New Year's Day

New Year's Day, also simply called New Year or New Year's, is observed on 1 January, the first day of the year on the modern Gregorian calendar as well as the Julian calendar.

For other uses, see New Year's Day (disambiguation). For the day itself, unrelated to celebration of the New Year, see January 1.

New Year's Day
Fireworks in Mexico City at the stroke of midnight on New Year's Day, 2013
Observed byUsers of the Gregorian calendar and calendars where months are based on Gregorian calendar
SignificanceThe first day of the Gregorian year
CelebrationsMaking New Year's resolutions, church services, parades, sporting events, fireworks[1]
Date1 January
Next time1 January 2022 (2022-01-01)
FrequencyAnnual
Related toNew Year's Eve, Christmas, Christmas Eve, Christmastide

In pre-Christian Rome under the Julian calendar, the day was dedicated to Janus, god of gateways and beginnings, for whom January is also named. As a date in the Gregorian calendar of Christendom, New Year's Day liturgically marked the Feast of the Naming and Circumcision of Jesus, which is still observed as such in the Anglican Church and Lutheran Church.[2][3] The Roman Catholic Church celebrates on this day the Solemnity of Mary, Mother of God.

In present day, with most countries now using the Gregorian calendar as their de facto calendar, New Year's Day is among the most celebrated public holidays in the world, often observed with fireworks at the stroke of midnight as the new year starts in each time zone. Other global New Year's Day traditions include making New Year's resolutions and calling one's friends and family.[1]

Fireworks in London on New Year's Day at the stroke of midnight.

History
In Christendom, under which the Gregorian Calendar developed, New Year's Day traditionally marks the Feast of the Circumcision of Christ, which is still observed as such by the Anglican Church and the Lutheran Church.

The ancient Babylonian calendar was lunisolar, and around the year 2000 BC[4] began observing a spring festival and the new year during the moon of Nisan, around the time of the vernal equinox, in mid-March. The early Roman calendar designated 1 March as the first day of the year.[5] The calendar had just 10 months, beginning with March. That the new year once began with the month of March is still reflected in some of the names of the months. September through to December, the ninth through to the twelfth months of the Gregorian calendar, were originally positioned as the seventh through to the tenth months. (Septem is Latin for "seven"; octo, "eight"; novem, "nine"; and decem, "ten".) Roman legend usually credited their second king Numa with the establishment of the two new months of Ianuarius and Februarius. These were first placed at the end of the year, but at some point came to be considered the first two months instead.[6]

The January kalend (Latin: Kalendae Ianuariae), the start of the month of January, came to be celebrated as the new year at some point after it became the day for the inaugurating new consuls in 153 BC. Romans had long dated their years by these consulships, rather than sequentially, and making the kalends of January start the new year aligned this dating. Still, private and religious celebrations around the March new year continued for some time and there is no consensus on the question of the timing for 1 January's new status.[7] Once it became the new year, however, it became a time for family gatherings and celebrations. A series of disasters, notably including the failed rebellion of M. Aemilius Lepidus in 78 BC, established a superstition against allowing Rome's market days to fall on the kalends of January and the pontiffs employed intercalation to avoid its occurrence.[8][9]

New Year's Day in Christendom

At various times and in various places throughout mediaeval Christian Europe, the new year was celebrated on 25 December in honour of the birth of Jesus; 1 March in the old Roman style; 25 March in honour of Lady Day (the Feast of the Annunciation, the date of the conception of Jesus); and on the movable feast of Easter.[10][11]

Most nations of Western Europe officially adopted 1 January as New Year's Day somewhat before they adopted the Gregorian calendar. France changed to 1 January from 1564, most of Germany did so from 1544, the Netherlands from 1556 or 1573 according to sect, Italy (not being united) did so on a variety of dates, Spain and Portugal from 1556, Sweden, Norway and Denmark from 1599, Scotland from 1600, and Russia from 1725. England, Wales, Ireland and Britain's American colonies did so from 1752, in accordance with the Calendar (New Style) Act 1750.[11] Pope Gregory acknowledged 1 January as the beginning of the new year according to his papal bull of 1582 Inter gravissimas (Among the most serious...) that introduced what became known as the Gregorian calendar.[12] In England, Wales, Ireland and Britain's American colonies, until the Calendar (New Style) Act took effect after 31 December 1751,[lower-alpha 1] the first day of the new year was Lady Day, on 25 March. This practice, being different to that of its neighbours (and even popular usage[lower-alpha 2]), led to the practice of 'dual dating' where, for a given date in the first quarter of the year, both year numbers were given.

Among the 7th-century pagans of Flanders and the Netherlands, it was the custom to exchange gifts at the winter solstice. This custom was deplored by Saint Eligius (died 659 or 660), who warned the Flemish and Dutch: "(Do not) make vetulas, [little figures of the Old Woman], little deer or iotticos or set tables [for the house-elf, compare Puck] at night or exchange New Year gifts or supply superfluous drinks [another Yule custom]."[13] However, on the date that European Christians celebrated the Feast of the Circumcision, they exchanged Christmas presents because the feast fell within the 12 days of the Christmas season in the Western Christian liturgical calendar;[14] The custom of exchanging Christmas gifts in a Christian context is traced back to the Biblical Magi who gave gifts to the Child Jesus.[15][16] In Tudor England, 1 January (as the Feast of the Circumcision, not New Year's Day), along with Christmas Day and Twelfth Night, was celebrated as one of three main festivities among the twelve days of Christmastide.[17]

New Year's Days in other calendars
Countries where the main celebrations of the New Year are other day than on 1st January

In cultures that traditionally or currently use calendars other than the Gregorian, New Year's Day is often also an important celebration. Some countries concurrently use Gregorian and another calendar. New Year's Day in the alternative calendar attracts alternative celebrations of that new year:

African
  • Nayrouz and Enkutatash are the New Year's Days of the Coptic Egyptians and the Ethiopians, respectively. Between 1900 and 2100, both occur on 11 September in most years and on 12 September in the years before Gregorian leap years. They preserve the legacy of the ancient Egyptian new year Wepet Renpet, which originally marked the onset of the Nile flood but which wandered through the seasons until the introduction of leap years to the traditional calendar by Augustus in 30-20 BC. In Ethiopia, the new year is held to mark the end of the summer rainy season.
  • The Odunde Festival is also called the African New Year is celebrated in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in the United States on the second Sunday of June. While the name was based on the Yoruba African culture, its celebration marks the largest African celebration in the world, which more or less was started by a local tradition.[18]
  • The Sotho people of Lesotho and South Africa celebrate Selemo sa Basotho on 1 August during the end of the Southern Hemisphere's winter. This is based on the Sotho calendar, and includes observances such as "Mokete wa lewa", a celebration which follows the harvest.

East Asian
  • Chinese New Year is celebrated in some countries around East Asia, including China, and South-east Asia, including Singapore. It is the first day of the lunar calendar and is corrected for the solar every three years. The holiday normally falls between 20 January and 20 February.[19] The holiday is celebrated with food, families, lucky money (usually in a red envelope), and many other red things for good luck. Lion and dragon dances, drums, fireworks, firecrackers, and other types of entertainment fill the streets on this day. January 1 is also a legal holiday in China, and people will also celebrate the Gregorian New Year in this day, but it is not as grand as the traditional Chinese New Year.
  • Japanese New Year is celebrated on 1 January because the Gregorian calendar is now used instead of the Chinese calendar.
  • Korean New Year is celebrated on the first day of the solar calendar and lunar calendar respectively in South Korea. The first day of the lunar calendar, called Seollal (설날), is a big national holiday with the Korean thanksgiving Day, called Chuseok(추석).[20] South Koreans also celebrate solar New Year's Day on 1 January each year, following the Gregorian Calendar. New Year's Day is also a national holiday, so people have the day off while they have a minimum of three days off for Lunar New Year. Koreans now consider solar New Year’s Day as the first day of the year, while the first day of the lunar calendar is considered a traditional holiday. Koreans celebrate New Year's Day by preparing food for their ancestors' spirits, visiting ancestors' graves, and playing Korean games such as Yunnori (윷놀이) with families. Young children show respect to their parents, grandparents, relatives, and other elders by bowing down in a traditional way and are given good wishes and some money by the elders. Families also enjoy the New Year by counting down to midnight on New Year's Eve on 31 December.
  • North Koreans celebrate the New Year's Day holiday on the first day of the solar calendar, 1 January. Solar New Year’s Day, called "Seollal(설날)", is a big holiday in North Korea, while they take a day off on the first day of the lunar calendar. The first day of the lunar calendar is regarded as a day for relaxation. North Koreans consider the first day of the solar calendar to be even more important.

Southeast Asian
  • Cambodian New Year (Chaul Chnam Thmey) is celebrated on 13 April or 14 April. There are three days for the Khmer New Year: the first day is called "Moha Songkran", the second is called "Virak Wanabat" and the final day is called "Virak Loeurng Sak". During these periods, Cambodians often go to the pagoda or play traditional games. Phnom Penh is usually quiet during Khmer New Year as most of the Cambodians prefer spending it at their respective hometowns.
  • Thai New Year is celebrated on 13 April or 14 April and is called Songkran in the local language. People usually come out to splash water on one another. The throwing of water originated as a blessing. By capturing the water after it had been poured over the Buddhas for cleansing, this "blessed" water is gently poured on the shoulder of elders and family for good fortune.
  • Thingyan, Burmese new year's celebrations, typically begin on 13 April but the actual New Year's day falls on 17 April in the 21st century. The day has slowly drifted over the centuries. In the 20th century, the day fell on 15 or 16 April while in the 17th century, it fell on 9 or 10 April.
  • Vietnamese New Year (Tết Nguyên Đán or Tết), more commonly known by its shortened name Tết or "Vietnamese Lunar New Year", is the most important and popular holiday and festival in Vietnam, the holiday normally falls between 20 January and 20 February. It is the Vietnamese New Year marking the arrival of spring based on the Chinese calendar, a lunisolar calendar. The name Tết Nguyên Đán is Sino-Vietnamese for Feast of the First Morning, derived from the Hán nôm characters 節 元 旦.

South Asian
  • Christians in India celebrate 1 January as the New Year according to the Gregorian calendar. Catholic Christians also celebrate 1 January as The Solemnity of Mary, the Mother of God, the liturgical feast of the Blessed Virgin Mary.
  • Diwali related New Year's celebrations include Marwari new year and Gujarati new year.
  • Indian New Year's days has several variations depending on the region and is based on the Hindu calendar.
  • Hindu In Hinduism, different regional cultures celebrate the new year at different times of the year. In Assam, Bengal, Kerala, Nepal, Odisha, Punjab, Telangana, Andra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu households celebrate the new year when the Sun enters Aries on the Hindu calendar. This is normally on 14 April or 15 April, depending on the leap year. Elsewhere in northern/central India, the Vikram Samvat calendar is followed. According to that, the new year day is the first day of the Chaitra Month, also known as Chaitra Shukla Pratipada or Gudi Padwa. This is basically the first month of the Hindu calendar, the first Shukla paksha (fortnight) and the first day. This normally comes around 23–24 March, mostly around the Spring Equinox in Gregorian Calendar. The new year is celebrated by paying respect to elders in the family and by seeking their blessings. They also exchange tokens of good wishes for a healthy and prosperous year ahead.
  • Malayalam New Year (Puthuvarsham) is celebrated either on the first day of the month of Medam in mid-April which is known as Vishu, or the first day of the month of Chingam, in the Malayalam Calendar in mid-August according to another reckoning. Unlike most other calendar systems in India, the New Year's Day on the Malayalam Calendar is not based on any astronomical event. It is just the first day of the first of the 12 months on the Malayalam Calendar. The Malayalam Calendar (called Kollavarsham) originated in 825 AD, based on general agreement among scholars, with the re-opening of the city of Kollam (on Malabar Coast), which had been destroyed by a natural disaster.
  • Nepal Sambat is the Nepalese New Year celebration.
  • Pahela Baishakh or Bangla Nabobarsho is the first day of the Bengali Calendar. It is celebrated on 14 April as a national holiday in Bangladesh, and on 14 or 15 April in the Indian states of West Bengal, Tripura and part of Assam by people of Bengali heritage, irrespective of their religious faith.
  • The Sikh New Year is celebrated as per the Nanakshahi calendar. The epoch of this calendar is the birth of the first Sikh Guru, Guru Nanak in 1469. New Year's Day falls annually on what is 14 March in the Gregorian Western calendar.[21]
  • Sinhalese New Year is celebrated in Sri Lankan culture predominantly by the Sri Lankan Sinhalese, while the Tamil New Year on the same day is celebrated by Sri Lankan Tamils. The Sinhalese New Year (aluth avurudda), marks the end of the harvest season, by the month of Bak (April) between 13 and 14 April. There is an astrologically generated time gap between the passing year and the New Year, which is based on the passing of the sun from the Meena Rashiya (House of Pisces) to the Mesha Rashiya (House of Aries) in the celestial sphere. The astrological time difference between the New Year and the passing year (nonagathe) is celebrated with several Buddhist rituals and customs that are to be concentrated on, which are exclusive of all types of 'work'. After Buddhist rituals and traditions are attended to, Sinhala and Tamil New Year-based social gatherings and festive parties with the aid of firecrackers, and fireworks would be organised. The exchange of gifts, cleanliness, the lighting of the oil lamp, making kiribath (milk rice), and even the Asian Koel are significant aspects of the Sinhalese New Year.
  • Tamil New Year (Puthandu) is celebrated on 13 April or 14 April. Traditionally, it is celebrated as Chiththirai Thirunaal in parts of Tamil Nadu to mark the event of the Sun entering Aries. Panchangam (almanac), is read in temples to mark the start of the Year.
  • Telugu New Year (Ugadi), Kannada New Year (Yugadi) is celebrated in March (generally), April (occasionally). Traditionally, it is celebrated as Chaitram Chaitra Shuddha Padyami in parts of Andhra Pradesh, Telangana and Karnataka to mark the event of New Year's Day for the people of the Deccan region of India. It falls on a different day every year because the Hindu calendar is a lunisolar calendar. The Saka calendar begins with the month of Chaitra (March–April) and Ugadi/Yugadi marks the first day of the new year. Chaitra is the first month in Panchanga which is the Indian calendar. Panchangam (almanac), is read in temples to mark the start of the Year.

European
  • The Old New Year in Serbia is commonly called the Serbian New Year (Српска Нова година / Srpska Nova Godina),[22] celebrated on 14 January as the start of the New Year by the Julian calendar. The Serbian Orthodox Church, with traditional adherence in Serbia (including Kosovo), Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro and Croatia, celebrates its feasts and holidays according to the Julian calendar.[22] A part of the population celebrates Serbian New Year in a similar way as the New Year on 1 January. This time, usually one concert is organised in front of either City Hall or the National Parliament (in Belgrade), while fireworks are prepared by the Serbian Orthodox Church and fired from the Church of Saint Sava, where people also gather. Other cities also organise such celebrations. Restaurants, clubs, cafes, and hotels are usually fully booked and organise New Year's Day celebrations with food and live music.[22] Russia also made New Year celebration of Julian calendar on 14 January as non-public holiday.
  • In the Gwaun Valley, Pembrokeshire, Wales the new year is celebrated on 13 January, based on the Julian calendar. See New Year celebrations in Gwaun Valley.
  • On Foula, in the Shetland islands, the Julian calendar is observed, with Yule on 6 January and Newerday on 13 January.[23]
  • Among Gaels (the Irish, Manx and Scots), the festival of Samhain (held on the night of 31 October–1 November) is believed to have marked the "Celtic new year." Many Samhain traditions survive as part of modern Halloween, and on the Isle of Man as Hop-tu-Naa.[24][25]
  • In Ireland, New Year's Day was called Lá na gCeapairí, or the day of the buttered bread. A possible meaning to the consumption of buttered bread was to ward off hunger and famine in the coming year, by placing the buttered bread on the doorstep in the morning. Some traditions saw parties of young people calling from house to house to receive buttered bread and occasionally poteen,[26] or to give out buttered bread in exchange for pennies.This tradition has since died out, having been popular in the 19th century, and waning in the 1930s and 1940s.[27]

Middle Eastern
  • Hijri New Year in the Islamic culture is also known as Islamic new year (Arabic: رأس السنة الهجرية Ras as-Sanah al-Hijriyah) is the day that marks the beginning of a new Islamic calendar year. New Year moves from year to year because the Islamic calendar is a lunar calendar. The first day of the year is observed on the first day of Muharram, the first month in the Islamic calendar.
  • Nowruz also known as Persian and Kurdish New Year marks the first day of spring and the beginning of the year in the Iranian calendar. It is celebrated on the day of the astronomical vernal equinox, which usually occurs on 21 March or the previous/following day depending on where it is observed. Nowruz has been celebrated for over 3,000 years by the related cultural continent. The holiday is also celebrated and observed by many parts of Central Asia, South Asia, Northwestern China, Crimea and some groups in the Balkans. As well as being a Zoroastrian holiday and having significance amongst the Zoroastrian ancestors of modern Iranians, the same time is celebrated in the Indian sub-continent as the new year. The moment the Sun crosses the celestial equator and equalises night and day is calculated exactly every year and Iranian families gather together to observe the rituals.
  • Rosh Hashanah, the Jewish new year, is celebrated by Jews in Israel and throughout the world. The date is the new moon of Tishrei, which is the seventh month counting from Nisan, the first month of Spring. It always falls during September or October. The holiday is celebrated by blasting of shofar trumpets, to signify it as a day of judgement, by prayers of penitence, by readings from the law and prophets, and by special meals. The night of 31 December/1 January, the New Year according to the Gregorian calendar, is also celebrated widely in Israel and is referred to as Sylvester or the civil new year.[28]

Traditional and modern celebrations and customs

New Year's Eve
Main article: New Year's Eve
Sydney contributes to some of the major New Year celebrations each year.

The first of January represents the fresh start of a new year after a period of remembrance of the passing year, including on radio, television, and in newspapers, which starts in early December in countries around the world. Publications have year-end articles that review the changes during the previous year. In some cases, publications may set their entire year work alight in the hope that the smoke emitted from the flame brings new life to the company. There are also articles on planned or expected changes in the coming year.

This day is traditionally a religious feast, but since the 1900s has also become an occasion to celebrate the night of 31 December—New Year's Eve—with parties, public celebrations (often involving fireworks shows) and other traditions focused on the impending arrival of midnight and the new year. Watchnight services are also still observed by many.[29]

New Year's Day

The celebrations and activities held worldwide on 1 January as part of New Year's Day commonly include the following:

Music

Music associated with New Year's Day comes in both classical and popular genres, and there is also Christmas song focus on the arrival of a new year during the Christmas and holiday season.

  • Paul Gerhardt wrote the text for a hymn for the turn of the year, "Nun lasst uns gehn und treten", first published in 1653.
  • Johann Sebastian Bach, in the Orgelbüchlein, composed three chorale preludes for the new year: Helft mir Gotts Güte preisen ["Help me to praise God's goodness"] (BWV 613); Das alte Jahr vergangen ist ["The old year has passed"] (BWV 614); and In dir ist freude ["In you is joy"] (BWV 615).[36]
  • The year is gone, beyond recall is a traditional Christian hymn to give thanks for the new year, dating back to 1713.[37]
  • In English-speaking countries, it is traditional to sing Auld Lang Syne at midnight on New Year's.

New Year's Day babies

A common image used, often as an editorial cartoon, is that of an incarnation of Father Time (or the "Old Year") wearing a sash across his chest with the previous year printed on it passing on his duties to the Baby New Year (or the "New Year"), an infant wearing a sash with the new year printed on it.[38]

Babies born on New Year's Day are commonly called New Year babies. Hospitals, such as the Dyersburg Regional Medical Center[39] in the US, give out prizes to the first baby born in that hospital in the new year. These prizes are often donated by local businesses. Prizes may include various baby-related items such as baby formula, baby blankets, diapers, and gift certificates to stores which specialise in baby-related merchandise.

Other celebrations on 1 January

The Anglican Church and the Lutheran Church celebrate the Feast of the Circumcision of Christ on 1 January, based on the belief that if Jesus was born on 25 December, then according to Hebrew tradition, his circumcision would have taken place on the eighth day of his life (1 January). The Roman Catholic Church celebrates on this day the Solemnity of Mary, Mother of God, which is also a Holy Day of Obligation.

Johann Sebastian Bach composed several church cantatas for the double occasion:

See also

Notes
  1. This awkward definition was needed because, according to the traditional calendar, the day after 31 December 1751 would have been 1 January 1751, with 1752 not starting for almost another three months. 1751 in England etc lasted a little over nine months, not twelve.
  2. For example see Pepys, Samuel. "Tuesday 31 December 1661". I sat down to end my journell for this year, ... (The Diary of Samuel Pepys)

References
  1. Mehra, Komal (2006). Festivals Of The World. Sterling Publishers. p. 69. ISBN 9781845575748. In many European countries like Italy, Portugal and Netherlands, families start the new year by attending church services and then calling on friends and relatives. Italian children receive gifts or money on New Year's Day. People in the United States go to church, give parties and enjoy other forms of entertainment.
  2. McKim, Donald K. (1996). Dictionary of Theological Terms. Westminster John Knox Press. p. 51. ISBN 978-0664255114.
  3. Hobart, John Henry (1840). A Companion for the festivals and fasts of the Protestant Episcopal Church. Stanford & Co. p. 284.
  4. Andrews, Evan (31 December 2012). "5 Ancient New Year's Celebrations". History News. Retrieved 31 January 2014.
  5. Brunner, Borgna. "A History of the New Year". Infoplease.com. Retrieved 31 January 2014.
  6. Forsythe, Gary (2012). Time in Roman Religion: One Thousand Years of Religious History. Routledge. p. 14. ISBN 978-0-415-52217-5.
  7. Michels, A.K. The Calendar of the Roman Republic (Princeton, 1967), pp. 97–98.
  8. Macrobius, Book I, Ch. xiii, §17.
  9. Kaster (2011), p. 163.
  10. "New Year's Day: Julian and Gregorian Calendars". Sizes.com. 8 May 2004. Retrieved 7 January 2021.
  11. Bond, John James (1875). Handy Book of Rules and Tables for Verifying Dates With the Christian Era Giving an Account of the Chief Eras and Systems Used by Various Nations...'. London: George Bell & Sons. p. 91.
  12. Trawicky, Bernard (1 July 2000). Anniversaries and Holidays (5th ed.). American Library Association. p. 222. ISBN 9780838906958. Retrieved 31 December 2012.
  13. Quoting the Vita of St. Eligius written by Ouen.
  14. Forbes, Bruce David (1 October 2008). Christmas: A Candid History. University of California Press. p. 114. ISBN 9780520258020. Some people referred to New Year gifts as "Christmas presents" because New Year's Day fell within the 12 days of Christmas, but in spite of the name they still were gifts given on January 1.
  15. Collins, Ace (4 May 2010). Stories Behind the Great Traditions of Christmas. Harper Collins. p. 88. ISBN 9780310873884. Most people today trace the practice of giving gifts on Christmas Day to the three gifts that the Magi gave to Jesus.
  16. Berking, Helmuth (30 March 1999). Sociology of Giving. SAGE Publications. p. 14. ISBN 9780857026132. The winter solstice was a time of festivity in every traditional culture, and the Christian Christmas probably took its place within this mythical context of the solar cult. Its core dogma of the Incarnation, however, solidly established the giving and receiving of gifts as the structural principle of that recurrent yet unique event. 'Children were given presents as the Jesus child received gifts from the magi or kings who came from afar to adore him. But in reality it was they, together with all their fellow men, who received the gift of God through man's renewed participation in the divine life' (ibid.: 61).
  17. Sim, Alison (8 November 2011). Pleasures and Pastimes in Tudor England. The History Press. p. 85. ISBN 9780752475783. Most of the 12 days of Christmas were saints' days, but the main three days for celebration were Christmas Day, New Year's Day and Epiphany, or Twelfth Night.
  18. Gregg, Cherri (13 May 2013). "Oshunbumi Fernandez, Caring Through Culture and Odunde 365". CBS Philadelphia. Retrieved 31 December 2013.
  19. Helmer Aslaksen, "The Mathematics of the Chinese Calendar"
  20. Encyclopedia of Korean Seasonal Customs. The National Folk Museum of Korea (South Korea). 2014. pp. 30–46. ISBN 978-8992128926.
  21. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 25 November 2005. Retrieved 30 November 2005.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) Nanakshahi Calendar at SGPC.net
  22. "What is 'Serbian New Year'?". Balkan Insight. 13 January 2014. Retrieved 13 January 2017.
  23. "Foula". Official Gateway to the Shetland Islands. Retrieved 29 March 2020.
  24. Hutton, Ronald (1996) Stations of the Sun: A History of the Ritual Year in Britain. Oxford: Oxford University Press ISBN 0-19-288045-4, p. 363.
  25. "The Celtic League Calendar". Celticleague.org. Archived from the original on 8 May 2009. Retrieved 5 March 2013.
  26. Mahon, Bríd (1998). Land of milk and honey : the story of traditional Irish food and drink. Dublin: Mercier Press. p. 148. ISBN 1-85635-210-2. OCLC 39935389.
  27. Tanis, David (28 December 2015). "A New Day of the Buttered Bread Has Dawned (Published 2015)". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 22 December 2020.
  28. Mintz, Josh (2 January 2012). "The Hypocrisy of Turning New Year's Eve in Israel Into a Nonevent". Haaretz. Retrieved 1 January 2016.
  29. "Watch Night services provide spiritual way to bring in New Year". The United Methodist Church. pp. 288–294. Archived from the original on 1 March 2012. Retrieved 28 December 2011. The service is loosely constructed with singing, spontaneous prayers, and testimonials, and readings, including the Covenant Renewal service from The United Methodist Book of Worship
  30. "History of America's State Parks First Day Hikes". California Department of Parks and Recreation. Retrieved 4 January 2018.
  31. "Penguins, Flyers planning home-and-home series of outdoors games". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Retrieved 7 January 2020.
  32. "BT Sport to offer no-contract monthly pass for first time". Digital TV Europe. 12 December 2019. Retrieved 7 January 2020.
  33. Murray, Scott (24 December 2015). "A brief guide to … English football over the Christmas holiday". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 7 January 2020.
  34. McVeigh, Niall (31 December 2019). "Sport in 2020 calendar: your month-by-month guide to the year ahead". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 7 January 2020.
  35. "Paddy Power returns to sponsorship at Cheltenham on New Year's Day". Racing Post. Retrieved 7 January 2020.
  36. "Table of Contents: Orgelbüchlein". libweb.grinnell.edu. Archived from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 19 November 2017.
  37. "The Year Is Gone, Beyond Recall". www.hymntime.com.
  38. Birx, H. James (13 January 2009). Encyclopedia of Time: Science, Philosophy, Theology, & Culture. Sage Publications. p. 510. ISBN 9781412941648. Retrieved 31 December 2012.
  39. "DRMC rounds up prizes for New Year's baby, Life Choices". Dyersburg State Gazette. Stategazette.com. 31 December 2008. Retrieved 1 January 2012.

Bibliography
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