Occitan phonology

Below is an abstract consonant chart that covers multiple dialects. Where symbols for consonants occur in pairs, the left represents a voiceless consonant and the right represents a voiced consonant.

Notes

• The phoneme /ʃ/ is mostly found in Southern Occitan (written ⟨(i)sh⟩ in Gascon, ⟨ch⟩ in Provençal, and ⟨(i)ss⟩ in Languedocien).
• The distinction between /v/ ⟨v⟩ and /b/ ⟨b⟩ is general in Provençal, Vivaro-Alpine, Auvergnat and Limousin. However, in Languedocien and Gascon, the phonemes /b/ and /v/ are neutralized as /b/ (thus /v/ has disappeared).
• In Languedocien:
  • the phonemes /b, d, ɡ/ indicate three kinds of sounds, depending on what surrounds them:
    • a voiced plosive sound [b, d, ɡ] by default
    • devoiced to [p, t, k] phrase-finally or before a voiceless sound
    • a voiced fricative [β, ð, ɣ] when both preceded and followed by voiced continuants (i.e., vowels or [r, l, z]) within the same phrase.
  • the phonemes /ts/ and /dz/ and the sequences /p+s/, /k+s/ are neutralized as /ts/ (thus /dz/, /p+s/ and /k+s/ have disappeared).
• In Auvergnat and Limousin, and locally in other dialects,
  • the phonemes /ts/ and /tʃ/ are neutralized as /ts/ (thus /tʃ/ has disappeared).
  • the phonemes /dz/ and /dʒ/ are neutralized as /dz/ (thus /dʒ/ has disappeared).
• In Auvergnat, most of the consonants, except /r/, can have a palatalized sound before i and u. Consequently, the consonant phonemes have two kinds of sounds, one being not palatal (by default) and the other being palatal (before i and u): /p/ → [p, pj]; /b/ → [b, bj]; /t/ → [t, tj]; /d/ → [d, dj]; /k/ → [k, kj]; /ɡ/ → [ɡ, ɡj]; /f/ → [f, fj]; /v/ → [v, vj]; /s/ → [s, ʃ]; /z/ → [z, ʒ]; /ts/ → [ts, tʃ]; /dz/ → [dz, dʒ]; /m/ → [m, mj]; /n/ → [n, nj]; /l/ → [l, lj].
• In one part (and only one part) of Limousin, a transphonologization has occurred:
  • The old phonemes /ts/, /dz/ have now become /s/, /z/, less frequently /θ/, /ð/.
  • The old phonemes /s/, /z/ have now become /ʃ/, /ʒ/, less frequently /h/, /ɦ/.
• In the Provençal in general, and partially in other dialects, the phonemes /j/ and /ʎ/ are neutralized as /j/ (thus /ʎ/ has disappeared).
• The original rhotic consonants, /ɾ/ (tapped) and /r/ (trilled), have shown important evolutions:
  • In Provençal and partially in other dialects, there is now an opposition between /ɾ/ (tapped) and /ʀ/ (uvular) (whereas /r/ has disappeared). This feature is shared with Portuguese. In the cases when the opposition is impossible between the two phonemes, the default realization is /ʀ/ (it was /r/ in the original pattern).
  • In most of Limousin, Auvergne, Vivarais and Niçard, the phonemes /ɾ/ and /r/ are neutralized as /r/ (or even /ʀ/).

• In Limousin and Auvergnat, final consonants, except for ⟨nh⟩ and ⟨m⟩, are generally muted when not directly followed by a word with a vocalic initial: filh [fi], potz [pu], fach [fa], limon [liˈmu] but estelum [ejteˈlun], estanh [ejˈtan], un fach ancian [yn fats ɔnˈsja].
• In Limousin and Auvergnat, when a diphthong starts in ⟨o⟩ or ⟨u⟩, it is always a rising diphthong: boisson [bwiˈsu] (Auvergnat) and [bwejˈsu] (Limousin) versus [bujˈsu] (Languedocien) or [bujˈsun] (Provençal).
• In all dialects but Languedocien, final ⟨l⟩ is heavily velarized ("dark l") and therefore usually spelled ⟨u⟩: especial [espeˈsjaɫ] / especiau [espeˈsjaw] but especiala [espeˈsjalɔ] in the feminine (except in Gascon where it stays as especiau).

Word stress has limited mobility. It can only fall on:

• the last syllable (oxytones or mots aguts 'acute words')
• the penultimate syllable (paroxytones or mots plans 'plain words').
• However, in Niçard, and less commonly in the Cisaupenc dialect of the Occitan Valleys, the stress can also fall on the antepenultimate (third from last) syllable (proparoxytones or mots esdrúchols 'slip words'). These proparoxytones are equivalent to paroxytones in all other dialects. For instance (stress underlined):

As a Romance language, Occitan developed from Vulgar Latin. Old Occitan (around the eighth through the fourteenth centuries) had a similar pronunciation to present-day Occitan; the major differences were:

• Before the 13th century, ⟨c⟩ had softened before front vowels to [t͡s],[2] not yet to [s].[3]
• In the early Middle Ages, ⟨z⟩ between vowels represented the affricate [d͡z],[2] not yet /z/.
• In early Old Occitan, ⟨z⟩ represented [t͡s] in final position.[4]
• In the late Middle Ages, the letter ⟨a⟩ went from [a] to [ɑ] in unaccented position and in stressed syllables followed by a nasal consonant.[5]
• When not part of a diphthong, the vowel spelled ⟨o⟩ was probably pronounced as [ʊ],[6] not yet [u].
• Between vowels, the letter ⟨i⟩ or ⟨j⟩ represented, for most speech in Occitania, [j]. However, this could become [ʒ], especially down south:[7] it later became [d͡ʒ], which, in turn, would locally depalatalize to [d͡z] in Middle Occitan.
• In words where /ɾ/ was preceded by a diphthong whose second element was [j], it was sometimes palatalized to [rʲ].[8]
• In earlier times, some dialects used [ç] instead of the more common [ʃ]: despite their similarity, this often led to contrasting spellings (⟨laishar⟩ or ⟨laischar⟩ [lajˈʃaɾ] vs. ⟨laichar⟩ [lajˈçaɾ]; ⟨fois⟩ or ⟨foish⟩ [fʊjʃ] vs. ⟨foih⟩ [fʊiç]) before it became [s] commonly across the language (⟨laissar⟩ [lajˈsaɾ], ⟨Fois⟩ [fujs]).[8][9]
• In the pre-literary period of early Old Occitan /u/ had not been fronted to [y], although strong doubts exist as to when the change actually happened.[2]
• When between vowels, /d/ lenited to [ð], though this is still true for only Gascon and Languedocien dialects; elsewhere, it eventually turned to [z] or was deleted.[10]
• In Gascon, there was one voiced labial phoneme that was [b] in the beginning of a word and [β] between vowels.[11] This still happens today and has spread to the neighbouring Languedocien dialect.
• The phoneme ⟨lh⟩ was exclusively pronounced [ʎ] (it is now [j] in intervocalic or final position in some dialects).[12]

• Catalan phonology
• Occitan conjugation
• Occitan alphabet

• Anglade, Joseph (1921), Grammaire de l'Ancien Provençal ou Ancienne Langue d'Oc, Paris: Librarie C.Klincksieck
• Balaguer, Claudi & Patrici Pojada: Diccionari Català - Occità / Occitan - Catalan
• Fettuciari, Jòrgi, Guiu Martin & Jaume Pietri: Diccionari Provençau - Francés
• Grandgent, C.H. (1905), An Outline of the Phonology and Morphology of Old Provençal, Heath's modern language series, Boston: Heath, OL 14032936M
• Wheeler, Max (1997), "Occitan", in Harris, Martin; Vincent, Nigel (eds.), The Romance Languages, Routledge Language Family Descriptions, Routledge, pp. 246–278, ISBN 0-415-16417-6
• Bèc, Pèire. (1973). Manuel pratique d’occitan moderne, coll. Connaissance des langues, Paris: Picard.
• Bianchi, Andriu & Alan Viaut. (1995). Fiches de grammaire d’occitan gascon normé, vol. 1. Bordeaux: Presses Universitaires de Bordeaux
• Romieu, Maurici & Andriu Bianchi. (2005). Gramatica de l’occitan gascon contemporanèu, Bordèu: Presses Universitaires de Bordeaux.
• Ronjat, Juli. (1930–1941). Grammaire istorique [sic] des parlers provençaux modernes, 4 vol. [reprint, 1980, Marselha: Laffitte Reprints, 2 vol.].

• Lavalade, Yves. Dictionnaire Occitan - Français
• Omelhièr, Cristian. Petiòt diccionari Occitan d'Auvèrnhe - Francés