Recognition of same-sex unions in the Americas

Recognition of same-sex unions in the Americas is widespread, with a majority of people in both North America and South America living in jurisdictions providing marriage rights to LGBT citizens.

Marriage
Civil unions and
registered partnerships
Common-law marriage
Minimal recognition
See also
Notes
  1. Performed statewide in 18 states and Mexico City, in certain municipalities in three other states, and recognized by all states in such cases.
  2. Performed in the Netherlands proper, including the Caribbean Netherlands. Registered in Aruba, Curaçao and Sint Maarten in such cases, but the rights of marriage are not guaranteed.
  3. Neither performed nor recognized in Niue, Tokelau or the Cook Islands.
  4. Not recognized in Caribbean overseas territories, though marriage-equivalent ordered for the Cayman Islands.
  5. Neither performed nor recognized in American Samoa or some tribal nations.
  6. Cohabitation. Registered foreign marriages confer limited rights. Marriage recognized in Tel Aviv.
  7. Degree of recognition unknown. No actual cases to date.
  8. Limited to residency rights for foreign spouses of EU citizens.
  9. Legal guardianships (nationwide, except Hong Kong and Macau), residency rights for foreign spouses of legal residents (Hong Kong).
  10. Recognition of foreign marriage for parental rights
  11. Maitri Karar–type contractual relationships, but it is not legally enforceable
  12. Offer "partnership certificates", which provide some tools (such as hospital visitation rights) but do not offer any legal recognition
  13. Limited to spouses of foreign diplomatic officials.
* Not yet in effect or automatic deadline set by judicial body for same-sex marriage to become legal
LGBT portal

In North America, same-sex marriages are recognized and performed in Canada, Costa Rica, the United States,[nb 1] 18 Mexican states and Mexico City. Elsewhere in Mexico, same-sex marriages are recognized by all states, and same-sex couples may get married in any jurisdiction by obtaining a court injunction ("amparo").

Same-sex marriages are also performed in the Dutch territories of Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba, the Danish autonomous territory of Greenland, the British territory of Bermuda, and in all French overseas departments (Guadeloupe, Martinique, Saint Barthélemy, Saint Martin and Saint Pierre and Miquelon). Furthermore, Aruba, Curaçao and Sint Maarten recognize same-sex marriages performed in the Netherlands, and Aruba also performs domestic partnerships. The British Territory of the Cayman Islands also performs civil partnerships.

In South America, same-sex marriage is currently legal in Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador and Uruguay as well as the jurisdictions of French Guiana, the Falkland Islands and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands. Civil unions are legal in Chile.

On 8 January 2018, the Inter-American Court of Human Rights (IACHR) ruled that the American Convention on Human Rights mandates and requires the legalization of same-sex marriage. The landmark ruling was fully binding on Costa Rica and set binding precedent in the other signatory countries. The Court recommended that governments issue temporary decrees legalizing same-sex marriage until new legislation is brought in. The ruling applies to Barbados, Bolivia, Chile, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru and Suriname.

Maps

Current situation

National level
Status Country Legal since Country population
(Last count, 2015 est.)
Marriage
(8 countries)		 Argentina 2010[1] 43,590,400
Brazil 2013[2] 205,574,000
Canada 2005[3] 35,819,000
Colombia 2016[4] 48,509,200
Costa Rica 2020[5] 4,851,000
Ecuador 2019[6] 16,278,844
United States 2015[7][8] 321,234,000
Uruguay 2013[9] 3,480,222
Subtotal — — 679,336,666
(69.5% of the American population)
Marriage recognized nationwide;

legal in some jurisdictions; allowed by injunction in others
(1 country)
† Country subject to IACHR ruling on same-sex marriage

 Mexico † 2010[10] 121,006,000
Subtotal — — 121,006,000
(12.35% of the American population)
Other type of partnership
(1 countries)
† Country subject to IACHR ruling on same-sex marriage		 Chile † 2015[11] 18,191,900
Subtotal — — 18,191,900
(1.75% of the American population)
Total — — 818,535,566
(83.65% of the American population)
No recognition
(20 countries)
† Country subject to IACHR ruling on same-sex marriage		 Homosexuality is legal
Bahamas — 379,000
Belize — 369,000
Cuba[12] — 11,252,000
El Salvador † — 6,460,000
Guatemala † — 16,176,000
Haiti † — 10,994,000
Nicaragua † — 6,514,000
Panama † — 3,764,000
Peru † — 31,488,700
Suriname † — 534,189
Trinidad and Tobago — 1,357,000
Venezuela — 31,648,930
Homosexuality is illegal but legislation is not enforced
Antigua and Barbuda — 89,000
Barbados † — 283,000
Saint Kitts and Nevis — 46,000
Homosexuality is illegal
Dominica — 71,000
Grenada — 104,000
Guyana — 746,900
Saint Lucia — 172,000
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines — 110,000
Subtotal — — 122,558,719
(12.34% of the American population)
Constitutional ban on marriage
(5 countries)
** Homosexuality is illegal
† Country subject to IACHR ruling on same-sex marriage		 Bolivia † 2009[13] 10,985,059
Dominican Republic † 2010[14] 9,980,000
Honduras † 2005[15][16] 8,950,000
Jamaica** 1962[17] 2,729,000
Paraguay † 1992[18] 6,854,536
Subtotal — — 39,498,595
(3.98% of the American population)
Total — — 162,057,314
(16.35% of the American population)

Sub-national level

[note 1]

Status Country Jurisdiction Legal since
Marriage
(79 jurisdictions)
Denmark 2016
France 2013
Mexico Varies
Netherlands 2012
United Kingdom Varies
United States 2015
  • Ak-Chin Indian Community (2017)[42]
  • Bay Mills Indian Community (2019)[43]
  • Blackfeet Nation (2014)[44]
  • Blue Lake Rancheria (2013)[45]
  • Central Council of the Tlingit and Haida Indian Tribes of Alaska (2015)[46]
  • Cherokee Nation (2016)[47]
  • Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribes (2013)[48]
  • Colorado River Indian Tribes (2019)[49]
  • Confederated Tribes of Coos, Lower Umpqua and Siuslaw Indians (2014)[50]
  • Confederated Tribes of Siletz Indians (2015)[51]
  • Confederated Tribes of the Colville Reservation (2013)[52]
  • Confederated Tribes of the Grand Ronde Community of Oregon (2015)[53]
  • Coquille Indian Tribe (2009)[54]
  • Eastern Shoshone Tribe (2014)[55]
  • Fond du Lac Band of Lake Superior Chippewa (2014)[56]
  • Fort McDermitt Paiute and Shoshone Tribes (2014)[57]
  • Fort McDowell Yavapai Nation (2014)[58]
  • Grand Portage Band of Chippewa (2013)[59]
  • Ho-Chunk Nation of Wisconsin (2017)[60]
  • Iipay Nation of Santa Ysabel (2013)[61]
  • Keweenaw Bay Indian Community (2014)[62]
  • Lac du Flambeau Band of Lake Superior Chippewa (2014)[63]
  • Leech Lake Band of Ojibwe (2013)[64]
  • Little Traverse Bay Bands of Odawa Indians (2013)[65]
  • Mashantucket Pequot Tribal Nation (2010)[66]
  • Menominee Indian Tribe of Wisconsin (2016)[67]
  • Northern Arapaho Tribe (2014)[55]
  • Oglala Sioux Tribe (2019)[68][69]
  • Oneida Tribe of Indians of Wisconsin (2015)[70]
  • Osage Nation (2017)[71]
  • Pascua Yaqui Tribe (2014)[58]
  • Pokagon Band of Potawatomi Indians (2013)[72]
  • Ponca Tribe of Nebraska (2018)[73]
  • Port Gamble S’Klallam Tribe (2012)[74]
  • Prairie Island Indian Community (2017)[75]
  • Puyallup Tribe of Indians (2014)[76]
  • Salt River Pima-Maricopa Indian Community (2014)[58]
  • San Carlos Apache Tribe (2014)[58]
  • Sault Ste. Marie Tribe of Chippewa Indians (2015)[77]
  • Stockbridge-Munsee Community Band of Mohican Indians (2016)[78]
  • Suquamish Tribe (2011)[79]
  • Tulalip Tribes of Washington (2016)[80]
  • Turtle Mountain Band of Chippewa Indians of North Dakota (2020)[81]
  • White Mountain Apache Tribe (2015)[82]
  • Yavapai-Apache Nation (2014)[58]
 Varies
Other type of partnership
(3 jurisdictions)
Mexico Varies
Netherlands 2016
United Kingdom 2020
Netherlands
Marriage recognized,
but not performed
(3 jurisdictions)		 2007
No recognition
(2 jurisdictions)		 United Kingdom —
Constitutional ban on same-sex marriage
(2 jurisdictions)		 United Kingdom Varies

2018 Inter-American Court of Human Rights ruling

On 9 January 2018, the Inter-American Court of Human Rights issued an advisory opinion that states party to the American Convention on Human Rights must grant same-sex couples accession to all existing domestic legal systems of family registration, including marriage, along with all rights that derive from marriage. The opinion was issued after the Government of Costa Rica sought clarification of its obligations to LGBT people under the convention.[90] The opinion sets precedent for all 23 member states, 19 of which did not recognize same-sex marriage at the time of the ruling: Barbados, Bolivia, Chile, Costa Rica, Dominica, the Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Grenada, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru and Suriname. Of these, all but Dominica, Grenada and Jamaica recognize the jurisdiction of the Court.[91] However, states must each individually apply the ruling before it takes effect.

Future legislation

Government proposals or proposals with a parliamentary majority

Chile: In April 2015, the Chilean Government signed a friendly agreement with the Inter-American Commission of Human Rights, wherein it pledged to legalize same-sex marriage. On 28 August 2017, President Bachelet sent a same-sex marriage bill to Congress, including full adoption rights.[92] Following the January 2018 Inter-American Court of Human Rights ruling, which requires signatories to the American Convention on Human Rights to legalize same-sex marriage, LGBT advocacy group MOVILH urged President Piñera to implement and abide by the decision.[93] In early March 2018, a spokesperson for the Piñera Administration announced that passing the same-sex marriage bill will not be a priority, but that the President will not veto or oppose it.[94][95] On 15 January 2020, a same-sex marriage bill was approved at its first reading in the Senate by 22 votes to 16, and will now go to the Constitutional Committee.

Cuba: The National Assembly and Mariela Castro have stated that same-sex marriage will be legalized through a change to the Family Code, to be debated in 2021.[96] President Miguel Díaz-Canel announced his support for same-sex marriage in September 2018.[97]

Mexico: A decision of the Mexico Supreme Court on 12 June 2015 ruled that state bans on same-sex marriage were unconstitutional. The court's ruling is a "jurisprudential thesis" and does not invalidate any state laws, meaning same-sex couples denied the right to wed would still have to seek individual injunctions (Spanish: amparo). The ruling standardized the procedures for judges and courts throughout Mexico to approve all applications for same-sex marriage, and made the approval mandatory.[98][99] Following the 2018 general elections, a pro-same-sex marriage party, the National Regeneration Movement (MORENA), won the majority of legislative seats in 12 states where same-sex marriage has not yet been legalized and formed a coalition with an absolute majority in both the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate with the Labor Party.[100][101] In September 2018, PRD Senator Juan Zapeda Hernández introduced a draft proposal to legalize same-sex marriage nationwide in Mexico.[102] Debates on same-sex marriage are ongoing in many of the states that have not yet legalized it.

Venezuela: In November 2017, President Nicolás Maduro expressed his personal support for same-sex marriage, and said that the Constituent Assembly would agree to discuss legalizing same-sex marriage.[103][104] In September 2018, Hermann Escarrá, a member of the Constituent Assembly, said that there are discussions in the drafting of the new Constitution of Venezuela to allow same-sex marriage in the country,[105] and that there is majority support in the Assembly.[106] Discussion on the new Constitution was expected to begin at the end of 2018 or early 2019, though was postponed due to the presidential crisis.[107][108]

Opposition proposals or proposals without a parliamentary majority

Curaçao: On 4 June 2019, a same-sex marriage bill was submitted to the Estates of Curaçao.[109]

Government proposals or proposals with a parliamentary majority

Barbados: On 15 September 2020, the government announced its intention to pass a form of civil union in order to end discrimination on the island, and also said it would not legislate same-sex marriage without holding a referendum on the issue.[110] The government is also bound by the IACHR ruling on same-sex marriage, and it has not announced plans to repeal the buggery law.

Government proposals or proposals with a parliamentary majority

Haiti: In August 2017, the Haitian Senate approved a bill that would ban same-sex marriage and criminalize anyone who entered or facilitated a same-sex marriage.[111] It must be passed by the Chamber of Deputies and signed by the President before it becomes law, but as of 2019, the measure has progressed no further through the legislative process.[112]

Panama: On 16 January 2018, the Panamanian Government welcomed the Inter-American Court of Human Rights ruling for same-sex marriage and Vice President Isabel Saint Malo announced that the state would fully abide by it. Official notices, requiring compliance with the ruling, were sent out to various governmental departments that same day.[113][114] After a change of government, the National Assembly of Panama approved a constitutional amendment to ban same-sex marriage, though the changes were put on hold after a series of popular protests erupted over several controversial proposed constitutional reforms.[115][116][117]

Public opinion
  Indicates the country/territory has legalized same-sex marriage nationwide
  Indicates that same-sex marriage is legal in certain parts of the country
  Indicates that the country has civil unions or registered partnerships
  Indicates that same-sex sexual activity is illegal
Opinion polls for same-sex marriage by country
Country Pollster Year For Against Neutral[lower-alpha 1] Margin
of error		 Source
Antigua and Barbuda AmericasBarometer 2017 12% - - [118]
Argentina AmericasBarometer 2017 65% - - [118]
Bahamas AmericasBarometer 2014 11% - - [119]
Belize AmericasBarometer 2014 8% - - [119]
Bolivia AmericasBarometer 2017 35% - - [118]
Brazil AmericasBarometer 2017 52% - - [118]
Canada CROP 2017 74% 26% - [120]
Chile Plaza Pública-Cadem 2021 74% 24% 2% [121]
Colombia Gallup 2020 49% 47% - [122]
Costa Rica CIEP 2018 35% 64% 1% [123]
Cuba Gallup 2019 63.1% 36.9% [124]
Dominica AmericasBarometer 2017 10% - - [118]
Dominican Republic CDN 37 2018 45% 55% - [125]
Ecuador AmericasBarometer 2019 22.9% 51.3% 25.8% [126]
El Salvador CID Gallup 2018 14% 78% 8% [127]
Grenada AmericasBarometer 2017 12% - - [118]
Guatemala AmericasBarometer 2017 23% - - [118]
Guyana AmericasBarometer 2017 21% - - [119]
Haiti AmericasBarometer 2017 5% - - [118]
Honduras CID Gallup 2018 17% 75% 8% [128]
Jamaica AmericasBarometer 2017 16% - - [118]
Mexico AmericasBarometer 2017 51% - - [118]
Nicaragua AmericasBarometer 2017 25% - - [118]
Panama AmericasBarometer 2017 22% - - [118]
Paraguay AmericasBarometer 2017 26% - - [118]
Peru Ipsos 2019 29% 67% 4% [129]
Saint Kitts and Nevis AmericasBarometer 2017 9% - - [118]
Saint Lucia AmericasBarometer 2017 11% - - [118]
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines AmericasBarometer 2017 4% - - [118]
Suriname AmericasBarometer 2014 18% - - [119]
Trinidad and Tobago AmericasBarometer 2014 16% - - [119]
United States Gallup 2020 67% 31% 1% [130]
Uruguay AmericasBarometer 2017 75% - - [118]
Venezuela AmericasBarometer 2017 39% - - [118]
Opinion polls for same-sex marriage by dependent territory and sub-national entities
Country Pollster Year For Against Neutral[lower-alpha 1] Margin
of error		 Source
Aguascalientes INEGI 2017 - 35.9% - [131]
Baja California INEGI 2017 - 30.7% - [131]
Baja California Sur INEGI 2017 - 42.1% - [131]
Bermuda Global Research 2015 48% 45% 7% [132]
Campeche INEGI 2017 - 56.1% - [131]
Chiapas INEGI 2017 - 58.7% - [131]
Chihuahua INEGI 2017 - 36.4% - [131]
Coahuila INEGI 2017 - 46.8% - [131]
Colima INEGI 2017 - 39.2% - [131]
Durango INEGI 2017 - 38.8% - [131]
Guanajuato INEGI 2017 - 38.7% - [131]
Guerrero INEGI 2017 - 54% - [131]
Hidalgo INEGI 2017 - 41.7% - [131]
Jalisco INEGI 2017 - 34.2% - [131]
Mexico City INEGI 2017 - 28.6% - [131]
Michoacán INEGI 2017 - 46% - [131]
Morelos INEGI 2017 - 38.5% - [131]
Nayarit INEGI 2017 - 38.8% - [131]
Nuevo León INEGI 2017 - 44.4% - [131]
Oaxaca INEGI 2017 - 52.2% - [131]
Puebla INEGI 2017 - 37.1% - [131]
Puerto Rico Pew Research Center 2014 33% 55% 12% [133]
Querétaro INEGI 2017 - 32.4% - [131]
Quintana Roo INEGI 2017 - 37.9% - [131]
San Luis Potosí INEGI 2017 - 38.6% - [131]
Sinaloa INEGI 2017 - 37.7% - [131]
Sonora INEGI 2017 - 31.4% - [131]
State of Mexico INEGI 2017 - 33.8% - [131]
Tabasco INEGI 2017 - 56.5% - [131]
Tamaulipas INEGI 2017 - 44.4% - [131]
Tlaxcala INEGI 2017 - 43.9% - [131]
Veracruz INEGI 2017 - 54.3% - [131]
Yucatán INEGI 2017 - 43% - [131]
Zacatecas INEGI 2017 - 37.4% - [131]

Other polls
  • Brazil: A July 2012 nationwide poll revealed that 50% of Brazilians were in favor of the Supreme Court decision that expanded civil unions to same-sex couples. Those in favor were mostly women, younger people and Catholics.[134] Another poll released in March 2013 showed that 47% of the population was in favor of same-sex marriage, while 57% of Brazilians were in favor of same-sex couples adopting children.[135]
  • Chile: A January 2017 nationwide poll found that 45% of Chileans supported same-sex adoption.[136]

See also

Notes
  1. Excluding certain Native American tribes. (Same-sex marriage is legal at least in 42 of them)
  1. Note: While listed here under “subnational level,” US Tribes are considered Nations both in a legal sense and when it comes to preferred language. The United States Government recognizes US Tribal Nations as “Domestic Dependent Nations” under the law in a government-to government relationship. Tribal nations exercise sovereignty, though Congress has ultimate authority under the Plenary Power Doctrine which is why tribal nations are placed here under an imperfect multi-purpose umbrella term[19][20][21]
  1. Also comprises: Don't know; No answer; Other; Refused.

References
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