List of United States presidential candidates by number of votes received

Following is a list of United States presidential candidates by number of votes received. Elections have tended to have more participation in each successive election, due to the increasing population of the United States, and, in some instances, expansion of the right to vote to larger segments of society. Prior to the election of 1824, most states did not have a popular vote. In the election of 1824, only 18 of the 24 states held a popular vote, but by the election of 1828, 22 of the 24 states held a popular vote. Minor candidates are excluded if they received fewer than 100,000 votes, or less than .1% of the vote in their election year.

Candidate Year Party Popular vote Notes
Biden,Joe Biden 2020 Democratic 81,268,924[1] Winner.
Biden,Donald Trump 2020 Republican 74,216,154[1] Runner-up.
Obama,Barack Obama 2008 Democratic 69,498,516[2] Winner.
Obama,Barack Obama 2012 Democratic 65,915,795[3] Winner.
Clinton, HHillary Clinton 2016 Democratic 65,853,514[4] Runner-up. Won the popular vote, but lost the Electoral College.
Trump,Donald Trump 2016 Republican 62,984,828[4] Winner. Lost the popular vote, but won the Electoral College.
Bush, WGeorge W. Bush 2004 Republican 62,040,610[5] Winner.
Romney,Mitt Romney 2012 Republican 60,933,504[3] Runner-up.
McCain,John McCain 2008 Republican 59,948,323[2] Runner-up.
Kerry,John Kerry 2004 Democratic 59,028,444[5] Runner-up.
Reagan,Ronald Reagan 1984 Republican 54,455,472[6] Winner.
Gore,Al Gore 2000 Democratic 50,999,897[7] Runner-up. Won the popular vote, but lost the Electoral College.
Bush, WGeorge W. Bush 2000 Republican 50,456,002[7] Winner. Lost the popular vote, but won the Electoral College.
Bush, HGeorge H. W. Bush 1988 Republican 48,886,597[8] Winner.
Clinton, BBill Clinton 1996 Democratic 47,401,185[9] Winner.
Nixon,Richard Nixon 1972 Republican 47,168,710[10] Winner.
Clinton, BBill Clinton 1992 Democratic 44,909,889[11] Winner.
Reagan,Ronald Reagan 1980 Republican 43,903,230[12] Winner.
Johnson, LLyndon B. Johnson 1964 Democratic 43,127,041[13] Winner.
Dukakis,Michael Dukakis 1988 Democratic 41,809,074[8] Runner-up.
Carter,Jimmy Carter 1976 Democratic 40,831,881[14] Winner.
Dole,Bob Dole 1996 Republican 39,197,469[9] Runner-up.
Ford,Gerald Ford 1976 Republican 39,148,634[14] Runner-up.
Bush, HGeorge H. W. Bush 1992 Republican 39,104,550[11] Runner-up.
Mondale,Walter Mondale 1984 Democratic 37,577,352[6] Runner-up.
Eisenhower,Dwight D. Eisenhower 1956 Republican 35,579,180[15] Winner.
Carter,Jimmy Carter 1980 Democratic 35,480,115[12] Runner-up.
Kennedy,John F. Kennedy 1960 Democratic 34,220,984[16] Winner.
Nixon,Richard Nixon 1960 Republican 34,108,157[16] Runner-up.
Eisenhower,Dwight D. Eisenhower 1952 Republican 34,075,529[17] Winner.
Nixon,Richard Nixon 1968 Republican 31,783,783[18] Winner.
Humphrey,Hubert Humphrey 1968 Democratic 31,271,839[18] Runner-up.
McGovern,George McGovern 1972 Democratic 29,173,222[10] Runner-up.
Roosevelt,Franklin D. Roosevelt 1936 Democratic 27,752,648[19] Winner.
Stevenson, IIAdlai Stevenson II 1952 Democratic 27,375,090[17] Runner-up.
Roosevelt,Franklin D. Roosevelt 1940 Democratic 27,313,945[20] Winner.
Goldwater,Barry Goldwater 1964 Republican 27,175,754[13] Runner-up.
Stevenson, IIAdlai Stevenson II 1956 Democratic 26,028,028[15] Runner-up.
Roosevelt,Franklin D. Roosevelt 1944 Democratic 25,612,916[21] Winner.
Truman,Harry S. Truman 1948 Democratic 24,179,347[22] Winner.
Roosevelt,Franklin D. Roosevelt 1932 Democratic 22,821,277[23] Winner.
Willkie,Wendell Willkie 1940 Republican 22,347,744[20] Runner-up.
Dewey,Thomas E. Dewey 1944 Republican 22,017,929[21] Runner-up.
Dewey,Thomas E. Dewey 1948 Republican 21,991,292[22] Runner-up.
Hoover,Herbert Hoover 1928 Republican 21,427,123[24] Winner.
Perot,Ross Perot 1992 Independent 19,743,821[11] Established the Reform Party. Highest vote total of any third-party or independent candidate.
Landon,Alf Landon 1936 Republican 16,679,543[19] Runner-up.
Harding,Warren G. Harding 1920 Republican 16,144,093[25] Winner.
Hoover,Herbert Hoover 1932 Republican 15,761,254[23] Runner-up.
Coolidge,Calvin Coolidge 1924 Republican 15,723,789[26] Winner.
Smith,Al Smith 1928 Democratic 15,015,464[24] Runner-up.
Wallace,George Wallace 1968 American Independent 9,901,118[18] Third-party candidate; last third-party candidate to receive pledged electoral college votes from any state.
Cox,James M. Cox 1920 Democratic 9,139,661[25] Runner-up.
Wilson,Woodrow Wilson 1916 Democratic 9,126,868[27] Winner.
Hughes,Charles Evans Hughes 1916 Republican 8,548,728[27] Runner-up.
Davis,John W. Davis 1924 Democratic 8,386,242[26] Runner-up.
Perot,Ross Perot 1996 Reform 8,085,294[9] Third-party candidate.
Taft,William Howard Taft 1908 Republican 7,678,335[28] Winner.
Roosevelt,Theodore Roosevelt 1904 Republican 7,630,557[29] Winner.
McKinley,William McKinley 1900 Republican 7,228,864[30] Winner.
McKinley,William McKinley 1896 Republican 7,112,138[31] Winner.
Bryan,William Jennings Bryan 1896 Democratic 6,509,052[31] Runner-up. Also endorsed by the Populist Party and the Silver Party.
Bryan,William Jennings Bryan 1908 Democratic 6,408,979[28] Runner-up.
Bryan,William Jennings Bryan 1900 Democratic 6,370,932[30] Runner-up.
Wilson,Woodrow Wilson 1912 Democratic 6,296,284[32] Winner.
Anderson, JJohn B. Anderson 1980 Independent 5,719,850[12] Independent candidate.
Cleveland,Grover Cleveland 1892 Democratic 5,553,898[33] Winner.
Cleveland,Grover Cleveland 1888 Democratic 5,534,488[34] Runner-up. Won the popular vote, but lost the Electoral College.
Harrison, BBenjamin Harrison 1888 Republican 5,443,633[34] Winner. Lost the popular vote, but won the Electoral College.
Harrison, BBenjamin Harrison 1892 Republican 5,176,108[33] Runner-up.
Parker,Alton B. Parker 1904 Democratic 5,083,880[29] Runner-up.
Cleveland,Grover Cleveland 1884 Democratic 4,914,482[35] Winner.
Blaine,James G. Blaine 1884 Republican 4,856,905[35] Runner-up.
La Follette,Robert M. La Follette 1924 Progressive 4,831,706[26] Third-party candidate. Also endorsed by the Socialist Party and the Farmer–Labor Party.
Johnson, GGary Johnson 2016 Libertarian 4,489,235[4] Third-party candidate.
Garfield,James A. Garfield 1880 Republican 4,453,337[36] Winner.
Hancock,Winfield Scott Hancock 1880 Democratic 4,444,976[36] Runner-up.
Tilden,Samuel J. Tilden 1876 Democratic 4,288,546[37] Runner-up. Won the popular vote, but lost the Electoral College.
Roosevelt,Theodore Roosevelt 1912 Progressive 4,122,721[32] Runner-up.
Hayes,Rutherford B. Hayes 1876 Republican 4,034,142[37] Winner. Lost the popular vote, but won the Electoral College.
Grant,Ulysses S. Grant 1872 Republican 3,597,439[38] Winner.
Taft,William Howard Taft 1912 Republican 3,486,242[32] Only post-Civil War election in which a candidate from one of the two major parties came in third place.
Grant,Ulysses S. Grant 1868 Republican 3,013,790[39] Winner.
Nader,Ralph Nader 2000 Green 2,882,955[7] Third-party candidate.
Greeley,Horace Greeley 1872 Liberal Republican 2,834,761[38] Runner-up. Also endorsed by the Democratic Party.
Seymour,Horatio Seymour 1868 Democratic 2,708,744[39] Runner-up.
Lincoln,Abraham Lincoln 1864 National Union 2,211,317[40] Winner. Lincoln was the only member of the National Union party elected president.
Jorgensen,Jo Jorgensen 2020 Libertarian 1,865,724[1] Third-party candidate.
Lincoln,Abraham Lincoln 1860 Republican 1,855,993[41] Winner. Lincoln was the first member of the Republican party elected president.[42]
Buchanan, JJames Buchanan 1856 Democratic 1,835,140[43] Winner.
McClellan, JGeorge B. McClellan 1864 Democratic 1,812,807[40] Runner-up.
Pierce,Franklin Pierce 1852 Democratic 1,605,943[44] Winner.
Stein,Jill Stein 2016 Green 1,457,226[4] Third-party candidate.
Scott,Winfield Scott 1852 Whig 1,386,942[44] Runner-up.
Douglas,Stephen A. Douglas 1860 Northern Democratic 1,380,202[41] Runner-up.[42]
Taylor,Zachary Taylor 1848 Whig 1,360,235[45] Winner; Taylor was the last member of the Whig party elected president.
Fremont,John C. Frémont 1856 Republican 1,342,345[43] Runner-up.
Polk,James K. Polk 1844 Democratic 1,339,570[46] Winner.
Clay,Henry Clay 1844 Whig 1,300,004[46] Runner-up.
Johnson, GGary Johnson 2012 Libertarian 1,275,971[3] Third-party candidate.
Harrison, WWilliam Henry Harrison 1840 Whig 1,275,583[47] Winner. Harrison was the first member of the Whig party elected president.
Cass,Lewis Cass 1848 Democratic 1,223,460[45] Runner-up.
Thurmond,Strom Thurmond 1948 Dixiecrat 1,175,930[22] Third-party candidate.
Wallace,Henry A. Wallace 1948 Progressive 1,157,328[22] Third-party candidate.
Van Buren,Martin Van Buren 1840 Democratic 1,128,854[47] Runner-up.
Schmitz,John G. Schmitz 1972 American Independent 1,100,868[10] Independent candidate.
Weaver,James B. Weaver 1892 Populist 1,041,028[33] Third-party candidate.
Clark,Ed Clark 1980 Libertarian 921,128[12] Third-party candidate.
Debs,Eugene V. Debs 1920 Socialist 913,693[25] Third-party candidate.
Debs,Eugene V. Debs 1912 Socialist 901,551[32] Third-party candidate.
Lemke,William Lemke 1936 Union 892,378[19] Third-party candidate.
Thomas,Norman Thomas 1932 Socialist 884,885[23] Third-party candidate.
Fillmore,Millard Fillmore 1856 American 873,053[43] Third-party candidate. Also endorsed by the Whig Party.
Breckinridge,John C. Breckinridge 1860 Southern Democratic 848,019[41] Party split.[42]
Van Buren,Martin Van Buren 1836 Democratic 763,291[48] Winner.
McCarthy,Eugene McCarthy 1976 Independent 740,460[14] Independent candidate.
Nader,Ralph Nader 2008 Independent 739,034[2] Independent candidate.
McMullin,Evan McMullin 2016 Independent 732,273[4] Independent candidate.
Jackson,Andrew Jackson 1832 Democratic 702,735[49] Winner.
Nader,Ralph Nader 1996 Green 685,297[9] Third-party candidate.
Jackson,Andrew Jackson 1828 Democratic 642,806[50] Winner. Jackson was the first member of the Democratic party elected president.
Bell,John Bell 1860 Constitutional Union 590,901[41] Party split.[42]
Benson,Allan L. Benson 1916 Socialist 590,524[27] Third-party candidate.
Harrison, WWilliam Henry Harrison 1836 Whig 550,816[48] Runner-up.
Barr,Bob Barr 2008 Libertarian 523,715[2] Third-party candidate.
Adams,John Quincy Adams 1828 National Republican 500,897[50] Runner-up.
Browne,Harry Browne 1996 Libertarian 485,759[9] Third-party candidate.
Clay,Henry Clay 1832 National Republican 484,205[49] Runner-up.
Stein,Jill Stein 2012 Green 469,627[3] Third-party candidate.
Nader,Ralph Nader 2004 Independent 465,151[5] Independent candidate. Also endorsed by the Reform Party.
Buchanan, PPat Buchanan 2000 Reform 448,895[7] Third-party candidate.
Paul, RRon Paul 1988 Libertarian 431,750[8] Third-party candidate.
Debs,Eugene V. Debs 1908 Socialist 420,852[28] Third-party candidate.
Debs,Eugene V. Debs 1904 Socialist 402,810[29] Third-party candidate.
Hawkins,Howie Hawkins 2020 Green 405,035[1] Third-party candidate.
Badnarik,Michael Badnarik 2004 Libertarian 397,265[5] Third-party candidate.
Browne,Harry Browne 2000 Libertarian 384,431[7] Third-party candidate.
Weaver,James B. Weaver 1880 Greenback 308,649[36] Third-party candidate.
Van Buren,Martin Van Buren 1848 Free Soil 291,501[45] Third-party candidate.
Marrou,Andre Marrou 1992 Libertarian 290,087[11] Third-party candidate.
Bidwell,John Bidwell 1892 Prohibition 270,879[33] Third-party candidate.
Thomas,Norman Thomas 1928 Socialist 267,478[24] Third-party candidate.
Christensen,Parley P. Christensen 1920 Farmer–Labor 265,398[25] Third-party candidate.
Swallow,Silas C. Swallow 1904 Prohibition 259,102[29] Third-party candidate.
Chafin,Eugene W. Chafin 1908 Prohibition 254,087[28] Third-party candidate.
Fisk,Clinton B. Fisk 1888 Prohibition 249,819[34] Third-party candidate.
Commoner,Barry Commoner 1980 Citizens 233,052[12] Third-party candidate.
Bergland,David Bergland 1984 Libertarian 228,111[6] Third-party candidate.
Hanly,Frank Hanly 1916 Prohibition 221,302[27] Third-party candidate.
Fulani,Lenora Fulani 1988 New Alliance 217,221[8] Third-party candidate.
Woolley,John G. Woolley 1900 Prohibition 210,864[30] Third-party candidate.
Chafin,Eugene W. Chafin 1912 Prohibition 208,156[32] Third-party candidate.
Castle,Darrell Castle 2016 Constitution 203,091[4] Third-party candidate.
Baldwin,Chuck Baldwin 2008 Constitution 199,750[2] Third-party candidate.
Watkins,Aaron S. Watkins 1920 Prohibition 188,787[25] Third-party candidate.
Thomas,Norman Thomas 1936 Socialist 187,910[19] Third-party candidate.
Phillips,Howard Phillips 1996 Taxpayers 184,656[9] Third-party candidate.
MacBride,Roger MacBride 1976 Libertarian 172,557[14] Third-party candidate.
Maddox,Lester Maddox 1976 American Independent 170,274[14] Third-party candidate.
McKinney,Cynthia McKinney 2008 Green 161,797[2] Third-party candidate.
Anderson, TThomas J. Anderson 1976 American 158,271[14] Third-party candidate.
Hale,John P. Hale 1852 Free Soil 155,210[44] Third-party candidate.
Jackson,Andrew Jackson 1824 Democratic-Republican 151,271[51] Runner-up. Won the popular vote and received the most electoral votes, but lost the electoral college majority and contingent election.[52]
St. John,John St. John 1884 Prohibition 147,482[35] Third-party candidate.
Streeter,Alson Streeter 1888 Union Labor 146,602[34] Third-party candidate.
White,Hugh Lawson White 1836 Whig 146,109[48] The Whig Party fielded two different presidential tickets in different parts of the country.
Peroutka,Michael Peroutka 2004 Constitution 143,630[5] Third-party candidate.
Hallinan,Vincent Hallinan 1952 Progressive 140,746[17] Third-party candidate.
Madison,James Madison 1812 Democratic-Republican 140,431[53] Winner; a limited number of states counted the popular vote
Thomas, NNorman Thomas 1948 Socialist 139,569[22] Third-party candidate.
Palmer,John M. Palmer 1896 National Democratic 134,645[31] Third-party candidate.
Butler,Benjamin Butler 1884 Anti-Monopoly 134,294[35] Third-party candidate. Also endorsed by the Greenback Party.
Clinton,DeWitt Clinton 1812 Democratic-Republican 132,781[53] Runner-up. Also endorsed by much of the Federalist Party. A limited number of states counted the popular vote.
Levering,Joshua Levering 1896 Prohibition 131,312[31] Third-party candidate.
Madison,James Madison 1808 Democratic-Republican 124,732[54][55] Winner; a limited number of states counted the popular vote
Cobb,David Cobb 2004 Green 119,859[5] Third-party candidate.
Thomas,Norman Thomas 1940 Socialist 116,599[20] Third-party candidate.
Watson,Thomas E. Watson 1904 Populist 114,070[29] Third-party candidate.
Hagelin,John Hagelin 1996 Natural Law 113,670[9] Third-party candidate.
Adams,John Quincy Adams 1824 Democratic-Republican 113,142[51] Winner. Lost the popular vote and electoral college, but won the contingent election. Adams was the last member of the Democratic-Republican party elected president and the only member of the National Republican party elected president.[52]
Andrews, TT. Coleman Andrews 1956 States' Rights 108,956[15] Third-party candidate.
Gritz,Bo Gritz 1992 Populist 106,152[11] Third-party candidate.
Jefferson,Thomas Jefferson 1804 Democratic-Republican 104,110[56][57] Winner; a limited number of states counted the popular vote.
Watson,Claude A. Watson 1948 Prohibition 103,708[22] Third-party candidate.
Foster,William Z. Foster 1932 Communist 103,307[23] Third-party candidate.
Wirt,William Wirt 1832 Anti-Masonic 100,715[49] Third-party candidate.

List of presidential candidates by lifetime votes


CandidatePartyPopular vote
Donald TrumpRepublican137,208,572
Barack ObamaDemocratic135,414,311
Richard NixonRepublican113,060,650
George W. BushRepublican112,496,612
Franklin D. RooseveltDemocratic103,500,786
Ronald ReaganRepublican98,358,702
Bill ClintonDemocratic92,311,074
George H. W. BushRepublican87,991,147
Joe BidenDemocratic81,283,485
Jimmy CarterDemocratic76,311,996
Dwight D. EisenhowerRepublican69,654,709
Hillary ClintonDemocratic65,853,514
Mitt RomneyRepublican60,933,504
John McCainRepublican59,948,323
John KerryDemocratic59,028,444
Adlai Stevenson IIDemocratic53,403,118
Al GoreDemocratic50,999,897
Thomas E. DeweyRepublican44,009,221
Lyndon B. JohnsonDemocratic43,127,041
Michael DukakisDemocratic41,809,074
Bob DoleRepublican39,197,469
Gerald FordRepublican39,148,634
Walter MondaleDemocratic37,577,352
Herbert HooverRepublican37,188,377
John F. KennedyDemocratic34,220,984
Hubert HumphreyDemocratic31,271,839
George McGovernDemocratic29,173,222
Ross PerotIndependent27,829,115
Barry GoldwaterRepublican27,175,754
Harry S. TrumanDemocratic24,179,347
Wendell WillkieRepublican22,347,744
William Jennings BryanDemocratic19,288,963
Alf LandonRepublican16,679,543
Warren G. HardingRepublican16,144,093
Grover ClevelandDemocratic16,002,868
Calvin CoolidgeRepublican15,723,789
Woodrow WilsonDemocratic15,423,152
Al SmithDemocratic15,015,464
William McKinleyRepublican14,341,002
Theodore RooseveltRepublican11,753,278
William Howard TaftRepublican11,164,577
Benjamin HarrisonRepublican10,619,741
George WallaceAmerican Independent9,901,118
James M. CoxDemocratic9,139,661
Charles Evans HughesRepublican8,548,728
John W. DavisDemocratic8,386,242
Ulysses S. GrantRepublican6,611,229
Gary JohnsonLibertarian5,765,206
John B. AndersonIndependent5,719,850
Alton B. ParkerDemocratic5,083,880
James G. BlaineRepublican4,856,905
Robert M. La FolletteProgressive4,831,706
Ralph NaderGreen4,772,437
James A. GarfieldRepublican4,453,337
Winfield Scott HancockDemocratic4,444,976
Samuel J. TildenDemocratic4,288,546
Abraham LincolnRepublican4,067,310
Rutherford B. HayesRepublican4,034,142
Horace GreeleyLiberal Republican2,834,761
Eugene V. DebsSocialist2,726,851
Horatio SeymourDemocratic2,708,744
Martin Van BurenDemocratic2,183,646
Jill SteinGreen1,926,853
Jo JorgensenLibertarian1,865,720
James BuchananDemocratic1,835,140
Henry ClayWhig1,831,740
William Henry HarrisonWhig1,826,399
George B. McClellanDemocratic1,812,807
Norman ThomasSocialist1,675,458
Andrew JacksonDemocratic1,496,812
Winfield ScottWhig1,386,942
Stephen A. DouglasNorthern Democratic1,380,202
Zachary TaylorWhig1,360,235
James B. WeaverPopulist1,349,677
John C. FrémontRepublican1,342,345
James K. PolkDemocratic1,339,570
Lewis CassDemocratic1,223,460
Strom ThurmondDixiecrat1,175,930
Henry A. WallaceProgressive1,157,328
John G. SchmitzAmerican Independent1,100,868
Ed ClarkLibertarian921,128
William LemkeUnion892,378
Millard FillmoreAmerican873,053
Harry BrowneLibertarian870,190
John C. BreckinridgeSouthern Democratic848,019
Eugene McCarthyIndependent796,999
Evan McMullin Independent732,273
John Quincy AdamsNational Republican614,039
John BellConstitutional Union590,901
Allan L. BensonSocialist590,524
Bob BarrLibertarian523,715
Ron PaulLibertarian500,380
Eugene W. ChafinProhibition462,243
Pat BuchananReform448,895
Howie HawkinsGreen405,034
Michael BadnarikLibertarian397,265
Howard PhillipsTaxpayers326,045
Lenora FulaniNew Alliance290,843
Andre MarrouLibertarian290,087
John BidwellProhibition270,879
Parley P. ChristensenFarmer–Labor265,398
James MadisonDemocratic-Republican265,163
Silas C. SwallowProhibition259,102
Clinton B. FiskProhibition249,819
John HagelinNatural Law234,509
Barry CommonerCitizens233,052
David BerglandLibertarian228,111
Frank HanlyProhibition221,302
John G. WoolleyProhibition210,864
Darrell CastleConstitution203,091
Chuck BaldwinConstitution199,750
William Z. FosterCommunist190,527
Aaron S. WatkinsProhibition188,787
Claude A. WatsonProhibition178,466
Thomas JeffersonDemocratic-Republican176,555
Roger MacBrideLibertarian172,557
Lester MaddoxAmerican Independent170,274
Cynthia McKinneyGreen161,797
Thomas J. AndersonAmerican158,271
John P. HaleFree Soil155,210
John St. JohnProhibition147,482
Alson StreeterUnion Labor146,602
Hugh Lawson WhiteWhig146,109
Michael PeroutkaConstitution143,630
Thomas E. WatsonPopulist142,932
Vincent HallinanProgressive140,746
DeWitt ClintonDemocratic-Republican134,674
John M. PalmerNational Democratic134,645
Benjamin ButlerAnti-Monopoly134,294
Joshua LeveringProhibition131,312
David CobbGreen119,859
T. Coleman AndrewsStates' Rights108,956
Bo GritzPopulist106,152
William WirtAnti-Masonic100,715

See also

References
  1. "Official 2020 presidential general election results" (PDF). Federal Election Commission. 1 February 2021. Retrieved 6 February 2021.
  2. 2008 official Federal Election Commission report.
  3. 2012 official Federal Election Commission report.
  4. 2016 official Federal Election Commission report.
  5. 2004 Presidential General Election Results.
  6. Leip, David. "1984 Presidential Election Results". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Retrieved August 7, 2005.
  7. 2000 Presidential General Election Results by State.
  8. Leip, David. "1988 Presidential Election Results". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Retrieved August 7, 2005.
  9. 1996 Presidential General Election Results.
  10. Leip, David. "1972 Presidential Election Results". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Retrieved August 7, 2005.
  11. Leip, David. "1992 Presidential Election Results". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Retrieved August 7, 2005.
  12. Leip, David. "1980 Presidential Election Results". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Retrieved August 7, 2005.
  13. Leip, David. "1964 Presidential Election Results". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Retrieved August 7, 2005.
  14. Leip, David. "1976 Presidential Election Results". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Retrieved August 7, 2005.
  15. Leip, David. "1956 Presidential Election Results". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Retrieved August 7, 2005.
  16. Leip, David. "1960 Presidential Election Results". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Retrieved August 7, 2005.
  17. Leip, David. "1952 Presidential Election Results". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Retrieved August 7, 2005.
  18. Leip, David. "1968 Presidential Election Results". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Retrieved August 7, 2005.
  19. Leip, David. "1936 Presidential Election Results". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Retrieved August 7, 2005.
  20. Leip, David. "1940 Presidential Election Results". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Retrieved August 7, 2005.
  21. Leip, David. "1944 Presidential Election Results". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Retrieved August 7, 2005.
  22. Leip, David. "1948 Presidential Election Results". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Retrieved August 7, 2005.
  23. Leip, David. "1932 Presidential Election Results". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Retrieved August 7, 2005.
  24. Leip, David. "1928 Presidential Election Results". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Retrieved August 7, 2005.
  25. Leip, David. "1920 Presidential Election Results". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Retrieved August 7, 2005.
  26. Leip, David. "1924 Presidential Election Results". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Retrieved August 7, 2005.
  27. Leip, David. "1916 Presidential Election Results". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Retrieved August 7, 2005.
  28. Leip, David. "1908 Presidential Election Results". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Retrieved August 7, 2005.
  29. Leip, David. "1904 Presidential Election Results". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Retrieved August 7, 2005.
  30. Leip, David. "1900 Presidential Election Results". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Retrieved August 7, 2005.
  31. History of American Presidential Elections 1789–1968, Volume II, Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.
  32. Leip, David. "1912 Presidential Election Results". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Retrieved August 7, 2005.
  33. Leip, David. "1892 Presidential Election Results". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Retrieved August 7, 2005.
  34. Leip, David. "1888 Presidential Election Results". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Retrieved August 7, 2005.
  35. Leip, David. "1884 Presidential Election Results". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Retrieved August 7, 2005.
  36. Petersen, Svend (1963). A Statistical History of the American Presidential Elections. New York, New York: Frederick Ungar. p. 49. OCLC 500975.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  37. Leip, David. "1876 Presidential Election Results". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Retrieved August 7, 2005.
  38. Leip, David. "1872 Presidential Election Results". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Retrieved August 7, 2005.
  39. Leip, David. "1868 Presidential Election Results". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Retrieved August 7, 2005.
  40. Leip, David. "1864 Presidential Election Results". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Retrieved August 7, 2005.
  41. Leip, David. "1860 Presidential Election Results". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Retrieved August 7, 2005.
  42. The election of 1860 was a complex realigning election in which the breakdown of the previous two-party alignment culminated in four parties each competing for influence in different parts of the country. The result of the election, with the victory of an ardent opponent of slavery, spurred the secession of eleven states and brought about the American Civil War.
  43. Leip, David. "1856 Presidential Election Results". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Retrieved August 7, 2005.
  44. Leip, David. "1852 Presidential Election Results". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Retrieved August 7, 2005.
  45. Leip, David. "1848 Presidential Election Results". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Retrieved August 7, 2005.
  46. Leip, David. "1844 Presidential Election Results". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Retrieved August 7, 2005.
  47. Leip, David. "1840 Presidential Election Results". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Retrieved August 7, 2005.
  48. Leip, David. "1836 Presidential Election Results". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Retrieved August 7, 2005.
  49. "Presidential Election of 1832: A Resource Guide (Virtual Programs & Services, Library of Congress)". www.loc.gov.
  50. Leip, David. "1828 Presidential Election Results". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Retrieved August 7, 2005.
  51. Leip, David. "1824 Presidential Election Results". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Retrieved August 7, 2005.
  52. No candidate won the Electoral College; the election was thrown to the Congress, which chose John Quincy Adams.
  53. U.S. President National Vote. Our Campaigns. (February 10, 2006).
  54. U.S. President National Vote. Our Campaigns. (February 10, 2006).
  55. "A New Nation Votes". elections.lib.tufts.edu. Archived from the original on May 13, 2018.
  56. U.S. President National Vote. Our Campaigns. (February 10, 2006).
  57. A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787-1825.
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