy of James M. Cox. The Bobbs-Merrill Company. p. 9. ISBN 9781444637489.
  57. Gillis, Too Tall, Too Small, p. 20. Lists his height as 5 ft 10 in (178 cm).
  58. Edwards, Rebecca; DeFeo, Sarah (2000). "William Jennings Bryan". 1896: The Presidential Campaign. Vassar College. Retrieved April 20, 2009. Lists his height as 5 ft 10 in (178 cm).
  59. Wilson, Charles Morrow (1970). The Commoner: William Jennings Bryan. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday. p. 40. Lists his height as 5 ft 11 in (180 cm) during his second year in college.
  60. Springen, Donald K. (1991). William Jennings Bryan: Orator of Small-Town America. Greenwood Press. p. 15. ISBN 0-313-25977-1. Lists his height as 6 ft 0 in (183 cm).
  61. Records of his height have been difficult to obtain. In one biography, he was described as "just under six feet in height". While not a definitive record of his height, this description does allow us to presume he was at least comparable in height to Cleveland. See Crawford, Thomas Clark (1893). James G. Blaine: A Study of his Life and Career, from the Standpoint of a Personal Witness of the Principal Events in his History. Edgewood Publishing Co. p. 26. Retrieved June 26, 2009.
  62. Jordan, David M. (1988). Winfield Scott Hancock: A Soldier's Life. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. p. 23. ISBN 0-253-36580-5.
  63. Bigelow, John (1895). The Life of Samuel Tilden (vol. 1). New York: Harper and Brothers. p. 283.
  64. Stoddart, Henry Luther (1946). Horace Greeley: Printer, Editor, Crusader. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. p. 38.
  65. Eckenrode, Hamilton James; Bryan Conrad (1941). George B. McClellan, the man who saved the Union. University of North Carolina Press. p. 2. Retrieved June 26, 2009.
  66. Johanssen, Robert W. (1973). Stephen A. Douglas. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 4.
  67. Davis, William C. (1974). Breckinridge: Statesman, Soldier, Symbol. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press. p. 18. ISBN 0-8071-0068-4.
  68. Life of John Charles Fremont. New York: Greeley & McElrath. 1856. p. 31. Retrieved July 6, 2009.
  69. Heidler, David Stephen (2004). Encyclopedia of the War of 1812. Naval Institute Press. p. 464. ISBN 1-59114-362-4. Retrieved May 17, 2009.
  70. According to Cass's biography, he was "about five foot eight or nine inches". See Woodford, Frank B. (1950). Lewis Cass: The Last Jeffersonian. New Brunswick and New Jersey: Rutgers University Press. p. 32.
  71. Seymour, Chas C. B. (1858). Self-made men. New York: Harper & Brothers. p. 137. Retrieved July 6, 2009.
  72. Scott, Nancy N. (1856). A Memoir of Hugh Lawson White, Judge of the Supreme Court of Tennessee, Member of the Senate of the United States, etc., etc. Michigan: J. B. Lippincott & Co. p. 243. Retrieved June 25, 2009.
  73. Mooney, Chase Curran (1974). William H. Crawford, 1772-1834. Michigan: University of Kentucky Press. p. 7. ISBN 0-8131-1270-2. Retrieved June 25, 2009.
  74. One biography of Crawford describes his stature as being "considerably over six feet". See Butler, Benjamin F. (1824). Sketches of the Life and Character of William H. Crawford. Albany: Packard and Benthuysen. p. 35.
  75. Cornog, Evan, The Birth of Empire: DeWitt Clinton and the American Experience, 1769-1828, ISBN 0-19-514051-6
  76. Sotos, John G. (2008). The Physical Lincoln. Mt. Vernon Book Systems. ISBN 978-0-9818193-2-7.
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