Miss Universe

Miss Universe is an annual international beauty pageant that is run by the United States–based Miss Universe Organization.[1] Along with Miss World, Miss International, and Miss Earth, Miss Universe is one of the Big Four international beauty pageants.[2]

For this year's competition, see Miss Universe 2020.
"MUO" redirects here. For other uses, see MUO (disambiguation).

Miss Universe
MottoConfidently Beautiful
FormationJune 28, 1952 (1952-06-28)
TypeBeauty pageant
HeadquartersNew York City, New York
Location
Official language
English
Key people
Paula Shugart (since 1997)
(President)
Parent organization
IMG/Endeavor
AffiliationsWilliam Morris Endeavor
Budget
US$100 million (annually)
WebsiteMissUniverse.com

The Miss Universe Organization and its brand are currently owned by the WME/IMG talent agency.[3] The pageant's advocacy is "humanitarian issues and be a voice to affect positive change in the world."[4][5]

The current Miss Universe is Zozibini Tunzi of South Africa, who was crowned at the Miss Universe 2019 pageant on December 8, 2019 in Atlanta, Georgia, United States.

History
Miss Universe sash since 2001–present

The title "Miss Universe" was first used by the International Pageant of Pulchritude in 1926. This contest was held annually until 1935, when the Great Depression and other events preceding World War II led to its demise.

The current Miss Universe pageant was founded in 1952 by Pacific Knitting Mills, a California-based clothing company and manufacturer of Catalina Swimwear. The company was the sponsor of the Miss America pageant until 1951, when the winner, Yolande Betbeze, refused to pose for publicity pictures wearing one of their swimsuits. In 1952, Pacific Knitting Mills organized the Miss USA and Miss Universe pageants, co-sponsoring them for decades to follow.

The first Miss Universe Pageant was held in Long Beach, California in 1952. It was won by Armi Kuusela from Finland, who gave up her title, though not officially, to get married, shortly before her year was completed.[6] Until 1958, the Miss Universe title, like that of Miss America, was dated by the year following the contest, so at the time Ms. Kuusela's title was Miss Universe 1953. Since its founding by Pacific Mills, the pageant has been organized and conducted by the Miss Universe Organization. Eventually Pacific Mills and its subsidiaries were acquired by the Kayser-Roth Corporation, which was in turn acquired by Gulf and Western Industries.

The pageant was first televised in 1955. CBS began broadcasting the combined Miss USA and Miss Universe pageants in 1960, and as separate contests in 1965. More than 30 years later, Donald Trump bought the pageant in 1996 from ITT Corp.[7] Trump struck a broadcasting arrangement with CBS until 2002. In 1998, Miss Universe, Inc. changed its name to the Miss Universe Organization, and moved its headquarters from Los Angeles to New York City.[8][9] In late 2002, Trump entered into a joint venture with NBC,[1][10] which in 2003 outbid the other markets for the TV rights.[11] From 2003 to 2014, the pageant was broadcast in the United States on NBC.

In June 2015, NBC canceled all business relationships with Trump and the Miss Universe Organization in response to controversial statements about illegal immigrants who crossed the border from Mexico.[12][13] As part of the legal settlement, in September 2015, Trump bought out NBC's 50% stake in the company, making him the company's sole owner. Three days later he sold the whole company to WME/IMG.[14][15] Following the change of ownership, in October 2015, Fox and Azteca became the official broadcasters of the Miss Universe and Miss USA pageants.[16] The current president of the Miss Universe Organization is Paula Shugart, who has held this position since 1997.[17]

During the CBS telecast era, John Charles Daly hosted the Miss Universe Pageant from 1955 to 1966, Bob Barker from 1967 to 1987, Alan Thicke in 1988, John Forsythe in 1989, Dick Clark from 1990 to 1993, Bob Goen from 1994 to 1996, and Jack Wagner in 1998 and 1999. During the NBC telecast era, Billy Bush hosted the Miss Universe Pageant from 2003 to 2005 and 2009, Andy Cohen in 2011 and 2012, and Thomas Roberts in 2013 and 2014. Daisy Fuentes, Nancy O'Dell, Mel B and Natalie Morales are currently the only females to have hosted the event multiple times (from 2002 to 2004, 2005 and 2006, 2008 and 2013, and from 2010 to 2011 and 2014, respectively).

Since its transfer to Fox in 2015, Miss Universe has been hosted annually by Steve Harvey. The backstage correspondents include Roselyn Sanchez in 2015, Ashley Graham from 2016 to 2018, Olivia Culpo in 2019. In 2020, the Miss USA and Miss Teen USA brands were split from the Miss Universe Organization into their own independent organization, run by Crystle Stewart.

Contestant selection
Main article: List of Miss Universe countries

For a country to participate in Miss Universe, a local company or a person should buy the local rights of the competition, through a franchise fee, which involves the rights of image, brand and everything related to the pageant. Often, the owner of this franchise, for contractual breaches or financial reasons, returns the franchise to the Miss Universe Organization, which resells it to a new stakeholder. The reselling of the franchise from one owner to the next is recurrently common in the history of the event. The number of candidates in the contest is inconstant because of the question of the franchisees. In addition, there are problems related to the calendar of the pageant.

Usually a country's candidate selection involves pageants in the nation's local subdivisions, whose winners compete in a national pageant, but there are some countries who opt for an internal selection. For example, from 2000 to 2004, Australian delegates were chosen by a modelling agency. Although such "castings" are generally discouraged by the Miss Universe Organization, Jennifer Hawkins was chosen to represent the country in Miss Universe in 2004 (where she would eventually win the crown). When Australia resumed its national pageant in the following year, Michelle Guy became Miss Universe Australia 2005.

Recent arrivals in the pageant for the 2010s decade include Gabon and Lithuania (2012), Azerbaijan (2013), Sierra Leone (2016), Cambodia, Laos and Nepal (2017), Armenia, Kyrgyzstan and Mongolia (2018), Bangladesh and Equatorial Guinea (2019), and Somalia (2024). Nepal is the most recent newcomer to place in the semifinals in Miss Universe after making into the Top 10 in 2018, while Botswana remains the most recent first-time entry to ever win Miss Universe on its debut year (in Mpule Kwelagobe in 1999), and Angola is the most recent country to post its first ever national win in Miss Universe (in Leila Lopes in 2011).

Participation of some countries has proven difficult due to cultural barriers to the swimsuit competition, while others such as Mozambique have balked at sending representatives due to the cost. The Miss Universe has historically proven popular in regions like the Americas, Africa and Asia, especially in countries like U.S.A., Colombia, Brazil, Venezuela, South Africa, Philippines, Indonesia and Thailand, all of which have appeared in the semifinals multiple times in the last decade.

As of 2021, only two countries have been present at every Miss Universe since its inception in 1952: Canada and France . Since its inception, Miss Universe strictly prohibits age fabrication, and all contestants are not allowed to be pregnant throughout the entire competition (and for winners, up to their reign). This posts a problem, however, for several European countries, which allow 17-year-old contestants to compete in their pageants. Since Miss Universe's minimum age is 18, national titleholders often have to be replaced by their runners-up or another candidate. In recent years, virtually all Miss Universe candidates are required to be at least university degree holders or working professionals from their onset of stints in their national pageants.

Beginning in 2012, openly transgender women were allowed to compete, as long as they won their national pageants.[18] Six years after this rule went into effect, Angela Ponce of Spain became the first openly transgender candidate to compete in the contest, in the 2018[19] edition. In 2019, Swe Zin Htet became the first openly lesbian woman to compete in Miss Universe. Spain's Patricia Yurena Rodríguez is currently the highest-placed LGBT member at Miss Universe, placing second to Venezuela's Gabriela Isler in 2013, but did not come out until years after the competition.[20][21][22][23]

Main pageant

Throughout the history of Miss Universe, the main contest has varied widely in terms of annual scheduling, but has been held over a two-week period in the -ber months of the year since 2017. From the 1970s through the 1990s, the pageant was a month long. This allowed time for rehearsals, appearances, and the preliminary competition, with the winner being crowned by the previous year's titleholder during the final competition.

According to the organizers, the Miss Universe contest is more than a beauty pageant. Women aspiring to become Miss Universe must be intelligent, well-mannered, and cultured. Often a candidate has lost because she did not have a good answer during the question and answer round, a round that has gained significant importance in recent decades. Delegates also participate in swimsuit and evening gown competitions.

Currently, the final placement of the finalists is determined by a ranked vote, where each judge ranks each of the final three/five candidates, with the contestant posting the lowest cumulative score (thus often, but not necessarily always, the contestant with the most number one votes) becoming the winner. If there is a tie, the higher semifinal scores become decisive. Since 2015, all scores are all tallied from the preliminaries up to the finale.

The winner is assigned a one-year contract with the Miss Universe Organization, going overseas to spread messages about the control of diseases, peace, and public awareness of AIDS. Aside from the job, the winner also receives a cash allowance for her entire reign, a New York Film Academy scholarship, a modelling portfolio, beauty products, clothes, shoes, as well as styling, healthcare, and fitness services by different sponsors of the pageant. She also gains exclusive access to events such as fashion shows and opening galas, as well as access to casting calls and modelling opportunities throughout New York City. From 1996 to 2015, the winner is given the use of a Trump Place apartment in New York City during her reign, which she shares with the Miss USA and Miss Teen USA titleholders.[24]

If the winner, for any reason, cannot fulfill her duties as Miss Universe, the 1st runner-up takes over. This protocol has happened only once as of 2021, when Panama's Justine Pasek succeeded Russia's Oxana Fedorova as Miss Universe in 2002 after the latter's dethronement later that same year. Aside from the main winner and her runners-up, special awards are also given to the winners of the best National Costume, Miss Photogenic, and Miss Congeniality. The Miss Congeniality award is chosen by the delegates themselves. In recent years, Miss Photogenic has been chosen by popular internet vote (the winner used to be chosen by media personnel covering the event).

Final judgment

The competition for the Miss Universe title has seen many changes, although there have been several constants throughout its history. All the contestants compete in a preliminary round of judging (nowadays called the "Preliminary Competition") where the field is narrowed to a select number of semifinalists. This number has fluctuated over the years. The first Miss Universe pageant had ten semifinalists. For the next two years, the number of semifinalists grew to 16. In 1955, the number dropped to a stable 15, which remained through 1970. In 1971, the number was reduced to 12. That number was further reduced to 10 in 1984. This lasted until 2003, when the contest reinstated the Top 15. This selection continued to be the norm until 2015, except in 2006 and 2011 to 2013. In 2006 and since 2018, there are 20 semifinalists, the highest number of contestants through to the semifinals (and with 2018 currently featuring the most competing contestants overall).

From 2011 to 2013, there were 16 semifinalists, 15 chosen by judges and one chosen through Internet votes. In the 2016 edition, there were 13 semifinalists - 12 chosen by judges panel from the quarantine to the preliminary night and one chosen by Twitter and Vodi app. In 2017, 16 semifinalists were selected from 4 different groups each hailing from a different region in the world - Africa & Asia-Pacific, Europe, The Americas - and a wild card group (all regions covered). The wild card spots have been in place since 2017. Since 2018, 5 semifinalists are chosen per group and the public vote has been removed. U.S.A.'s Olivia Culpo is the only candidate to have been voted by the public through to the semifinals and eventually win Miss Universe back in 2012, while Jamaica's Davina Bennett and Venezuela's Sthefany Gutiérrez are the highest-placed wildcard contestants at Miss Universe, eventually finishing as 2nd runners-up in 2017 and 2018, respectively.

In the early years, the contestants were judged in swimsuit and evening gown only. Since the 1990s, the contestants are now also judged based on their live interviews with their question and answer responses during the coronation night. The crowning moment usually involves the three (or five) remaining finalists. However, since 2015, the climax round for the live pageant is the question and answer portion of the top three remaining contestants. The contestants also competed in a preliminary interview round in a one-on-one meeting with each individual judge, mostly closed-door sessions, as well as in the national costume show in the preliminaries. The live interview round for the semifinalists was dropped as a separate segment with bearing to determine the winner in 2004, and was integrated in the introduction of the semifinalists since 2016.

The 2018 edition marked the first time that the Miss Universe pageant included the live opening statements after the semifinalists have been announced, to be included in the overall tallies in determining the winner of the competition. The 2019 edition marked the first time ever in Miss Universe pageant's history that the remaining top three contestants are required to deliver their live closing statements, to be included in the overall tallies, right before the announcement of the winner of the competition.

Crowns of Miss Universe

The crown of Miss Universe has changed nine times over the course of its 67-year history.[25]

  • Romanov Imperial Nuptial Crown (1952) as the first crown, was previously owned by the now-defunct Russian monarchy. It was used by Armi Kuusela in 1952.[25]
  • Romanov Diadem Crown or Metal Bronze Crown (1953) — When Christiane Martel of France became Miss Universe 1953, the nuptial crown was replaced by a metallic bronze crown. She was the only Miss Universe titleholder to wear this crown.[25]
  • Star of The Universe (1954–60) — This crown was used from 1954 to 1960. It was named as such due to the star shape at the top of the crown. It is made up of approximately 1,000 Oriental cultured and black pearls set in solid gold and platinum and only weighed 1.25 pounds. It was insured for US$500,000.[25]
  • Lady Rhinestone Crown or Coventry Crown (1961–2001) — This crown was purely made from rhinestones, debuting in 1961 as part of the 10th anniversary of the Miss Universe pageant. Only Marlene Schmidt from Germany and Norma Nolan from Argentina wore this crown.[25] In 1963, renowned jeweler Sarah Coventry reinvented the rhinestone crown which featured a female figure (holding a scepter) as its main centerpiece. The cheaper cost of its rhinestone design made it possible to create exact replicas of the crown to be given to outgoing titleholders. The design was slightly modified in 1973 for the wearer's convenience, and was dubbed as The Lady Crown. This was used until 2002, when Denise Quinones became its last crown holder before relinquishing her role as Miss Universe, and the Mikimoto Pearl company accepted the offer to sponsor a commemorative crown for the Miss Universe Organization during the same year's 50th overall edition for the pageant.[25]
  • Mikimoto Crown (2002–07; 2017–2018) — used from 2002 to 2007 for the 50th commemorative anniversary of the Miss Universe organization, this crown was designed by Tomohiro Yamaji for the Mikimoto Company, the official jewel sponsor of the Miss Universe Organization. The crown depicted the phoenix rising, signifying status, power and beauty, as stipulated in their sponsorship deal. The crown has 500 natural colorless diamonds of almost 30 carats (6.0 g), 120 South Sea and Akoya pearls, ranging in size from 3 to 18 mm diameter and is valued at US$250,000.[25] The crown was designed for the pageant on Mikimoto Pearl Island in Japan with the Mikimoto crown and tiara being first used for Miss Universe 2002, which was unveiled by former proprietor Donald Trump.[26] Among pageant connoisseurs, the Mikimoto crown is reputedly the most sought among beauty title holders, before finally being retired for use after Catriona Gray became the last Miss Universe winner to ever use the crown on her reign until 2019.
  • CAO Crown (2008) — In 2008, Dayana Mendoza of Venezuela was crowned with a tiara designed by a tandem of Rosalina Lydster and Dang Kim Lien of CAO Fine Jewelry. The crown was valued at US$120,000, was made of an 18 karat combination of white and yellow gold and composed of over 1,000 precious stones, including 555 white diamonds (30 carats), 375 cognac diamonds (14 carats), 10 smoky quartz crystals (20 carats) and 19 morganite gemstones (60 carats). The yellow lustre of the gold represents the prosperous thriving economy in Vietnam as symbolized by a Vietnamese Crane heron. However, Mendoza declined to use this crown and thus insisted on the Mikimoto crown when she crowned her compatriot, Stefanía Fernández as her successor.
  • Diamond Nexus Crown (2009–13) — From 2009 to 2013, Diamond Nexus Labs made the Miss Universe crown. The crown is set with 1,371 gemstones, weighing a total of 416.09 carats (83.218 g). It contains 544.31 grams of 14k and 18k white gold as well as platinum. The crown features synthetic rubies to represent Miss Universe's HIV/AIDS education and awareness platform. Diamond Nexus Labs is the first ever eco-friendly Official Jeweler of Miss Universe and was selected as part of NBC Universal's "Green is Universal" initiative.[27][28]
  • DIC Crown (2014–16) — From 2014 to 2016, Paulina Vega, Pia Wurtzbach, and Iris Mittenaere were decorated with the DIC Crown, estimated to be worth US$300,000 and produced by Czech company Diamonds International Corporation (DIC).[29][30] The whole production process took approximately four months and required the work of ten artisans. The crown is reminiscent of the Manhattan Skyline and is composed of 311 diamonds, 5 pieces of blue topaz, 198 pieces of blue sapphire, 33 pieces of heat—fired crystals, and 220 grams of 18k karat white gold. The grand total weight of the crown is 411 grams. This crown was retired in 2017 due to a copyright infringement and subsequent payment issues between DIC and the Miss Universe Organization.[31]
  • Mouawad Power of Unity Crown (2019–present) — On December 5, 2019, the new jeweler of the Miss Universe Organization, Mouawad Jewelry, revealed the Mouawad Crown that is estimated to be worth US$5 million, making it the world's most expensive beauty pageant crown on record.[32] The crown consists of Golden Canary Diamond that weighs 62.83 carat. According to Pascal Mouawad, the crown symbolizes Ambition, Diversity, Community, and Beauty.[33]

Recent titleholders
For full list and details, see List of Miss Universe titleholders.
Edition Country Titleholder National Title Venue of Competition Number of Entrants
2019  South Africa Zozibini Tunzi Miss South Africa Atlanta, United States 90
2018  Philippines Catriona Gray Binibining Pilipinas Bangkok, Thailand 94
2017  South Africa Demi-Leigh Nel-Peters Miss South Africa Las Vegas, United States 92
2016  France Iris Mittenaere Miss France Manila, Philippines 86
2015  Philippines Pia Wurtzbach Binibining Pilipinas Las Vegas, United States 80

Miss Universe Organization

The Miss Universe Organization is the organization that currently owns and runs the Miss Universe pageant. Until 2020, the organization also ran Miss USA and Miss Teen USA, until the licenses were purchased by Crystle Stewart.[34][35]

Based in New York, the organization is owned by WME/IMG. The current president is Paula Shugart. The organization sells television rights to the pageants in other countries.

Miss Universe Organization titleholders

The following is a list of all Miss Universe Organization titleholders from the founding of each pageant until the separation of Miss USA and Miss Teen USA into a separate organization in 2020.

Edition Miss Universe Country Miss USA State Miss Teen USA State
2020 To be announced Asya Branch Mississippi Kiʻilani Arruda Hawaii
2019 Zozibini Tunzi South Africa Cheslie Kryst North Carolina Kaliegh Garris Connecticut
2018 Catriona Gray Philippines Sarah Rose Summers Nebraska Hailey Colborn Kansas
2017 Demi-Leigh Nel-Peters South Africa Kára McCullough District of Columbia Sophia Dominguez-Heithoff Missouri
2016 Iris Mittenaere France Deshauna Barber Karlie Hay Texas
2015 Pia Wurtzbach Philippines Olivia Jordan Oklahoma Katherine Haik Louisiana
2014 Paulina Vega Colombia Nia Sanchez Nevada K. Lee Graham South Carolina
2013 Gabriela Isler Venezuela Erin Brady Connecticut Cassidy Wolf California
2012 Olivia Culpo United States Nana Meriwether[lower-alpha 1] Maryland Logan West Connecticut
2011 Leila Lopes Angola Alyssa Campanella California Danielle Doty Texas
2010 Ximena Navarrete Mexico Rima Fakih Michigan Kamie Crawford Maryland
2009 Stefanía Fernández Venezuela Kristen Dalton North Carolina Stormi Henley Tennessee
2008 Dayana Mendoza Crystle Stewart Texas Stevi Perry Arkansas
2007 Riyo Mori Japan Rachel Smith Tennessee Hilary Cruz Colorado
2006 Zuleyka Rivera Puerto Rico Tara Conner Kentucky Katie Blair Montana
2005 Natalie Glebova Canada Chelsea Cooley North Carolina Allie LaForce Ohio
2004 Jennifer Hawkins Australia Shandi Finnessey Missouri Shelley Hennig Louisiana
2003 Amelia Vega Dominican Republic Susie Castillo Massachusetts Tami Farrell Oregon
2002 Oxana Fedorova[lower-alpha 2] Russia Shauntay Hinton District of Columbia Vanessa Semrow Wisconsin
Justine Pasek[lower-alpha 3] Panama
2001 Denise Quiñones Puerto Rico Kandace Krueger Texas Marissa Whitley Missouri
2000 Lara Dutta India Lynnette Cole Tennessee Jillian Parry Pennsylvania
1999 Mpule Kwelagobe Botswana Kimberly Pressler New York Ashley Coleman Delaware
1998 Wendy Fitzwilliam Trinidad and Tobago Shawnae Jebbia Massachusetts Vanessa Minnillo South Carolina
1997 Brook Lee United States Brandi Sherwood[lower-alpha 1] Idaho Shelly Moore Tennessee
1996 Alicia Machado Venezuela Ali Landry Louisiana Christie Lee Woods Texas
1995 Chelsi Smith United States Shanna Moakler[lower-alpha 1] New York Keylee Sue Sanders Kansas
1994 Sushmita Sen India Lu Parker South Carolina Shauna Gambill California
1993 Dayanara Torres Puerto Rico Kenya Moore Michigan Charlotte Lopez Vermont
1992 Michelle McLean Namibia Shannon Marketic California Jamie Solinger Iowa
1991 Lupita Jones Mexico Kelli McCarty Kansas Janelle Bishop New Hampshire
1990 Mona Grudt Norway Carole Gist Michigan Bridgette Wilson Oregon
1989 Angela Visser Netherlands Gretchen Polhemus Texas Brandi Sherwood Idaho
1988 Porntip Nakhirunkanok Thailand Courtney Gibbs Mindy Duncan Oregon
1987 Cecilia Bolocco Chile Michelle Royer Kristi Addis Mississippi
1986 Bárbara Palacios Venezuela Christy Fichtner Allison Brown Oklahoma
1985 Deborah Carthy-Deu Puerto Rico Laura Martinez-Herring Kelly Hu Hawaii
1984 Yvonne Ryding Sweden Mai Shanley New Mexico Cherise Haugen Illinois
1983 Lorraine Downes New Zealand Julie Hayek California Ruth Zakarian New York
1982 Karen Baldwin Canada Terri Utley Arkansas ↑ No Pageant Held
(established in 1983)
1981 Irene Sáez Venezuela Kim Seelbrede Ohio
1980 Shawn Weatherly United States Jineane Ford[lower-alpha 1] Arizona
1979 Maritza Sayalero Venezuela Mary Therese Friel New York
1978 Margaret Gardiner South Africa Judi Andersen Hawaii
1977 Janelle Commissiong Trinidad and Tobago Kimberly Tomes Texas
1976 Rina Messinger Israel Barbara Peterson Minnesota
1975 Anne Marie Pohtamo Finland Summer Bartholomew California
1974 Amparo Muñoz Spain Karen Morrison Illinois
1973 Margarita Moran Philippines Amanda Jones
1972 Kerry Anne Wells Australia Tanya Wilson Hawaii
1971 Georgina Rizk Lebanon Michele McDonald Pennsylvania
1970 Marisol Malaret Puerto Rico Deborah Shelton Virginia
1969 Gloria Diaz Philippines Wendy Dascomb
1968 Martha Vasconcellos Brazil Dorothy Anstett Washington
1967 Sylvia Hitchcock United States Cheryl Patton[lower-alpha 1] Florida
1966 Margareta Arvidsson Sweden Maria Remenyi California
1965 Apasra Hongsakula Thailand Sue Downey Ohio
1964 Corinna Tsopei Greece Bobbi Johnson District of Columbia
1963 Iêda Maria Vargas Brazil Marite Ozers Illinois
1962 Norma Nolan Argentina Macel Leilani Wilson Hawaii
1961 Marlene Schmidt Germany Sharon Brown Louisiana
1960 Linda Bement United States Linda Bement Utah
1959 Akiko Kojima Japan Terry Huntingdon California
1958 Luz Marina Zuluaga Colombia Arlene Howell Louisiana
1957 Gladys Zender Peru Charlotte Sheffield[lower-alpha 4] Utah
Mary Leona Gage[lower-alpha 5] Maryland
1956 Carol Morris United States Carol Morris Iowa
1955 Hillevi Rombin Sweden Carlene Johnson Vermont
1954 Miriam Stevenson United States Miriam Stevenson South Carolina
1953 Christiane Martel France Myrna Hansen Illinois
1952 Armi Kuusela Finland Jackie Loughery New York
Notes
  1. Inherited the Miss USA title after the original titleholder became Miss Universe
  2. In 2002, Fedorova was dethroned by the Miss Universe Organization.
  3. Inherited the Miss Universe title after Fedorova was dethroned.
  4. Inherited the Miss USA title after Gage was stripped of the crown
  5. In 1957, Gage was stripped of her Miss USA title when it was revealed that she was married and the mother of two children.

In other media

Electronic Arts was reportedly developing a video game based on the pageant, but development status is currently uncertain due to the closure of EA Black Box, the studio allegedly developing the game.[36]

See also
  • List of beauty contests

Notes and references
  1. Natalie Tadena (July 2, 2015)."Donald Trump's Miss USA Pageant Lands on Reelz Cable Channel". The Wall Street Journal.
  2. Enriquez, Amee (February 2, 2014). "Beauty Pageant Basics". BBC News. Retrieved May 4, 2018.
  3. Bundel, Ani (December 16, 2018). "Miss Universe is the only major beauty pageant worth watching. Here's why". NBC News. Retrieved December 20, 2018.
  4. "About Miss Universe". Miss Universe Website. April 20, 2020. Retrieved April 20, 2020.
  5. Scott, H. Allan (December 16, 2018). "Catriona Gray of Philippines Crowned". Newsweek. Retrieved April 26, 2020.
  6. FUNFARE by Ricky Lo (June 28, 2006). "A misty-eyed look at Armi Kuusela, the 1st Miss Universe". philstar.com. The Philippine Star. Retrieved October 9, 2013.
  7. Prestigious Beauty Pageant (November 18, 2013). "Four Big Ships Dominate International Beauty Pageants". Prestigious Beauty Pageants. Archived from the original on December 17, 2013. Retrieved June 15, 2014.
  8. "Miss USA Olivia Culpo is Miss Universe 2012!". India Today. December 19, 2012. Retrieved January 9, 2016.
  9. Foreman, Jonathan (January 18, 1999). "Mistress of the Universe". New York Post. Retrieved February 24, 2011.
  10. Littleton, Cynthia (September 14, 2015). "WME/IMG Acquires Miss Universe Organization From Donald Trump".
  11. Rutenberg, Jim (June 22, 2002). "Three Beauty Pageants Leaving CBS for NBC". The New York Times. Retrieved October 8, 2013.
  12. Stanhope, Kate (June 29, 2015). "NBC Cuts Ties With Donald Trump Over "Derogatory Statements," Pulls Miss USA and Miss Universe Pageants". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved June 30, 2015.
  13. "NBCUniversal cuts ties with Donald Trump". CNN Money. June 29, 2015. Retrieved June 29, 2015.
  14. "Trump Sells Miss Universe Organization to WME-IMG Talent Agency". The New York Times. September 15, 2015. Retrieved February 5, 2016.
  15. Nededog, Jethro (September 14, 2015). "Donald Trump sells the Miss Universe Organization". Business Insider. Retrieved January 9, 2016.
  16. "Miss Universe and Miss USA Pageants to Air on Fox". TV Insider. Retrieved January 9, 2016.
  17. "PAULA M. SHUGART". Miss Universe. Miss Universe Organization. Archived from the original on July 3, 2015. Retrieved June 29, 2015.
  18. Dillon, Nancy (April 10, 2012). "Transgender contestants can compete in Miss Universe". Daily News. New York..
  19. "ÁNGELA PONCE: LA TRANSEXUAL MÁS HERMOSA DE ESPAÑA QUE CAMBIARÁ PARA SIEMPRE MISS UNIVERSO". be Miss Universe Spain (in Spanish). July 9, 2018.
  20. "Hoa hậu Myanmar thừa nhận đồng tính ngay khi thi Miss Universe 2019: Đầy bản lĩnh và đáng nể phục!" (in Vietnamese). November 30, 2019.
  21. "#MissUniverseMyanmar2019 #RoadToMissUniverse2019". Swe Zin Htet. November 29, 2019.
  22. "Miss Universe Myanmar 2019 Comes Out Of The Closet — Reveals She's a Proud Lesbian!". Missosology. November 29, 2019.
  23. Herbst, Diane (December 6, 2019). "Miss Universe's First Openly Gay Contestant Came Out Days Ago: 'I Just Started a New Chapter'". People.
  24. Felicia R. Lee (October 10, 2007). "Three Crowns Sharing One Apartment". The New York Times. Retrieved October 9, 2013.
  25. "IN PHOTOS: Miss Universe crowns through the years". Rappler. Retrieved August 16, 2017.
  26. "Mikimoto History Timeline". mikimotoamerica.com. Archived from the original on August 1, 2014.
  27. "Connection to MISS UNIVERSE®". diamondnexus.com.
  28. "Diamond Nexus Labs Announced as The Official Jewelry of The Miss Universe Organization". redorbit.com. redOrbit. February 3, 2009. Retrieved October 8, 2013.
  29. "Miss Philippines, Pia Alonzo Wurzbach, wins "Miss Universe-2015"". armenpress.am.
  30. 4every1 s.r.o. "New Miss Universe to be decorated by crown made by Czech company DIC, for the first time in the pageant's history". Archived from the original on December 25, 2015. Retrieved January 9, 2016.
  31. "Miss Universe sues". www.usnews.com. Retrieved November 26, 2019.
  32. https://www.ajc.com/news/local/miss-universe-unveils-million-crown-used-atlanta-pageant/NP5VPCKzlJv6LDPRvSTNVO/amp.html
  33. https://www.instagram.com/p/B5s0FhYH4z6/
  34. Chareunsy, Don. "Philippines crowned Miss Universe after Harvey wrongly names Colombia winner". LasVegasSun.com. Retrieved February 5, 2016.
  35. Brantley-Jones, Kiara (December 30, 2020). "Exclusive: Crystle Stewart takes on new leadership role for Miss USA, Miss Teen USA". Good Morning America.
  36. "10 Awful-Sounding Video Games That (Fortunately) Got Cancelled". WhatCulture.com. November 14, 2014. Retrieved August 16, 2017.
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