LGBT rights in the Americas

Laws governing lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) rights are complex in the Americas, and acceptance of LGBT persons varies widely. Same-sex marriages have been legal in Canada (nationwide) since 2005, in Argentina since 2010, in both Brazil (nationwide) and Uruguay since 2013, in the United States (nationwide) since 2015, in Colombia since 2016, in Ecuador since 2019 and in Costa Rica since 2020. In Mexico, same-sex marriages are performed in Mexico City and in the states of Aguascalientes, Baja California, Baja California Sur, Campeche, Chiapas, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Colima, Hidalgo, Jalisco, Michoacán, Morelos, Nayarit, Nuevo León, Oaxaca, Puebla Quintana Roo and San Luis Potosí, as well as in certain municipalities in Guerrero, Querétaro and Zacatecas. Those unions are recognized nationwide.

"LGBT rights in America" redirects here. For for the same topic in the United States of America, see LGBT rights in the United States.

LGBT rights in America
StatusLegal in 26 out of 35 states
Legal in all 21 territories
Gender identityLegal in 13 out of 35 states
Legal in 8 out of 21 territories
MilitaryAllowed to serve openly in 14 out of 29 states that have an army
Allowed in all 21 territories
Discrimination protectionsProtected in 22 out of 35 states
Protected in 14 out of 21 territories
Family rights
Recognition of relationshipsRecognized in 10 out of 35 states
Recognized in 18 out of 21 territories
RestrictionsSame-sex marriage constitutionally banned in 7 out of 35 states
AdoptionLegal in 7 out of 35 states
Legal in 13 out of 21 territories

Among non-independent states, same-sex marriage is also legal in Greenland, the British Overseas Territories of Bermuda, the Falkland Islands and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, all French territories (Guadeloupe, Martinique, Saint Barthélemy, French Guiana, Saint Martin, and Saint Pierre and Miquelon), and in the Caribbean Netherlands, while marriages performed in the Netherlands are recognized in Aruba, Curaçao and Sint Maarten. More than 700 million people live in nations or sub-national entities in the Americas where same-sex marriages are available.

In January 2018, the Inter-American Court of Human Rights ruled that the American Convention on Human Rights recognizes same-sex marriage as a human right. This has made the legalization of such unions mandatory in the following countries: Barbados, Bolivia, Chile, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, and Suriname. Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, and Uruguay are also under the court's jurisdiction but had already same-sex marriage before the ruling was handed down.

Furthermore, some other nations have laws recognizing other types of same-sex unions, like Chile.

However, nine other nations still have criminal punishment for "buggery" on their statute books.[1] These nine countries are Jamaica, Dominica, Barbados, Saint Lucia, Antigua and Barbuda, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Grenada, Saint Kitts and Nevis, and Guyana, the last of which is on mainland South America and the rest of which are Caribbean islands. They are all former parts of the British West Indies.

Religion and LGBT acceptance

The British, French, Spanish and Portuguese colonists, who settled most of the Americas, brought Christianity from Europe. In particular, the Roman Catholic Church and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, both of which oppose legal recognition of homosexual relationships followed by Eastern Orthodox church,[2] the Methodist Church,[3][4] and some other Mainline (Protestant) denominations, such as the Reformed Church in America[5] and the American Baptist Church,[6] as well as Conservative Evangelical organizations and churches, such as the Evangelical Alliance. The Southern Baptist Convention.[7][8][9] Pentecostal churches such as the Assemblies of God,[10] as well as Restorationist churches, like Jehovah's Witnesses and Mormons, also take the position that homosexual sexual activity is sinful.[11][12]

However, other denominations have become more accepting of LGBT people in recent decades, including the Episcopal Church in the United States, the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America, the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Canada, the Anglican Church of Canada, the United Church of Canada, the United Church of Christ, the Unitarian Universalist Association, and the Society of Friends (Quakers), and some congregations of the Presbyterian Church (U. S. A.). Most of these denominations now perform same-sex weddings or blessings. Furthermore, many churches in the United Methodist Church in the US are choosing to officiate and bless same-sex marriage despite denomination-wide restrictions.[13] In addition, in the United States Conservative Judaism, Reform Judaism, and Reconstructionist Judaism now welcome LGBT worshippers and perform same-sex weddings.

  Indicates the country/territory has legalized same-sex adoption nationwide
  Indicates that same-sex adoption is legal in certain parts of the country
  Indicates that the country has step-child adoption or partner-guardianship
Opinion polls for same-sex adoption in Americas
Country Pollster Year For Against Don't Know/Neutral/No answer/Other
 Argentina Ipsos 2013 52%[14] - -
 Brazil Datafolha 2010 39%[15] 51% -
 Canada Ipsos 2013 70%[14] - -
 Chile CADEM 2021 61%[16] 37% 2%
 Colombia Gallup 2016 22%[17] 76% -
 USA YouGov 2018 54%[18] 30% -
State recognition of same-sex relationships in North America & Hawaii.
  Same-sex marriage
  Other type of partnership
  Same-sex marriages recognized, but not performed
  Binding judicial ruling against a ban on same-sex marriage
Homosexuality laws in Central America and the Caribbean Islands.
  Same-sex marriage
  Other type of partnership
  Unregistered cohabitation
  Country subject to IACHR ruling
  No recognition of same-sex couples
  Constitution limits marriage to opposite-sex couples
  Same-sex sexual activity illegal but law not enforced
Recognition of same-sex unions in the Lesser Antilles
  Same-sex marriage
  Other type of partnership
  Unregistered cohabitation
  No recognition of same-sex couples
  Constitutional ban on same-sex marriage
  Same-sex sexual activity illegal but penalties not enforced
  Island subject to IACHR ruling, penalty not enforced
Recognition of same-sex unions in South America
  Marriage and other type of partnership
  Other type of partnership
  Country subject to IACHR ruling
  Unrecognized
  Constitution limits marriage to opposite-sex couples
  Same-sex sexual activity illegal, though penalties not enforced


Legislation by country or territory
Main article: LGBT rights by country or territory
Tables:

North America
LGBT rights in: Same-sex sexual activity Recognition of same-sex unions Same-sex marriage Adoption by same-sex couples LGB people allowed to serve openly in military Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation Laws concerning gender identity/expression
Bermuda
(Overseas Territory of the United Kingdom)		 Legal since 1994
+ UN decl. sign.[1]		 Domestic partnerships since 2018[19] Legal since November 2018 and between May 2017 and June 2018 Legal since 2015[20] UK responsible for defence Bans all anti-gay discrimination[21]
Canada Legal since 1969
+ UN decl. sign.[1][22]		 Domestic partnerships in Nova Scotia (2001);[23]
Civil unions in Quebec (2002);[24]
Adult interdependent relationships in Alberta (2003);[25]
Common-law relationships in Manitoba (2004)[26]		 Legal in some provinces and territories since 2003, nationwide since 2005[27] Legal in some provinces and territories since 1996, nationwide since 2011[28] Since 1992[29]; Includes transgender people[30] Bans all anti-gay discrimination. Pathologization or attempted treatment of sexual orientation by mental health professionals illegal in Manitoba and Ontario since 2015, and Vancouver and Nova Scotia since 2018 Transgender people can change their gender and name without completion of medical intervention and human rights protections explicitly include gender identity or expression within all of Canada since 2017[31][32][33][34]
Greenland
(Autonomous Territory within the Kingdom of Denmark)		 Legal since 1933
+ UN decl. sign.[1]		 Registered partnerships between 1996 and 2016 (Existing partnerships are still recognised.)[35] Legal since 2016 Stepchild adoption since 2009;[36]
joint adoption since 2016[37]		 The Kingdom of Denmark responsible for defence Bans some anti-gay discrimination[1] Legal gender change and recognition possible without surgery or hormone therapy[38][39]
Mexico Legal since 1871
+ UN decl. sign.[1]		 / Civil unions in Mexico City (2007), Coahuila (2007),[40] Colima (between 2013 and 2016),[41] Campeche (2013),[42] Jalisco (between 2014 and 2018),[43] Michoacán (2015) and Tlaxcala (2017) / Legal in Mexico City (2010),[44] Quintana Roo (2012),[45] Coahuila (2014), Chihuahua (2015), Nayarit (2015), Jalisco (2016), Campeche (2016), Michoacán (2016), Colima (2016), Morelos (2016), Chiapas (2017), Puebla (2017), Baja California (2017), Nuevo León (2019), Aguascalientes (2019), San Luis Potosí (2019), Hidalgo (2019), Baja California Sur (2019), Oaxaca (2019), and Tlaxcala (2020)
All states are obliged to recognise same-sex marriages performed in states where it is legal.[44][46][47]
The Supreme Court has declared that it is unconstitutional to deny marriage licenses to same-sex couples in all states,[48] but as state laws were not invalidated, individual injunctions must still be obtained from the courts[49][50]		 / Legal in Mexico City (2010),[51] Coahuila (2014), Chihuahua (2015), Michoacán (2016), Colima (2016), Morelos (2016), Campeche (2016), Veracruz (2016), Baja California (2017), Querétaro (2017), Chiapas (2017), Puebla (2017),[52][53] San Luis Potosí (2019)[54] and Hidalgo (2019)[55] (ambiguous) Bans all anti-gay discrimination[56] / Transgender persons can change their legal gender and name in Mexico City (2008),[57] Michoacán (2017), Nayarit (2017), Coahuila (2018), Hidalgo (2019), San Luis Potosí (2019), Colima (2019), Baja California (2019), Oaxaca (2019), Tlaxcala (2019), Chihuahua (2019), Sonora (2020), Jalisco (2020), Quintana Roo (2020), and the city of Guadalajara
Saint Pierre and Miquelon
(Overseas collectivity of France)		 Legal since 1791
+ UN decl. sign.[1]		 Civil solidarity pact since 1999[58] Legal since 2013[59] Legal since 2013[60] Bans all anti-gay discrimination[61] Under French law[62]
United States Legal in some states since 1962, nationwide since 2003
+ UN decl. sign.[1]		 Domestic partnerships in California (1999), the District of Columbia (2002), Maine (2004), Washington (2007), Maryland (2008), Oregon (2008), Nevada (2009) and Wisconsin (2009).
Civil unions in Vermont (2000), Connecticut (2005), New Jersey (2007), New Hampshire (2008), Illinois (2011), Rhode Island (2011), Delaware (2012), Hawaii (2012) and Colorado (2013).		 Legal in some states since 2004, nationwide since 2015 Legal in some states since 1993, nationwide since 2016 / Lesbians, gays, and bisexuals have been allowed to serve openly in the U.S. military since 2011, following the repeal of the Don't Ask, Don't Tell policy.
Transgender people have been allowed to serve openly since 2021.[63]
Transvestites are currently banned from the military since 2012.[64]
Most openly Intersex people may be banned from the military under the Armed Forces ban of "hermaphrodites".[65]		 / Employment discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation is prohibited nationwide since 2020.
More extensive protections exist in 23 states, DC, and some municipalities.
Conversion therapy for minors is banned in 20 states, DC, and some municipalities.
Sexual orientation is covered by the federal hate crime law since 2009.		 / Gender change is legal, under varying conditions, in 48 states + DC.
Nonbinary gender markers are available, under varying circumstances, in 25 states + DC.
Employment discrimination on the basis of gender identity is prohibited nationwide since 2020.
More extensive protections exist in 22 states, DC, and some municipalities.
Gender identity is covered by the federal hate crime law since 2009.

Central America
LGBT rights in: Same-sex sexual activity Recognition of same-sex unions Same-sex marriage Adoption by same-sex couples LGB people allowed to serve openly in military Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation Laws concerning gender identity/expression
Belize Legal since 2016[66] Bans all anti-gay discrimination[67][68][69] [70]
Costa Rica Legal since 1971
+ UN decl. sign.[1]		 Unregistered cohabitation since 2014[71][72] Legal since May 2020 Legal since May 2020 [73] Has no military Bans all anti-gay discrimination[1] Transgender persons can change their legal gender without surgeries or judicial permission since 2018[74]
El Salvador Legal since 1822
+ UN decl. sign.[1]		 [75][76] Bans all anti-gay discrimination[75] [77] Bans discrimination based on gender identity.
Guatemala Legal since 1871
+ UN decl. sign.[1]		 Pending Bans some anti-gay discrimination [78]
Honduras Legal since 1899
+ UN decl. sign.[1]		 Constitutional ban on de facto unions since 2005 Constitutional ban since 2005;[79][80] court decision pending Constitutional ban since 2005 Bans all anti-gay discrimination[81]
Nicaragua Legal since 2008
+ UN decl. sign.[1]		 Bans some anti-gay discrimination[1]
Panama Legal since 2008
+ UN decl. sign.[1]		 Court decision pending Court decision pending Court decision pending Has no military Bans some anti-gay discrimination[82][83] Transgender persons can change their legal gender and name after completion of medical intervention since 2006[84][85]

Caribbean
LGBT rights in: Same-sex sexual activity Recognition of same-sex unions Same-sex marriage Adoption by same-sex couples LGB people allowed to serve openly in military Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation Laws concerning gender identity/expression
Anguilla
(Overseas Territory of the United Kingdom)		 Legal since 2001
+ UN decl. sign.[1]		 UK responsible for defence
Antigua and Barbuda Illegal
Penalty: 15-year prison sentence (Not enforced).[1]
Aruba
(Constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands)		 Legal (No laws against same-sex sexual activity have ever existed in the country)
+ UN decl. sign.[1]		 Registered partnerships since 2016[86] / Same-sex marriages performed in the Netherlands recognized[87] The Netherlands responsible for defence
Bahamas Legal since 1991;
Age of consent discrepancy
+ UN decl. sign.[1]		 [1]
Barbados Illegal
Penalty: Life imprisonment (Not enforced).[1] Legalization proposed		 / Foreign Domestic Partnerships recognized for immigration purposes "Welcome Stamp"[88]

Civil Unions proposed.[89]

 Bans some anti-gay discrimination[90]
Bonaire
(a special municipality of the Netherlands)		 Legal (No laws against same-sex sexual activity have ever existed in the municipalities)
+ UN decl. sign.[1]		 [91] Legal since 2012[92] [93] The Netherlands responsible for defence
British Virgin Islands
(Overseas Territory of the United Kingdom)		 Legal since 2001
+ UN decl. sign.[1]		 UK responsible for defence Bans all anti-gay discrimination[94]
Cayman Islands
(Overseas Territory of the United Kingdom)		 Legal since 2001; Age of consent discrepancy[1]
+ UN decl. sign.		 Civil Partnerships since 2020[95] Legal since 2020 UK responsible for defence
Cuba Legal since 1979
+ UN decl. sign.[1]		 legalization pending [96] [1][97] Bans all anti-gay discrimination [98][99][100] Transgender people allowed to change gender after sex change operations[101]
Curaçao
(Constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands)		 Legal (No laws against same-sex sexual activity have ever existed in the country)
+ UN decl. sign.[1]		 Pending / Same-sex marriages performed in the Netherlands recognized[87] The Netherlands responsible for defence
Dominica Illegal
Penalty: 10-year prison sentence or incarceration in a psychiatric institution (Not enforced).
+ UN decl. sign.[1]
Dominican Republic Legal since 1822
+ UN decl. sign.[1]		 Constitutional ban since 2010 [102]
Grenada Male illegal
Penalty: 10-year prison sentence (Rarely enforced).[103]
Female always legal[1]		 Has no military
Guadeloupe
(Overseas department of France)		 Legal since 1791
+ UN decl. sign.[1]		 Civil solidarity pact since 1999[58] Legal since 2013[59] Legal since 2013[60] France responsible for defence Bans all anti-gay discrimination[61] Under French law[62]
Haiti Legal since 1791 (as Saint-Domingue)[1] Has no military
Jamaica Male illegal
Penalty: 10 years and/or hard labor (Not enforced). Legalization proposed
Female always legal.[1]		 Constitutional ban since 1962
Martinique
(Overseas department of France)		 Legal since 1791
+ UN decl. sign.[1]		 Civil solidarity pact since 1999[58] Legal since 2013[59] Legal since 2013[60] France responsible for defence Bans all anti-gay discrimination[61] Under French law[62]
Montserrat
(Overseas Territory of the United Kingdom)		 Legal since 2001
+ UN decl. sign.[1]		 Constitutional ban since 2010[104] UK responsible for defence Bans all anti-gay discrimination[105]
Puerto Rico
(Commonwealth of the United States)		 Legal since 2003 Legal since 2015 Legal since 2015[106] Legal since 2015 United States responsible for defense[107][108] Bans some anti-gay discrimination Gender change legal since 2018; does not require surgery
Saba
(a special municipality of the Netherlands)		 Legal (No laws against same-sex sexual activity have ever existed in the municipalities)
+ UN decl. sign.[1]		 [91] Legal since 2012[92] [93] The Netherlands responsible for defence
Saint Barthélemy
(Overseas collectivity of France)		 Legal since 1791
+ UN decl. sign.[1]		 Civil solidarity pact since 1999[58] Legal since 2013[59] Legal since 2013[60] France responsible for defence Bans all anti-gay discrimination[61] Under French law[62]
Saint Kitts and Nevis Male illegal
Penalty: 10 years (Not enforced).
Female always legal[1]
Saint Lucia Male illegal
Penalty: Fine and/or 10-year prison sentence (Not enforced). Legalization proposed
Female always legal[1]		 Has no military
Saint Martin
(Overseas collectivity of France)		 Legal since 1791
+ UN decl. sign.[1]		 Civil solidarity pact since 1999[58] Legal since 2013[59] Legal since 2013[60] France responsible for defence Bans all anti-gay discrimination[61] Under French law[62]
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Illegal
Penalty: Fine and/or 10-year prison sentence (Not enforced).[1] Legalization proposed		 Has no military
Sint Eustatius
(a special municipality of the Netherlands)		 Legal (No laws against same-sex sexual activity have ever existed in the municipalities)
+ UN decl. sign.[1]		 [91] Legal since 2012[92] [93] The Netherlands responsible for defence
Sint Maarten
(Constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands)		 Legal (No laws against same-sex sexual activity have ever existed in the country)
+ UN decl. sign.[1]		 / Same-sex marriages performed in the Netherlands recognized[87] The Netherlands responsible for defence
Trinidad and Tobago Legal since 2018[109]
Turks and Caicos Islands
(Overseas Territory of the United Kingdom)		 Legal since 2001
+ UN decl. sign.[1]		 Constitutional ban since 2011[110] UK responsible for defence Bans all anti-gay discrimination[1]
United States Virgin Islands
(Territory of the United States)		 Legal since 1985 Legal since 2015[111] Legal since 2015[111] Legal since 2015[111] United States responsible for defense[107][108]

South America
LGBT rights in: Same-sex sexual activity Recognition of same-sex unions Same-sex marriage Adoption by same-sex couples LGB people allowed to serve openly in military Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation Laws concerning gender identity/expression
Argentina Legal since 1887
+ UN decl. sign.[1]		 Civil unions in Buenos Aires (2003),[112] Río Negro Province (2003),[113] Villa Carlos Paz (2007) and Río Cuarto (2009)
Cohabitation unions nationwide since 2015[114]		 Legal since 2010[115] Legal since 2010 Since 2009[116] / Legal protection in some cities;[117]
pending nationwide.
Pathologization or attempted treatment of sexual orientation by mental health professionals illegal since 2010		 Transgender persons can change their legal gender and name without surgeries or judicial order since 2012[118]
Bolivia Legal since 1832
+ UN decl. sign.[1]		 Since 2020;[119]
Family life agreement pending[120][121]		 Constitutional ban since 2009[122] LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples[123] Since 2015[124][125][126]; Includes transgender people[127] Bans all anti-gay discrimination[1] Transgender persons can change their legal gender and name without surgeries or judicial order since 2016[128][129][130][131]
Brazil Legal since 1831
+ UN decl. sign.[1]		 "Stable unions" legal in some states since 2004; all rights as recognized family entities available nationwide since 2011[132][133] Legal in some states since 2012, nationwide since 2013[134][135] Legal since 2010[136] Since 1969[137] Bans all anti-gay discrimination.[138]
Pathologization or attempted treatment of sexual orientation by mental health professionals illegal since 1999[139][140]		 Transgender people can change their legal gender and name before a notary without the need of surgeries or judicial order since 2018[141][142][143]
Chile Legal since 1999;
Age of consent discrepancy
+ UN decl. sign.[1]		 Civil unions since 2015[144] Pending[145] Pending[146] Since 2012[147]; Includes transgender people[148] Bans all anti-gay discrimination[149] Transgender persons can change their legal gender and name since 1974.
No surgeries or judicial order since 2019.[150]
Colombia Legal since 1981
+ UN decl. sign.[1]		 De facto marital union since 2007[151] Legal since 2016[152] Stepchild adoption since 2014;[153] joint adoption since 2015[154] Since 1999[1] Bans all anti-gay discrimination[155] Since 2015, transgender persons can change their legal gender and name manifesting their solemn will before a notar, no surgeries or judicial order required[156]
Ecuador Legal since 1997
+ UN decl. sign.[1]		 De facto unions since 2009[157][158] Legal since 2019[159] LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples[160] [161] Bans all anti-gay discrimination.[162]
Pathologization or attempted treatment of sexual orientation by mental health professionals illegal since 2014		 Since 2016, transgender persons are allowed to change their birth name and gender identity; no surgeries or judicial order required[163][164][165]
Falkland Islands
(Overseas Territory of the United Kingdom)		 Legal since 1989
+ UN decl. sign.[1]		 Civil partnerships since 2017[166] Legal since 2017[166] Legal since 2017 UK responsible for defence Bans all anti-gay discrimination[167]
French Guiana
(Overseas department of France)		 Legal since 1791
+ UN decl. sign.[1]		 Civil solidarity pact since 1999[58] Legal since 2013[59] Legal since 2013[60] France responsible for defence Bans all anti-gay discrimination[61] Under French law[62]
Guyana Illegal
Penalty: Up to life imprisonment (Not enforced).[1]		 [168] [169]
Paraguay Legal since 1880; Age of consent discrepancy
+ UN decl. sign.[1]		 Constitutional ban since 1992[170] Constitutional ban since 1992[171] [172]
Peru Legal since 1924
+ UN decl. sign.[1]		 Proposed[173] Proposed Since 2009[174] Bans all anti-gay discrimination[175][176][177][178][179] Transgender persons can change their legal gender and name without the need for the completion of medical intervention since 2016. Judicial order required.[180][181]
South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
(Overseas Territory of the United Kingdom)		 Legal since 2001
+ UN decl. sign.		 Legal since 2014[182] Legal since 2014[182] UK responsible for defence
Suriname Legal since 1869 (as Dutch Guiana);
Age of consent discrepancy		 Bans all anti-gay discrimination[183] Court decision pending[184][185]
Uruguay Legal since 1934
+ UN decl. sign.[1]		 Concubinage union since 2008[186] Legal since 2013[187] Legal since 2009[188] Since 2009[189] Bans all anti-gay discrimination.[190] Pathologization or attempted treatment of sexual orientation by mental health professionals illegal since 2017 Transgender persons can change their legal gender and name without surgeries or judicial order required since 2009.[191] Self-determination since 2018.
Venezuela Legal since 1997
+ UN decl. sign.[1]		 Constitutional ban on de facto unions since 1999;
Proposed		 Constitutional ban since 1999;
court decision pending[192]		 Bans some anti-gay discrimination[1]

See also

References
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Further reading
  • Díez, Jordi. The politics of gay marriage in Latin America: Argentina, Chile, and Mexico (Cambridge University Press, 2015).
  • Dion, Michelle L., and Jordi Díez. "Democratic values, religiosity, and support for same-sex marriage in Latin America." Latin American Politics and Society 59.4 (2017): 75–98.
  • Encarnación, Omar G. "Latin America's gay rights revolution." Journal of Democracy 22.2 (2011): 104–118.
  • Encarnación, Omar Guillermo. Out in the periphery: Latin America's gay rights revolution ( Oxford University Press, 2016).
  • Navarro, María Camila, et al. "Tolerance of Homosexuality in South American Countries: A Multilevel Analysis of Related Individual and Sociocultural Factors." International Journal of Sexual Health (2019): 1-12.
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