Majdanek trials

Majdanek trials
Majdanek trials
	Former SS-Obersturmbannfuehrer Anton Thernes (standing, left) in front of a penal court on trial for crimes committed at Majdanek, 1944, Lublin, Poland
Submitted	November 27, 1944
Decided	June 30, 1981, Düsseldorf

The Majdanek trials were a series of consecutive war-crime trials held in Poland and in Germany during and after World War II, constituting the overall longest Nazi war crimes trial in history spanning over 30 years.[2] The first judicial trial of Majdanek extermination camp officials took place from November 27, 1944, to December 2, 1944, in Lublin, Poland.[3][4] The last one, held at the District Court of Düsseldorf began on November 26, 1975, and concluded on June 30, 1981. It was West Germany's longest and most expensive trial, lasting 474 sessions.[5][6]

The case of the Majdanek death camp

Majdanek concentration camp (June 24, 1944) from the collections of the Majdanek Museum, lower half: the barracks under deconstruction; in the upper half, functioning barracks

Preserved original ovens in the second Crematorium at Majdanek, built in 1943 by Heinrich Kori.[1]

Original gas chamber with visible Zyklon B blue stain on the back wall, permanently burned into the cement

A number of former high ranking SS men, camp officials, camp guards, and SS staff were arraigned before the courts on charges of war crimes and crimes against humanity committed at Majdanek in the period between October 1, 1941, and July 22, 1944. Notably, only 170 Nazis who served at Majdanek had been prosecuted at all, of the 1,037 camp personnel known by name. Half of the defendants charged by the West German justice system were set free after complaining of aches and pains in detention, acquitted of killing. By contrast, those tried earlier by Poland were usually found guilty. During the 34 months of camp operation, more than 79,000 people were murdered at Majdanek main camp alone (59,000 of them Polish Jews) and between 95,000 and 130,000 people in the entire Majdanek, system including several subcamps.[7] Some 18,000 Jews were killed at Majdanek on November 3, 1943, during the largest single-day, single-camp massacre of the Holocaust,[6] named Harvest Festival (totalling 43,000 with 2 subcamps).[8]

Notably, two KL Majdanek concentration camp commandants were put on trial by the SS themselves in the course of the camp operation partly because of what Majdanek was initially, merely a storage depot for gold, money and furs stolen from trainloads of Holocaust victims at murder factories in Belzec, Sobibor, and Treblinka.[9] Both SS men were charged with wholesale stealing from the Third Reich to become rich. Karl-Otto Koch (serving at Majdanek from July 1941 till August 24, 1942) was executed by firing squad on April 5, 1945; Hermann Florstedt, the third chief of Majdanek (from October 1942 on) was executed by the SS on April 15, 1945.[10]

First Majdanek trial

Retreating Germans did not have time to destroy the facility. It remained the best preserved example of a Holocaust death camp in history, with intact gas chambers and crematoria.[11] The advancing Soviets were shocked into disbelief after discovering it, and initially overestimated the total number of victims.[12]

A group of six members of Majdanek personnel – who had not managed to escape – were arraigned before the Soviet-Polish Special Criminal Court immediately following the camp's liberation of July 23, 1944. After the trial, and deliberations which lasted from November 27, 1944 to December 2, 1944 all accused were found guilty of war crimes, crimes against humanity and genocide, and sentenced to death by hanging.[6][11] They included SS-Obersturmführer Anton Thernes, SS-Hauptsturmführer Wilhelm Gerstenmeier, SS-Oberscharführer Hermann Vögel, Kapo Edmund Pohlmann, SS-Rottenführer Theodor Schöllen and Kapo Heinrich Stalp,[13] all of whom were executed by hanging on December 3, 1944 except for Pohlmann, who had committed suicide the night before.[14]

Second Majdanek trial (1946–1948)

The series of trials which took place between 1946 and 1948 in Poland – usually referred to as the Second trial of Majdanek – consisted of trials of many kinds. Some 95 SS-men, mostly guards (including those apprehended hiding in postwar Germany), were charged with war crimes and crimes against humanity. Seven of the defendants were given the death penalty. The most prominent of them was Elsa Ehrich, Oberaufseherin of the women and children camp division (liquidated in spring of 1944). She was responsible for the selections to gas chambers. Ehrich was found guilty of all charges, and hanged in July 1948. Apparently, Ehrich made an attempt to launch a Nazi brothel in 1943, but the project was abandoned before fruition after one of her slave sex-workers was diagnosed with typhus.[15]

Most other SS men were sentenced from 2 to 12 years' imprisonment.[16] Some of the more prominent defendants in the 1946–1948 series of trials included over 60 SS-Schütze camp guards. The multiple proceedings were held in Lublin, as well as in Radom and Świdnica (1947), Kraków, Wadowice, and Toruń (1948) and in Warsaw (1948), where the last appellate court case of Jacob Gemmel took place in November 1950.[10]

#	Defendant [10]	Born	Rank	Function	Sentence
1	Elsa Ehrich	Mar. 8, 1914	Oberaufseherin	Senior Overseer	death by hanging (carried out, Oct. 26, 1948)
2	Friedrich Gebhardt	Feb. 26, 1899	SS-Unterscharf.	Camp guard	death by hanging (carried out, Nov. 15, 1948)
3	Kurt Möller (Moeller)	Jan. 11, 1918	SS-Oberscharf.	Squad leader	death by hanging (carried out, Oct. 6, 1948)
4	Jacob Niessner	Jan. 19, 1908	SS-Schütze	Camp guard	death by hanging (carried out, Jul. 14, 1948)
5	Michael Pelger	Mar. 27, 1908	SS-Rottenf.	Squad leader	death by hanging (carried out)
6	Peter Reiss	Feb. 22, 1901	SS-Sturmmann	Stormtrooper	death by hanging (carried out, Jun. 23, 1948)
7	Franz Söss (Süss)	Nov. 30, 1912	SS-Rottenf.	Squad leader	death by hanging (carried out, Sept. 20, 1949)
8	Friedrich Buschbaum	Sept. 14, 1904	SS-Schütze	Camp guard	death (commuted to 15 years imprisonment, rel. May 31, 1956)
9	Johann Weiss	Feb. 24, 1915	SS-Schütze	Camp guard	death (commuted to 10 years imprisonment)
10	Wilhelm Reinartz	Mar. 17, 1910	SS-Unterscharf.	Infirmary	death (commuted to 2 years by reason of terminal illness)
11	Johann Vormittag	Aug. 5, 1904	SS-Schütze	Camp guard	life imprisonment (released Mar. 11, 1953)
12	Jacob Gemmel	May 27, 1913	SS-Schütze	Camp guard	life (commuted to 12 years imprisonment)
13	Robert Frick	Oct. 15, 1918	SS-Unterscharf.	Camp guard	15 years imprisonment (released May 2, 1956)
14	Georg Fleischer	Nov. 24, 1911	SS-Schütze	Camp guard	12 years imprisonment (released May 2, 1956)
15	Johann Kessler	Feb. 28, 1910	SS-Sturmmann	Stormtrooper	12 years imprisonment (died Feb. 25, 1950)
16	Hans Kottre (Kotre)	Aug. 22, 1912	SS-Sturmmann	Stormtrooper	12 years imprisonment (released May 9, 1956)
17	Andreas Lahner	Dec. 10, 1921	SS-Sturmmann	Stormtrooper	12 years imprisonment (released May 2, 1956)
18	Georg Neu	Aug. 1, 1921	SS-Schütze	Camp guard	12 years imprisonment (released May 9, 1956)
19	Franz Wirth	Nov. 8, 1909	SS-Rottenf.	Camp guard	12 years imprisonment
20	Andreas Buttinger	May 29, 1910	SS-Schütze	Camp guard	10 years imprisonment (died Apr. 26, 1949)
21	Jacob Jost	Oct. 6, 1895	SS-Oberscharf.	Camp guard	10 years imprisonment (released Apr. 30, 1956)
22	Martin Löx	Feb. 7, 1908	SS-Rottenf.	Camp guard	10 years imprisonment (died Jun. 26, 1949)
23	Kasper Marksteiner	Nov. 1, 1913	SS-Sturmmann	Camp guard	10 years imprisonment (died Jun. 20, 1949)
24	Hans Aufmuth	Jan. 18, 1905	SS-Schütze	Camp guard	8 years imprisonment (released Mar. 17, 1954)
25	Johann Betz	Dec. 18, 1906	SS-Sturmmann	Camp guard	8 years imprisonment (released Jul. 3, 1955)
26	Anton Hoffmann	Sept. 17, 1910	SS-Sturmmann	Camp guard	8 years imprisonment (released Dec. 17, 1954)
27	Johann Radler	Sept. 9, 1909	SS-Schütze	Camp guard	8 years imprisonment (released Mar. 1, 1955)
28	Thomas Radrich	Oct. 19, 1912	SS-Rottenf.	Camp guard	8 years imprisonment
29	Johann Setz	Jun. 26, 1907	SS-Sturmman	Camp guard	8 years imprisonment (extradited to Germany, Feb. 28, 1955)
30	Michael Bertl	Jun. 23, 1909	SS-Sturmmann	Camp guard	7 years imprisonment (released Jul. 15, 1954)
31	Paul Keller	Oct. 16, 1910	SS-Sturmmann	Camp guard	7 years imprisonment (released Jul. 15, 1954)
32	Karl Müller	Mar. 10, 1907	SS-Sturmmann	Block leader	7 years imprisonment
33	Walter Biernat	Mar. 28, 1920	SS-Rottenf.	Camp guard	6 years imprisonment (died Feb. 6, 1952)
34	Josef Hartmann	Mar. 22, 1918	SS-Sturmmann	Camp guard	6 years imprisonment (released Jan. 5, 1954)
35	Hans Georg Hess	Jun. 17, 1910	SS-Rottenf.	Camp guard	6 years imprisonment
36	Heinrich Kühn	Dec. 16, 1909	SS-Sturmmann	Guard (Auschwitz)	6 years imprisonment (died Apr. 16, 1951)
37	Franz Vormittag	Jan. 23, 1920	SS-Sturmmann	Camp guard	6 years imprisonment
38	Helmut Zach	Aug. 19, 1909	SS-Unterscharf.	Camp guard	6 years imprisonment
39	Jacob Dialler	Dec. 8, 1913	SS-Sturmmann	Camp guard	5 years imprisonment (released Dec. 23, 1951)
40	Hans Durst	Nov. 23, 1909	SS-Rottenf.	Camp guard	5 years imprisonment
41	Franz Kaufmann	Jul. 23, 1908	SS-Unterscharf.	Camp guard	5 years imprisonment
42	Paul Kiss	Jul. 13, 1902	SS-Sturmmann	Camp guard	5 years imprisonment (died Apr. 26, 1950)
43	Johann Kubasak	Dec. 31, 1909	SS-Rottenf.	Camp guard	5 years imprisonment
44	Johann Lassner	Jul. 26, 1909	SS-Schütze	Camp guard	5 years imprisonment
45	Johann Lienert	Aug. 5, 1915	SS-Sturmmann	Camp guard	5 years imprisonment (died Jun. 16, 1949)
46	Stefan Mantsch	Sept. 24, 1922	SS-Schütze	Camp guard	5 years imprisonment (released Apr. 12, 1951)
47	Hans Merle	May 15, 1914	SS-Schütze	Camp guard	5 years imprisonment (released Jan. 2, 1953)
48	Kurt Erwin Ohnweiler	Mar. 25, 1913	SS-Schütze	Camp guard	5 years imprisonment (released Mar. 1, 1952)
49	Michael Thal	Jan. 16, 1910	SS-Schütze	Camp guard	5 years imprisonment
50	Jacob Vormittag	Mar. 8, 1909	SS-Sturmman	Camp guard	5 years imprisonment
51	Martin Berger	Jan. 18, 1910	SS-Rottenf.	Camp guard	4 years imprisonment (died Oct. 15, 1948)
52	Michael Fleischer	Aug. 18, 1912	SS-Rottenf.	Camp guard	4 years imprisonment
53	Franz Habel	May 31, 1912	SS-Rottenf.	Camp guard	4 years imprisonment
54	Karl Brückner	May 5, 1904	SS-Unterscharf.	Camp guard	4 years imprisonment (released Feb. 28, 1951)
55	Josef Janowitsch	Aug. 22, 1910	SS-Sturmmann	Camp guard	4 years imprisonment
56	Johann Günesch	May 17, 1913	SS-Schütze	Camp guard	3.5 years imprisonment (extradited to Germany, Feb. 9, 1951)
57	Fritz Frischolz	Oct. 5, 1911	SS-Oberscharf.	Camp guard	8 years imprisonment (released Mar. 10, 1955)
58	Michael Gall	Jul. 22, 1902	SS-Schütze	Camp guard	3 years imprisonment (extradited to Germany, Jan. 15, 1951)
59	Hans Grabert	May 31, 1907	SS-Oberscharf	Administration	3 years imprisonment (extradited to Germany, Jun. 16, 1950)
60	Stefan Mantsch	Sept. 24, 1922	SS-Schütze	Camp guard	3 years imprisonment (released Apr. 12, 1951)
61	Josef Moos	Jan. 24, 1904	SS-Rottenf.	Infirmary (selections)	3 years imprisonment (died Apr. 20, 1950)
62	Konrad Anacker	Feb. 13, 1892	SS-Schütze	Camp guard	3 years imprisonment (released Jun. 26, 1950)
63	Wilhelm Petrak	Feb. 14, 1909	SS-Sturmmann	Camp guard	8 years (died Jul. 28, 1948 of disease after 2 years)

Third Majdanek trial (1975–1981)

At the Third Majdanek Trial, held between November 26, 1975, and June 30, 1981, before a West German Court at Düsseldorf, sixteen defendants were arraigned. Five were cleared of all charges, two released due to ill health, one died of old age, and eight were found guilty. They were sentenced to 3 to 12 years imprisonment.[17] The 3rd Majdanek trial was preceded by the Treblinka Trials also at Düsseldorf in 1964 and 1970.[18] The Majdanek trial lasted for six years, and concluded on June 30, 1981. There were insufficient grounds to lay charges against other suspects according to the prosecution (many of the key witnesses having died).[5][19]

Notably, the camp deputy commandant, Arnold Strippel, implicated in the torture and killing of many dozens of prisoners (including 42 Soviet POWs in July 1942), received a nominal 3 ¹⁄₂-year sentence. He also received 121,500-Deutsche Mark reimbursement for the loss of earnings and his social security contributions, which he used to purchase a condominium in Frankfurt, which he occupied until his death.[20]

#	Defendant	Born	Rank	Function	Sentence
1	Alice Orlowski	Sept. 30, 1903	SS Aufseherin	Camp overseer	died of old age during the trial
2	Hermine Braunsteiner	Jul. 16, 1919	Rapportführerin	Female camp deputy	3 years (Vienna), life imprisonment (Düsseldorf)
3	Hildegard Lachert	Mar. 19, 1920	Aufseherin	Camp overseer	12 years imprisonment
4	Hermann Hackmann	Nov. 11, 1913	SS-Hauptst.	Camp commandant	10 years imprisonment
5	Emil Laurich	May 21, 1921	SS-Rottenf.	Ideology	8 years imprisonment
6	Heinz Villain	Feb. 1, 1921	SS-Unterscharf.	Field commandant	6 years imprisonment
7	Fritz-Heinrich Petrick	Jan. 22, 1913	SS-Oberscharf.	Camp guard	4 years imprisonment
8	Arnold Strippel	Jun. 2, 1911	SS-Obersturm.	Camp director	3.5 years imprisonment
9	Thomas Ellwanger	Mar. 3, 1917	SS-Unterscharf.	Camp guard	3 years imprisonment
10	Wilhelm Reinartz	Mar. 17, 1910	SS-Unterscharf.	Infirmary (selections)	released due to illness
11	Joanna (Johanna) Zelle		SS-Gefolge	Camp guard	released due to illness
12	Heinrich Schmidt	Mar. 27, 1912	SS-Hauptsturmf.	Medic (selections)	acquitted and released
13	Charlotte Mayer	Feb. 7, 1918		Maintenance	acquitted and released
14	Rosy Suess or (Rosa) Süss	Sept. 16, 1920		Maintenance	acquitted and released
15	Heinrich Groffmann		SS-Rottenf.	Field commandant	acquitted and released
16	Hermine Boettcher-Brueckner	Apr. 26, 1918		Maintenance	acquitted and released

Post 1981 Majdanek War Crimes Trials

In 1989 Karl-Friedrich Höcker was tried and sentenced for his actions in Majdanek.

Notes and references

"Crematorium at Majdanek". Jewish Virtual Library. 2013. Retrieved 2013-04-15.
Reuter (Jun 27, 1981). "Longest war crimes trial ends". The Glasgow Herald. Retrieved 2013-04-16.
Jean-michel Frodon (2010). Majdanek Trial. Cinema and the Shoah. SUNY Press. pp. 249–. ISBN 978-1438430287. Retrieved 2013-04-13.
"Majdanek Concentration Camp". Majdanek, Poland. July 21, 2009. Retrieved 2013-04-13.
"Once Upon a Time in War". Majdanek trial in West Germany. A Photographic Retrospect. 2012. Retrieved 2013-04-13.
USHMM (May 11, 2012). "Soviet forces liberate Majdanek". Lublin/Majdanek: Chronology. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Washington, D.C. Retrieved 2013-04-13.
Reszka, Paweł (2005-12-23). "Majdanek Victims Enumerated. Changes in the history textbooks?". Gazeta Wyborcza. Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum. Archived from the original on 2011-11-06. Retrieved 2010-04-13.
Jennifer Rosenberg. "Aktion Erntefest". 20th Century History. About.com Education. Archived from the original on 2016-12-27. Retrieved 2013-04-16.
Staff Writer (2006). "Lublin/Majdanek Concentration Camp: Overview". United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. ushmm.org. Retrieved 2013-04-13.
"Procesy zbrodniarzy (Trials of war criminals) 1946–1948". Wykaz sądzonych członków załogi KL Lublin/Majdanek. KL Lublin. Archived from the original on 2013-10-14. Retrieved 2013-04-14.
"Majdanek" (PDF). Majdanek concentration camp. Yad Vashem. 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 27, 2007. Retrieved 2013-04-14.
"Inside Majdanek". Nazi concentration camps. Jewish Virtual Library. 2013. Retrieved 2013-04-14.
Marcus Wendel (Aug 8, 2007). "SS personnel serving at Majdanek". Camp personnel. Axis History. Retrieved 2013-04-14.
JVL (2013). "Majdanek Trial". Majdanek extermination camp. Jewish Virtual Library.org. Retrieved 2013-04-13.
"SS-Oberaufseherinn Elsa Ehrich". Frauenkonzetrationslager. KL Lublin. 2004–2013. Archived from the original on 2014-02-26. Retrieved 2013-04-14.
PMM (2006). "XX. Akta procesowe". Archiwum (in Polish). Państwowe Muzeum na Majdanku. Archived from the original on 2011-08-15. Retrieved 2013-04-13.
JVL (2013). "Third Majdanek Trial". Majdanek extermination camp. Jewish Virtual Library.org. Retrieved 2013-04-13.
Christian Hofmann. "Die Treblinka-Prozesse (The Treblinka Trials)". Shoa.de (in German). Arbeitskreis Shoa.de e.V.
Landgericht Düsseldorf spricht Urteile im Majdanek-Prozeß Landtag Intern vom 26. Juni 2001 (Landtag Nordrhein-Westfalen). (in German)
Thomas Schattner. "Strippels Blutspur durch Europas KZs – Sie begann vor 70 Jahren hier in Unshausen, im heutigen Schwalm-Eder-Kreis" (PDF). Archiv und Ausstellung der Universität Kassel (in German). Gedenkstätte Breitenau. pp. 57–62. Archived from the original (PDF file, direct download 78.2 KB) on 2007-07-23. Retrieved 2013-04-26.

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[jewishvirtuallibrary-ovens-1] "Crematorium at Majdanek". Jewish Virtual Library. 2013. Retrieved 2013-04-15.

[Glasgow_Herald-2] Reuter (Jun 27, 1981). "Longest war crimes trial ends". The Glasgow Herald. Retrieved 2013-04-16.

[3] Jean-michel Frodon (2010). Majdanek Trial. Cinema and the Shoah. SUNY Press. pp. 249–. ISBN 978-1438430287. Retrieved 2013-04-13.

[Poland/Majdanek-1-4] "Majdanek Concentration Camp". Majdanek, Poland. July 21, 2009. Retrieved 2013-04-13.

[Majdanek-swallowthesky-5] "Once Upon a Time in War". Majdanek trial in West Germany. A Photographic Retrospect. 2012. Retrieved 2013-04-13.

[ushmm-Majdanek-6] USHMM (May 11, 2012). "Soviet forces liberate Majdanek". Lublin/Majdanek: Chronology. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Washington, D.C. Retrieved 2013-04-13.

[Reszka-7] Reszka, Paweł (2005-12-23). "Majdanek Victims Enumerated. Changes in the history textbooks?". Gazeta Wyborcza. Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum. Archived from the original on 2011-11-06. Retrieved 2010-04-13.

[Rosenberg-8] Jennifer Rosenberg. "Aktion Erntefest". 20th Century History. About.com Education. Archived from the original on 2016-12-27. Retrieved 2013-04-16.

[ushmm_cond-9] Staff Writer (2006). "Lublin/Majdanek Concentration Camp: Overview". United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. ushmm.org. Retrieved 2013-04-13.

[majdanek-2_Wykaz-10] "Procesy zbrodniarzy (Trials of war criminals) 1946–1948". Wykaz sądzonych członków załogi KL Lublin/Majdanek. KL Lublin. Archived from the original on 2013-10-14. Retrieved 2013-04-14.

[Majdanek-1_YV-11] "Majdanek" (PDF). Majdanek concentration camp. Yad Vashem. 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 27, 2007. Retrieved 2013-04-14.

[Majdanek-1_jewishvirtuallibrary.org-12] "Inside Majdanek". Nazi concentration camps. Jewish Virtual Library. 2013. Retrieved 2013-04-14.

[Majdanek_-1_axishistory-13] Marcus Wendel (Aug 8, 2007). "SS personnel serving at Majdanek". Camp personnel. Axis History. Retrieved 2013-04-14.

[jewishvirtuallibrary-1-14] JVL (2013). "Majdanek Trial". Majdanek extermination camp. Jewish Virtual Library.org. Retrieved 2013-04-13.

[majdanek-2-KL-15] "SS-Oberaufseherinn Elsa Ehrich". Frauenkonzetrationslager. KL Lublin. 2004–2013. Archived from the original on 2014-02-26. Retrieved 2013-04-14.

[majdanek.eu-2-16] PMM (2006). "XX. Akta procesowe". Archiwum (in Polish). Państwowe Muzeum na Majdanku. Archived from the original on 2011-08-15. Retrieved 2013-04-13.

[jewishvirtuallibrary-3-17] JVL (2013). "Third Majdanek Trial". Majdanek extermination camp. Jewish Virtual Library.org. Retrieved 2013-04-13.

[Treblinka-Prozesse-18] Christian Hofmann. "Die Treblinka-Prozesse (The Treblinka Trials)". Shoa.de (in German). Arbeitskreis Shoa.de e.V.

[landtag-3-19] Landgericht Düsseldorf spricht Urteile im Majdanek-Prozeß Landtag Intern vom 26. Juni 2001 (Landtag Nordrhein-Westfalen). (in German)

[Schattner-20] Thomas Schattner. "Strippels Blutspur durch Europas KZs – Sie begann vor 70 Jahren hier in Unshausen, im heutigen Schwalm-Eder-Kreis" (PDF). Archiv und Ausstellung der Universität Kassel (in German). Gedenkstätte Breitenau. pp. 57–62. Archived from the original (PDF file, direct download 78.2 KB) on 2007-07-23. Retrieved 2013-04-26.