People's National Movement

The People's National Movement (PNM) is the longest-serving and oldest active political party in Trinidad and Tobago. The party has dominated national and local politics for much of Trinidad and Tobago's history, contesting all elections since 1956 serving as the nation's governing party or on four occasions, the main opposition. As a result, it has sometimes been referred to as Trinidad and Tobago's "main political party".[15][16] There have been four PNM Prime Ministers and multiple ministries. The party espouses the principles of liberalism[17][18][19] and generally sits at the centre[20] to centre-left[21][22][23][24][25][26][27] of the political spectrum.

This article is about the People's National Movement nationally. For the Tobagonian branch of the People's National Movement, see Tobago Council of the People's National Movement.
For other uses, see People's Movement (disambiguation) and National Movement (disambiguation).

People's National Movement
AbbreviationPNM
LeaderKeith Rowley
ChairpersonColm Imbert
General SecretaryFoster Cummings
Deputy LeadersTracy Davidson-Celestine (Tobago Council Political Leader)
Rohan Sinanan (Policy Matters)
Joan Yuille Williams (Party and Election Matters)
Fitzgerald Hinds (Legislastive Matters)
FounderEric Williams
Founded22 June 1955 (1955-06-22)
HeadquartersBalisier House
1 Tranquility Street
Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago
NewspaperMAGNUM
Youth wingPNM National Youth League
Women's wingPNM National Women's League
Membership (2018)100,000+[1][2]
IdeologyLiberalism[3][4]
Social liberalism[5]
Nationalism[6][3][7]
Political positionCentre[7][8] to
centre-left
[9][10][11][12][13][14]
Regional affiliationWest Indies Federal Labour Party (1957–1962)
Colors  Red
Devolved or semi-autonomous branchesTobago Council of the People's National Movement
Senate
16 / 31
House of Representatives
22 / 41
Tobago House of Assembly
6 / 12
Regional corporations
7 / 14
Regional municipalities
71 / 139
Indirectly elected mayors
4 / 5
Indirectly elected Aldermen
29 / 56
Election symbol

Balisier flower
Website
https://pnmtt.live/
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The party was founded in 1955 by Eric Williams, who took inspiration from Norman Manley's democratic socialist centre-left People's National Party in Jamaica.[28][29] It won the 1956 General Elections and went on to hold power for an unbroken 30 years. After the death of Williams in 1981, George Chambers led the party. The party was defeated in the 1986 General Elections, losing 33–3 to the National Alliance for Reconstruction (NAR). Under the leadership of Patrick Manning, the party returned to power in 1991 following the 1990 attempted coup by the Jamaat al-Muslimeen, but lost power in 1995 to the United National Congress (UNC). The PNM lost again to the UNC in the 2000 General Elections, but a split in the UNC forced new elections in 2001. These elections resulted in an 18–18 tie between the PNM and the UNC, and President Arthur N. R. Robinson appointed Manning as Prime Minister. Manning was unable to elect a Speaker of the House of Representatives, but won an outright majority in new elections held in 2002 and again in 2007, before losing power in 2010. It returned to power in the 2015 general election under Keith Rowley where it had its best result since the 1981 general election, winning 51.7 percent of the popular vote and 23 of the 41 seats. In the 2020 general election, they won the popular vote and a majority in the House of Representatives, winning 22 seats.

The party symbol is the balisier flower (Heliconia bihai) and the Party's political headquarters is known as the "Balisier House" located in Port of Spain. The PNM has been historically known as the Black Party or the African Party.[30][31] The PNM is strongest in cities and urban areas and has large support from the Afro-Trinidadian and Tobagonian and the Creole-Mulatto population of the country.[32]

The PNM's signature policies and legislative decisions include independence, writing the Constitution of Trinidad and Tobago, republicanism, the establishment of the Tobago House of Assembly, the Public Transport Service Corporation, the Water Taxi Service, universal preschool, primary and secondary education, universal health care, criminalizing child marriage and decriminalizing cannabis.[33][34]

In government since the 2015 general election, the party holds an overall majority of 22 out of 41 Members of Parliament in the House of Representatives and 16 out of 31 members of the Senate. The party has 72 out of the 139 local councillors and is in control of seven of the 14 regional corporations since the 2019 Trinidadian local elections. The party also has 6 out of 12 assembly members in the Tobago House of Assembly since the 2021 Tobago House of Assembly elections.

Despite not being a socialist party, the PNM was a member of the democratic socialist West Indies Federal Labour Party in the Federal Parliament of the West Indies Federation from 1957 to 1962.

The party includes a semi-autonomous Tobagonian branch known as the Tobago Council of the People's National Movement.

As of September 2018, the PNM has 100,000+ registered members.[35][36]

Rise to power
Eric Williams, the first Prime Minister of Trinidad and Tobago (1962–1981) and first leader of the People's National Movement

When Eric Williams returned to Trinidad in 1948 he set about developing a political base. Between 1948 and 1955 he delivered a series of political lectures, under the auspices of the Political Education Movement (PEM) a branch of the Teachers Education and Cultural Association. Naparima College is one of the locations at which such lectures were delivered. On 15 January 1956 Williams launched the PNM. In the 1956 General Elections the PNM captured 13 of the 24 elected seats in the Legislative Council with 38.7% of the votes cast. In order to secure an outright majority in the Legislative Council Williams managed to convince the Secretary of State for the Colonies to allow him to name the five appointed members of the council (despite the opposition of the Governor Sir Edward Betham Beetham). This gave him a clear majority in the Legislative Council. Williams was thus elected Chief Minister and was also able to get all seven of his ministers elected.

In the 1958 Federal Elections (which the PNM contested as part of the West Indies Federal Labour Party), it won four of the 10 Trinidad and Tobago seats with 47.4% of the vote. The Opposition Democratic Labour Party won the other six seats.

Independence era

In the 1961 General Elections the PNM won 20 of 30 seats with 58% of the vote. With the collapse of the West Indian Federation the PNM led Trinidad and Tobago to independence on 31 August 1962.

In the 1966 General Elections the PNM won 24 of 36 seats with 52% of the vote. However economic and social discontent grew under PNM rule. This came to a climax in April 1970 with the Black Power Revolution. On 13 April, PNM Deputy Leader and Minister of External Affairs A.N.R. Robinson resigned from the party and government. On the 20th facing a revolt by a portion of the Army in collusion with the growing Black Power movement, Williams declared a State of Emergency. By 22 April the mutineers had begun negotiations for surrender. Following this certain ministers were forced to resign including John O'Halloran, Minister of Industry and Gerard Montano, Minister of Home Affairs.

In the 1971 General Elections the PNM faced only limited opposition as the major opposition parties boycotted the election citing the use of voting machines. The PNM captured all 36 seats in the election, including eight that they carried unopposed. Additionally Williams split the post of Deputy Leader into three and appointed Kamaluddin Mohammed, Errol Mahabir and George Chambers to the position.

In 1972 J. R. F. Richardson crossed the floor and declared himself an Independent. He was subsequently appointed Leader of the Opposition. He was soon joined by another MP, Dr. Horace Charles.

In 1973 the PNM faced a major crisis. On 28 September Williams announced that he would not stand for re-election. This led to a race to succeed him as Political Leader of the party. By 18 November 250 of 476 registered party groups had submitted nominations, 224 of them for Attorney General Karl Hudson-Phillips and 26 for Minister of Health, Kamaluddin Mohammed. Williams announced on 2 December that he would return as Political Leader and Hudson-Phillips was forced out of the party.

Decline and fall

In 1976 the PNM won 24 of 36 seats with 54% of the vote. In March 1978 Hector McClean, Minister of Works, resigned from the party and government and declared himself an independent MP.

On 29 March 1981 Eric Williams died. Williams had maintained an iron grip over the party and forced all potential rivals out of the party. In the absence of a clear successor, President Ellis Clarke was left to choose the new Prime Minister from among the three Deputy Political Leaders of the party. Clarke appointed George Chambers Prime Minister in preference to Kamaluddin Mohammed and Errol Mahabir. Chambers was subsequently elected as Political Leader of the PNM and led the party to victory in the 1981 General Elections. The PNM won 26 of 36 seats and 52% of the vote.

It subsequently held on to power until 1986 when it was defeated by the National Alliance for Reconstruction (NAR) under the leadership of A.N.R. Robinson. The PNM won three of 36 seats with 32% of the vote. Chambers resigned and was succeeded by Patrick Manning as Political Leader.

Manning and the PNM re-invented
Patrick Manning, the fourth Prime Minister of Trinidad and Tobago (1991–1995; 2001–2010) and third leader of the People's National Movement
Keith Rowley, the seventh Prime Minister of Trinidad and Tobago (2015–present) and fourth leader of the People's National Movement
PNM's logo until December 2019.

When Manning became leader he promised a "new PNM" and purposely ignored the discredited old guard. He appointed Wendell Mottley, Keith Rowley and Augustus Ramrekersingh as his deputy leaders.

The PNM was returned to power in the 1991 elections after the NAR self-destructed. In the 1991 election it won 21 of 36 seats with 45% of the vote. However, in the latter half of that term the party became unstable. It lost one seat in a by-election and another when Ralph Maraj defected to the United National Congress. The issue that led Maraj to defect was the declaration of a limited State of Emergency which sole purpose was to remove Occah Seepaul (Maraj's sister) as Speaker of the House of Representatives. The party also suffered a loss of support with the death Minister of Public Utilities, Morris Marshall, a favourite of the party grassroots. Attempting to halt the decline in party support Manning called an early "snap election" in 1995 . Many party front-benchers did not seek reelection including Finance Minister Wendell Mottley.

The party lost the 1995 General Elections winning 17 of 36 seats with 48% of the vote. The United National Congress (UNC) under the leadership of Basdeo Panday also won 17 seats and formed a coalition government with the National Alliance for Reconstruction which had won the remaining two seats. The PNM was further weakened when two MPs resigned from the party and threw their support behind the UNC government. This led to numerous calls for Manning to resign the party leadership, and for calls for Mottley to replace him. Manning declined to resign and Mottley appeared to have taken a sabbatical from politics. When leadership elections were held in 1997 Manning was challenged by Keith Rowley. Manning was returned as Political Leader.

In 2000 the PNM suffered another defeat, winning 16 of 36 seats with 46% of the vote. Another election was held in 2001 which resulted in a tie with both the PNM and UNC winning 18 seats, the PNM with 46% of the electoral vote and the UNC with 50%. However President Arthur N.R. Robinson appointed Manning as Prime Minister on the basis of "moral and spiritual grounds".(In Trinidad and Tobago's elections, the number of seats needed to occupy the lower house is really the best indicator of whether or not a party would win elections). Unable to elect a Speaker, Manning advised the President to prorogue Parliament. On 7 October 2002 General Elections were held in which the PNM won 50.7% of popular votes and 20 out of 36 seats.

Leaders of the People's National Movement

The political leaders of the People's National Movement have been as follows (any acting leaders indicated in italics):

Key:
  PNM   UNC   NAR
PM: Prime Minister
LO: Leader of the Opposition
†: Died in office

Leader Term of Office Position Prime Minister
1 Eric Williams 22 June 1955 29 March 1981† PM 1955–1981 himself
2 George Chambers 30 March 1981[37] 8 February 1987 PM 1981–1986 himself
3 Patrick Manning 8 February 1987 27 May 2010 LO 1986–1991 Robinson
PM 1991–1995 himself
LO 1995–2001 Panday
PM 2001–2010 himself
4 Keith Rowley 27 May 2010 Incumbent LO 2010–2015 Persad-Bissessar
PM 2015–present himself
Keith RowleyPatrick ManningGeorge ChambersEric Williams

Deputy leaders of the People's National Movement

The deputy political leaders of the People's National Movement have been as follows (any acting leaders indicated in italics):

Deputy Leader Term Concurrent Office(s) Deputy Leader Term Concurrent Office(s) Deputy Leader Term Concurrent Office(s) Deputy Leader Term Concurrent Office(s) Leader(s)
A. N. R. Robinson[38]

(1926-2014)

MP for Tobago East

 1967 1970 Williams
George Chambers

(1928-1997) MP for St. Ann's East

 1971 30 March 1981 Errol Mahabir

(1931-2015)

MP for San Fernando West

 1971 Kamaluddin Mohammed (1927-2015)MP for Barataria 1971
Keith Rowley

(born 1949)

MP for Diego Martin West

 1987 1995 Wendell Mottley (born 1941) MP for St. Ann's East Augustus Ramrekersingh (born )MP for St. Joseph Minister of Education Manning
Joan Yuille-Williams

(born )

(party and elections)

 1996[39] Incumbent Minister of Community Development, Culture and Gender Affairs Kenneth Valley

(1948-2011)

MP for

Diego Martin Central

 Nafeesa Mohammed (born ) 1997 2011 Opposition Senator Orville London (born 1945[40])(Tobago) AM for Scarborough/ Calder Hall 1998[41] 3 July 2016
Rohan Sinanan

(born ) (policy)

 Incumbent Minister of Works and Transport

Government Senator

 Marlene McDonald

(born ) (legislation)

MP for Port of Spain South

 13 August 2019 Minister of Public Administration

Minister of Public Utilities

Minister of Housing and Urban Development

Minister of Community Development, Culture and Gender Affairs

Rowley
Fitzgerald Hinds (born )(legislation) MP for Laventille West 10 November 2019 Incumbent Minister in the Attorney General's Ministry Kelvin Charles (born 1957[42])(Tobago) AM for

Black Rock/Whim/Spring Garden

 3 July 2016 26 January 2020
Tracy Davidson-Celestine

(born ) (Tobago)

 26 January 2020 Incumbent Trinidad and Tobago Ambassador to Costa Rica

Tobago Council leaders
See also: Tobago Council of the People's National Movement

The deputy political leaders who additionally served as the political leaders of the Tobago Council of the People's National Movement have been as follows (any acting leaders indicated in italics):

Key:
  PNM   NAR
MaL: Majority Leader
MiL: Minority Leader
†: Died in office

Leader Term Position Chief Secretary
1 Orville London 2001 3 July 2016 MaL 2001–2017 himself
2 Kelvin Charles 3 July 2016 26 January 2020 MaL 2017–2020 himself
3 Tracy Davidson-Celestine 26 January 2020

(Elected)

 Incumbent Kelvin Charles
Ancil Dennis

PNM Leadership Executive Committee
Position Officeholder
Political Leader Keith Rowley
Chairman Colm Imbert
Lady Vice-Chairman Camille Robinson-Regis
Vice-Chairman Robert Le Hunte
Deputy Political Leader Tobago Council Political Leader Tracy Davidson-Celestine
Policy Matters Rohan Sinanan
Party and Election Matters Fitzgerald Hinds
Legislastive Matters Joan Yuille Williams
General Secretary Foster Cummings
Assistant General Secretary Daniel Dookie
Treasurer Howard Chin Lee
Public Relations Officer Laurel Lezama Lee Sing
Education Officer Overand Padmore
Labour Relations Officer Jennifer Baptiste-Primus
Elections Officer Indar Parasam
Field Officer Abdon Mason
Welfare Officer Jocelyn Bodden
Youth Officer Ndale Young
Operations Officer Irene Hinds

Youth Arm
Position Officeholder
Chairperson Jeremy Inniss

Women's Arm
Position Officeholder
Chairwoman Camille Robinson-Regis

Tobago Council of the People's National Movement
Tobago House of Assembly Seats
Tobago House of Assembly
6 / 12
See also: Tobago House of Assembly and Tobago Council of the People's National Movement

Tobago has its own PNM party with separate memberships, constituency associations, executives, offices and a political leader.

Party Leader Last election Government
Year Votes (%) Seats
2021 50.4
6 / 12
Tobago Council of the PNM Tracy Davidson-Celestine

Electoral history

House of Representatives
Red indicates seats won by the PNM in the 2020 Trinidad and Tobago general election.
Election Party leader Votes Seats Position Government
No. % ± No. ±
1956 Eric Williams 105,513 39.8% —
13 / 24
 13 1st PNM
1961 190,003 57.0% 17.2
20 / 30
 7 1st PNM
1966 158,573 52.4% 4.6
24 / 36
 4 1st PNM
1971 99,723 84.1% 31.7
36 / 36
 12 1st PNM
1976 169,194 54.2% 29.9
24 / 36
 12 1st PNM
1981 George Chambers 218,557 52.9% 1.3
26 / 36
 2 1st PNM
1986 183,635 32.0% 20.9
3 / 36
 23 2nd NAR
1991 Patrick Manning 233,150 45.1% 13.1
21 / 36
 18 1st PNM
1995 256,159 48.8% 3.7
17 / 36
 4 1st UNC–NAR
2000 276,334 46.5% 2.3
16 / 36
 1 2nd UNC
2001 260,075 46.5%
18 / 36
 2 2nd PNM Minority
2002 308,762 50.9% 4.4
20 / 36
 2 1st PNM
2007 299,813 45.85% 5.05
26 / 41
 6 1st PNM
2010 285,354 39.65% 6.2
12 / 41
 14 2nd PP
2015 Keith Rowley 378,447 51.68% 12.03
23 / 41
 11 1st PNM
2020 322,250 49.08% 2.6
22 / 41
 1 1st PNM

West Indies
See also: West Indies Federal Labour Party, 1958 West Indies federal elections, West Indies Federation, and Federal Parliament of the West Indies Federation


Election Party Group Leader Votes Seats Position Government
No. Share No. Share
1958[43] WIFLP Eric Williams 119,527 47.4%
4 / 10
 40.0% 2nd WIFLP

Corporations
Red indicates seats and corporations won by the PNM in the 2019 Trinidadian local elections.
Election[44] Votes Councillors Corporations
Leader No. Vote share ± No. ± No. ±
1959 Eric Williams 140,275 48.1% —
33 / 72
 33 ?
1968 ? 49.4% 1.3%
68 / 100
 35 ?
1971 12,287 52.1% 2.7%
90 / 100
 22 ?
1977 64,725 51.1% 1.0%
68 / 100
 22 ?
1980 74,667 57.8% 6.7%
100 / 113
 31
11 / 11
1983[45] George Chambers ? 39.1% 18.7%
54 / 120
 46
5 / 11
 6
1987[46] Patrick Manning ? 39.3% 0.2%
46 / 125
 8
3 / 11
 2
1992 154.818 50.3% 11.0%
86 / 139
 40
10 / 14
 7
1996 155,585 43.7% 6.6%
63 / 124
 23
7 / 14
 3
1999 157,631 46.6% 2.6%
67 / 124
 4
7 / 14
2003 172,525 53.3% 6.4%
83 / 126
 16
9 / 14
 2
2010 Keith Rowley 130,505 33.6% 19.7%
36 / 134
 47
5 / 14
 4
2013 190,421 42.3% 8.7%
84 / 136
 48
8 / 14
 3
2016 174,754 48.2% 5.9%
83 / 137
 1
8 / 14
2019 161,962 43.5% 4.7%
72 / 139
 9
7 / 14
 1

Tobago House of Assembly
Red indicates seats won by the PNM in the 2017 Tobago House of Assembly election.
See also: Tobago House of Assembly and Tobago Council of the People's National Movement


Election[47] Leader Votes Seats Position Government
No. % ± No. ±
1980 Eric Williams

(National party leader)

 7,097 44.4 —
4 / 12
 4 2nd DAC
1984 George Chambers

(National party leader)

 8,200 41.4 3.0
1 / 12
 3 2nd DAC
1988 Patrick Manning

(National party leader)

 5,977 35.8 5.6
1 / 12
 2nd DAC
1992 6,555 36.7 0.9
1 / 12
 2nd NAR
1996 5,023 33.6 4.1
1 / 12
 2nd NAR
2001 Orville London 10,500 46.7 13.3
8 / 12
 7 1st PNM
2005 12,137 58.4 11.7
11 / 12
 3 1st PNM
2009 12,311 51.2 7.2
8 / 12
 3 1st PNM
2013 19,976 61.2 10.0
12 / 12
 4 1st PNM
2017 Kelvin Charles 13,310 54.7 6.5
10 / 12
 2 1st PNM
2021 Tracy Davidson-Celestine 13,288 50.4 4.3
6 / 12
 4 1st Caretaker

See also

References
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