Same-sex union legislation

Same-sex marriage is legal (nationwide or in some parts) in the following countries: Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Colombia, Costa Rica, Denmark, Ecuador, Finland, France, Germany, Iceland, Ireland, Luxembourg, Malta, Mexico,[nb 1] the Netherlands,[nb 2] New Zealand,[nb 3] Norway, Portugal, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Taiwan, the United Kingdom,[nb 4] the United States,[nb 5] and Uruguay. Same-sex marriage is recognized, but not performed, in Israel. Furthermore, same-sex marriages performed in the Netherlands are recognized in Aruba, Curaçao and Sint Maarten.

  Marriage open to same-sex couples (rings: individual cases)
  Legislation or binding domestic court ruling establishing same-sex marriage, but marriage is not yet provided for
  Same-sex marriage recognized when performed in certain other jurisdictions, and accorded greater rights than local same-sex unions (if any)
  Civil unions or domestic partnerships
  Limited legal recognition
  Local certification without legal force
  Limited recognition of marriage performed in certain other jurisdictions (residency rights for spouses)
  Country subject to an international court ruling to recognize same-sex marriage
  Same-sex unions not legally recognized
Marriage
Civil unions and
registered partnerships
Common-law marriage
Minimal recognition
See also
Notes
  1. Performed statewide in 18 states and Mexico City, in certain municipalities in three other states, and recognized by all states in such cases.
  2. Performed in the Netherlands proper, including the Caribbean Netherlands. Registered in Aruba, Curaçao and Sint Maarten in such cases, but the rights of marriage are not guaranteed.
  3. Neither performed nor recognized in Niue, Tokelau or the Cook Islands.
  4. Not recognized in Caribbean overseas territories, though marriage-equivalent ordered for the Cayman Islands.
  5. Neither performed nor recognized in American Samoa or some tribal nations.
  6. Cohabitation. Registered foreign marriages confer limited rights. Marriage recognized in Tel Aviv.
  7. Degree of recognition unknown. No actual cases to date.
  8. Limited to residency rights for foreign spouses of EU citizens.
  9. Legal guardianships (nationwide, except Hong Kong and Macau), residency rights for foreign spouses of legal residents (Hong Kong).
  10. Recognition of foreign marriage for parental rights
  11. Maitri Karar–type contractual relationships, but it is not legally enforceable
  12. Offer "partnership certificates", which provide some tools (such as hospital visitation rights) but do not offer any legal recognition
  13. Limited to spouses of foreign diplomatic officials.
* Not yet in effect or automatic deadline set by judicial body for same-sex marriage to become legal
LGBT portal

Whether same-sex couples should be allowed to marry has been and remains the topic of debate worldwide. 32 countries and four jurisdictions worldwide have passed constitutional amendments that explicitly prohibit the legal recognition of same-sex marriage and sometimes other forms of legal unions as well.[1] 15 countries and 34 jurisdictions worldwide have authorized civil unions or unregistered cohabitation for same-sex couples as an alternative to marriage. The legal name of those unions as well as the number of rights that they provide can vary greatly.

Legislative efforts to recognise same-sex unions

National level

The first legislation of unregistered cohabitation was introduced in the Netherlands in June 1979.[2][3] However, the first substantial recognition of same-sex couples didn't occur before the introduction of a new legal form, that of registered partnerships, which was first enacted in Denmark in June 1989.[4] Many countries have followed with similar legislation since then. Legislation of these forms of legal unions still occur with a variety of different names, even after the introduction of same sex marriage, although sometimes they are overwritten by subsequent legislation of same-sex marriage.

There are currently 14 countries that have an alternative form of legal recognition other than marriage on a national level. Those are Andorra, Chile, Croatia, Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Greece, Hungary, Israel, Italy, Liechtenstein, San Marino, Slovenia and Switzerland.

As of 5 February 2021, legislation to allow an alternative form of legal recognition of same-sex couples other than marriage is pending, or has passed at least one legislative house on a national level in Lithuania, the Philippines, and Thailand.

As of 5 February 2021, same-sex marriage has been legal (nationwide or in some parts) in Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Colombia, Costa Rica, Denmark, Ecuador, Finland, France, Germany, Iceland, Ireland, Luxembourg, Malta, Mexico,[nb 1] the Netherlands,[nb 2] New Zealand,[nb 3] Norway, Portugal, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Taiwan, the United Kingdom,[nb 4] the United States,[nb 5] and Uruguay.

As of 5 February 2021, legislation to allow same-sex marriage is pending, or has passed at least one legislative house on a national level in Andorra, Chile, Czechia, Japan and Switzerland.

Country Date Same-sex union Upper house Lower house Head of state Law
enacted?
Yes No Yes No
Netherlands June 1979 Unregistered cohabitation[2][3] Passed Passed Signed  Yes
Netherlands December 1980 Unregistered cohabitation (expansion)[2][3] Passed Passed Signed  Yes
Netherlands November 1984 Unregistered cohabitation (expansion)[2][3] Passed Passed Signed  Yes
Denmark June 1986 Unregistered cohabitation[3][5][6] N/A 78 62 Signed  Yes
Sweden June 1987 Unregistered cohabitation[7] N/A Passed N/A[a 1]  Yes
Denmark June 1989 Registered partnership[8][9] N/A 71 47 Signed  Yes[a 2]
Norway July 1991 Unregistered cohabitation[10] Passed Passed Signed  Yes
Norway April 1993 Registered partnership[11] 18 16 58 40 Signed  Yes[a 2]
Sweden June 1994 Registered partnership[12] N/A 171 141 N/A[a 1]  Yes[a 2]
Spain November 1994 Unregistered cohabitation[3] Passed Passed Signed  Yes
Hungary May 1996 Unregistered cohabitation[3][13] N/A 207 73 Signed  Yes
Iceland June 1996 Confirmed cohabitation[14][15] N/A 44 1 Signed  Yes[a 2]
Slovakia May 1997 Registered partnership[16] N/A Failed —  No
Netherlands July 1997 Registered partnership[2] Passed Passed Signed  Yes
Andorra December 1997 De facto family union[17] N/A 11 17 —  No
Czech Republic June 1998 Registered partnership[18] — — Failed —  No
France October 1998 Civil solidarity pact[19] — — Failed —  No
Belgium January 1999 Legal cohabitation[20][21] 39 8 98 10 Signed  Yes
Sweden March 1999 Registered partnership (expansion)[22] N/A Passed N/A[a 1]  Yes[a 2]
Denmark June 1999 Registered partnership (expansion: adoption rights)[23] N/A 61 48 Signed  Yes[a 2]
France November 1999 Civil solidarity pact and concubinage[24] Passed 315 249 Signed  Yes
Czech Republic December 1999 Registered partnership[25] — — 69 91 —  No
Slovakia February 2000 Registered partnership[16] N/A Failed —  No
Canada April 2000 Common-law partnership[26][27][28] Passed 174 72 Signed  Yes
Iceland May 2000 Confirmed cohabitation (expansion: adoption and immigration rights)[29] N/A 49 1 Signed  Yes[a 2]
Netherlands December 2000 Marriage[30][31] 49 26 109 33 Signed  Yes
Norway December 2000 Registered partnership (expansion)[10][32] Passed Passed Signed  Yes[a 2]
Germany February 2001 Registered life partnership[33] Passed Passed Signed  Yes[a 2]
Portugal March 2001 De facto union[34][35] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
New Zealand April 2001 De facto relationship[36] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
Czech Republic April 2001 Unregistered cohabitation[37] Passed Passed Signed  Yes
Norway June 2001 Registered partnership (expansion: adoption rights)[38][39] Passed Passed Signed  Yes[a 2]
Finland September 2001 Registered partnership[40] N/A 99 84 Signed  Yes
Czech Republic October 2001 Registered partnership[41] — — Failed —  No
Sweden June 2002 Registered partnership (expansion: adoption rights)[42] N/A Passed N/A[a 1]  Yes[a 2]
Belgium February 2003 Marriage[43] 46 15 91 22 Signed  Yes
Denmark May 2003 Registered partnership (expansion)[44] N/A 49 60 —  No
Denmark May 2003 Registered partnership (expansion)[45] N/A 45 60 —  No
Denmark May 2003 Registered partnership (expansion)[46] N/A 43 61 —  No
Denmark June 2003 Registered partnership (expansion)[47] N/A 11 94 —  No
Croatia July 2003 Unregistered cohabitation[48] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
Luxembourg May 2004 Free union[49] N/A Failed —  No
Luxembourg May 2004 Marriage[50] N/A Failed —  No
Luxembourg July 2004 Partnership[51] N/A 33 7 Signed  Yes
Panama September 2004 Civil union[52] N/A Failed —  No
Germany October 2004 Registered life partnership (expansion: adoption rights)[53] Passed Passed Signed  Yes[a 2]
Norway November 2004 Marriage[54] N/A Failed —  No
United Kingdom November 2004 Civil partnership[55] 251 136 426 49 Signed  Yes
New Zealand November 2004 De facto relationship (expansion)[56] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
New Zealand December 2004 Civil union[57] N/A 65 55 Signed  Yes
Czech Republic February 2005 Registered partnership[58] — — Failed —  No
Andorra March 2005 Stable couple union[59] N/A Passed Signed [a 3]  Yes
Slovenia March 2005 Registered partnership[60] N/A[a 4] Failed —  No
New Zealand March 2005 Civil union and de facto relationship (expansion)[61][62] N/A 76 43 Signed  Yes
Sweden June 2005 Registered partnership (expansion)[63] N/A Passed N/A[a 1]  Yes[a 2]
Switzerland June 2005 Registered partnership[64] Passed Passed N/A  Yes
Specific referendum (58.04%)
Spain July 2005 Marriage[65] Vetoed [a 5] 183 136 Signed  Yes
Canada July 2005 Marriage[66] 47 21 158 133 Signed  Yes
Slovenia July 2005 Partnership[67] N/A[a 4] 44 3 Signed  Yes
Croatia October 2005 Registered partnership[68] N/A Failed —  No
Czech Republic March 2006 Registered partnership[69] 65 14 86 54 Vetoed [a 6]  Yes
Belgium May 2006 Marriage (expansion: adoption rights)[70][71] 34 33 77 62 Signed  Yes
Spain May 2006 Marriage (expansion: medically assisted reproduction)[72] Passed Passed Signed  Yes
Denmark June 2006 Registered partnership (expansion)[73] N/A Passed Signed  Yes[a 2]
Iceland June 2006 Confirmed cohabitation (expansion)[74][75] N/A 41 0 Signed  Yes[a 2]
France June 2006 Civil solidarity pact (expansion)[76] Passed Passed Signed  Yes
South Africa November 2006 Marriage and civil partnership[77] 36 11 229 41 Signed  Yes
Portugal December 2006 De facto union (expansion: immigration rights)[78] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
Finland December 2006 Registered partnership (expansion)[79][80] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
Spain March 2007 Marriage (expansion: automatic co-parenthood)[72] Passed Passed Signed  Yes
Colombia June 2007 Civil union[81] 29 34 62 43 —  No
Hungary December 2007 Registered partnership[82] N/A 185 154 Signed  No[a 7]
Uruguay December 2007 Cohabitation union[83][84] 17 5 Passed Signed  Yes
Iceland May 2008 Confirmed cohabitation (expansion)[85][86] N/A 54 0 Signed  Yes[a 2]
Norway June 2008 Marriage[87] 23 17 84 41 Signed  Yes
Ecuador September 2008 De facto union[88] General constitutional referendum (69.46%)  Yes
Portugal October 2008 Marriage[89] N/A Failed —  No
Portugal October 2008 Marriage[89] N/A Failed —  No
United Kingdom November 2008 Civil partnership (expansion)[90] Passed Passed Signed  Yes
Australia November 2008 De facto relationship[91] Passed Passed Signed  Yes
Sweden April 2009 Marriage[92] N/A 261 22 N/A[a 1]  Yes
Hungary April 2009 Registered partnership[93][94] N/A 199 159 Signed  Yes
France May 2009 Recognition of unions performed abroad as PACS[95] Passed Passed Signed  Yes
Finland May 2009 Registered partnership (expansion: adoption rights)[96] N/A 108 29 Signed  Yes
Denmark June 2009 Registered partnership (expansion)[97] N/A 107 2 Signed  Yes[a 2]
Portugal August 2009 De facto union (expansion: inheritance rights)[98] N/A Passed Vetoed  No
Uruguay September 2009 Cohabitation union (expansion: adoption rights)[99][100] 17 6 40 13 Signed  Yes
Austria December 2009 Registered partnership[101] 44 8 110 64 Signed  Yes
Portugal January 2010 Marriage[102] N/A Failed —  No
Portugal January 2010 Marriage[103] N/A Failed —  No
Portugal January 2010 Registered civil union[104] N/A Failed —  No
Australia February 2010 Marriage[105] 5 45 — — —  No
Portugal May 2010 Marriage[106] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
Denmark May 2010 Registered partnership (expansion: adoption rights)[107] N/A 60 54 Signed  Yes[a 2]
Denmark June 2010 Marriage[108] N/A 52 57 —  No
Iceland June 2010 Marriage[109][110] N/A 49 0 Signed  Yes
Ireland July 2010 Civil partnership and unregistered cohabitation[111][112] 48 4 Passed Signed  Yes
Argentina July 2010 Marriage[113] 33 27 126 110 Signed  Yes
Luxembourg August 2010 Partnership (expansion)[114] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
Portugal August 2010 De facto union (expansion: inheritance rights)[115][116] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
Germany September 2010 Marriage[117] Failed — —  No
Germany October 2010 Registered life partnership (expansion: tax law)[118] — Failed —  No
Germany April 2011 Registered life partnership (expansion: tax law and adoption rights)[119] Failed — —  No
Liechtenstein June 2011 Registered partnership[120] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
Specific referendum (68.76%)
France June 2011 Marriage[121] — — 222 293 —  No
Germany June 2011 Registered life partnership (expansion: tax law)[122] Failed — —  No
Portugal February 2012 Marriage (expansion: adoption rights)[123] N/A Failed —  No
Portugal February 2012 Marriage (expansion: adoption rights)[123] N/A Failed —  No
Slovenia March 2012 Partnership (expansion)[124] Specific referendum (45.36%)  No
Israel May 2012 Marriage[125] N/A 11 39 —  No
Denmark June 2012 Marriage[126] N/A 85 24 Signed  Yes
Germany June 2012 Marriage[127][128] — — 260 309 —  No
San Marino June 2012 Unregistered cohabitation (only one entitlement)[129] N/A 33 20 Signed  Yes
Australia September 2012 Marriage[130] — — 42 98 —  No
Australia September 2012 Marriage[131] 26 41 — — —  No
Germany October 2012 Registered life partnership (expansion: tax law)[132] — — 253 288 —  No
Slovakia November 2012 Registered partnership[133] N/A 14 94 —  No
Poland January 2013 Registered partnership[134][135] — — Failed —  No
Poland January 2013 Registered partnership[136][137] — — Failed —  No
Poland January 2013 Registered partnership[138] — — Failed —  No
Poland January 2013 Registered partnership[139] — — Failed —  No
Poland January 2013 Partnership agreement[140][141] — — Failed —  No
Germany March 2013 Registered life partnership (expansion: tax law)[142][143] Passed — — —  No
Germany March 2013 Marriage[144] Passed — — —  No
New Zealand April 2013 Marriage[145] N/A 77 44 Signed  Yes
Colombia April 2013 Marriage[146] 17 51 — — —  No
Uruguay May 2013 Marriage[147][148] 23 8 71 21 Signed  Yes
Portugal May 2013 Marriage (expansion: adoption rights)[149] N/A 77 104 —  No
Portugal May 2013 Marriage (expansion: adoption rights)[149] N/A Failed —  No
Portugal May 2013 Marriage (expansion: adoption rights)[149] N/A Failed —  No
France May 2013 Marriage[150][151] 171 165 331 225 Signed  Yes
Australia June 2013 Recognition of marriage performed abroad[152] 28 44 — — —  No
Germany July 2013 Registered life partnership (expansion: tax law)[153][154] Passed Passed Signed  Yes[a 2]
United Kingdom
(England and Wales)		 July 2013 Marriage[155][156] Passed 366 161 Signed  Yes
Austria July 2013 Registered partnership (expansion: adoption rights)[157][158] 45 8 Passed Signed  Yes
Netherlands December 2013 Marriage (expansion: automatic co-parenthood)[159][160] Passed Passed Signed  Yes
Portugal March 2014 Marriage (expansion: adoption rights)[161] N/A 107 112 —  No
Malta April 2014 Civil union[162] N/A 37 0 Signed  Yes
Belgium May 2014 Marriage (expansion: automatic co-parenthood)[163][164] 48 2 114 10 Signed  Yes
Germany May 2014 Registered life partnership (expansion: adoption rights)[165][166] — — 111 432 —  No
Andorra May 2014 Marriage[167][168] N/A 6 21 —  No
Germany June 2014 Registered life partnership (expansion: adoption rights)[169] Passed Passed Signed  Yes[a 2]
Romania June 2014 Civil partnership[170][171] 2 110 4 298 —  No
Luxembourg June 2014 Marriage[172][173] N/A 56 4 N/A[a 8]  Yes
Croatia July 2014 Life partnership[174] N/A 89 16 N/A[a 9]  Yes
Germany July 2014 Registered life partnership (expansion: tax law)[175][176][177] Passed Passed Signed  Yes[a 2]
San Marino September 2014 Recognition of marriage performed abroad[178] N/A 15 35 —  No
Argentina October 2014 Cohabitation union[179][180] Passed Passed Signed  Yes
Andorra December 2014 Civil union[181][182] N/A 20 3 Signed  Yes
Portugal January 2015 Marriage (expansion: adoption rights)[183][184] N/A 89 119 —  No
Portugal January 2015 Marriage (expansion: adoption rights)[183][184] N/A 91 119 —  No
Portugal January 2015 Marriage (expansion: adoption rights)[183][184] N/A 91 120 —  No
Portugal January 2015 Marriage (expansion: medically assisted reproduction)[183][184] N/A Failed —  No
Ireland April 2015 Civil partnership and unregistered cohabitation (expansion: step-adoption rights)[185][186] 20 2 Passed Signed  Yes
Chile April 2015 Civil union agreement[187][188] 25 6 78 9 Signed  Yes
Ecuador June 2015 De facto union (expansion)[189][190][191][192] N/A 89 1 Signed  Yes
Israel July 2015 Civil union[193] N/A 39 50 —  No
Israel July 2015 Marriage[193] N/A 39 50 —  No
Ireland August 2015 Marriage (constitutional amendment)[194] 29 3 Passed Signed  Yes
Specific constitutional referendum (62.07%)
October 2015 Marriage (statutory legislation)[195][196][197] Passed Passed Signed
Germany November 2015 Registered life partnership (expansion)[198][199] Passed Passed Signed  Yes[a 2]
Cyprus December 2015 Civil cohabitation[200][201] N/A 39 12 Signed  Yes
Romania December 2015 Civil partnership[202][203][204] 8 49 Failed —  No
Slovenia December 2015 Marriage[205][206] N/A[a 4] 51 28 —  No
Specific referendum (36.53%)
Greece December 2015 Cohabitation agreement[207] N/A 194 55 Signed  Yes
Estonia October 2014 Cohabitation agreement (framework law)[208][209] N/A 40 38 Signed  Yes
January 2016 Cohabitation agreement (implementation law)[210][211] N/A Failed —  No
Portugal February 2016 Marriage and de facto union (expansion: adoption rights)[212] N/A Passed Vetoed [a 6]  Yes
Israel February 2016 Civil union[213] N/A 40 47 —  No
Switzerland March 2016 Registered partnership (expansion: immigration rights)[214][215] — — 122 62 —  No
Luxembourg April 2016 Recognition of marriage performed abroad before 1 January 2015[216] N/A 50 3 N/A[a 8]  Yes
Slovenia April 2016 Partnership (expansion)[217][218] N/A[a 4] 54 15 N/A[a 9]  Yes
Italy May 2016 Civil union and cohabitation agreement[219][220][221] 173 71 372 51 Signed  Yes
Portugal June 2016 Marriage and de facto union (expansion: medically assisted reproduction)[222] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
Switzerland June 2016 Registered partnership (expansion: adoption rights)[223][224] 25 14 125 68 N/A  Yes
Liechtenstein November 2016 Registered partnership (expansion)[225][226] N/A 25 0 Signed  Yes
Greece December 2016 Cohabitation agreement (expansion)[227][228] N/A 201 21 Signed  Yes
Austria December 2016 Registered partnership (expansion)[229] Passed Passed Signed  Yes
Finland February 2015 Marriage (framework law)[230] N/A 101 90 Signed  Yes
April 2016 Marriage (implementation laws)[231][232][233] N/A 106 42 Signed
January 2017 N/A 128 28 Signed
Malta April 2017 Cohabitation[234] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
Lithuania June 2017 Partnership[235][236] N/A 29 59 —  No
Ireland July 2017 Civil partnership and unregistered cohabitation (expansion: adoption rights)[237][238] Passed Passed Signed  Yes
Germany July 2017 Marriage[239][240][241] Passed 393 226 Signed  Yes
Malta August 2017 Marriage[242][243] N/A 66 1 Signed  Yes
Chile November 2017 Civil union agreement (expansion)[244][245][246][247] 15 0 70 0 Signed  Yes
Australia December 2017 Marriage[248][249] 43 12 131 4 Signed  Yes
Finland April 2018 Marriage (expansion: automatic co-parenthood)[250] N/A 122 42 Signed  Yes
Greece May 2018 Cohabitation agreement (expansion: foster care)[251][252] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
Israel June 2018 Marriage[253] N/A 39 42 —  No
Malta June 2018 Marriage, civil union and cohabitation (expansion: medically assisted reproduction)[254][255] N/A 34 27 Signed  Yes
Slovakia September 2018 Registered partnership[256][257] N/A Failed —  No
San Marino November 2018 Civil union[258][259] N/A 40 4 Signed  Yes
Cuba December 2018 Marriage[260][261] N/A Failed —  No
Germany December 2018 Marriage (codification)[262][263] Passed Passed Signed  Yes
Romania March 2019 Civil partnership[264][265][266] 2 68 Failed —  No
Taiwan May 2019 Marriage[267][268] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
Austria July 2019 Marriage (expansion)[269][270] Passed Passed N/A  Yes
United Kingdom
(Northern Ireland)		 July 2019 Marriage[271][272] Passed Passed Signed  Yes
Montenegro July 2019 Life partnership[273] N/A 38 4 —  No
Monaco December 2019 Cohabitation agreement[274] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
Montenegro July 2020 Life partnership[275] N/A 42 5 Signed  Yes
Switzerland Unknown Marriage[276][277][278] 22 15 132 52
France Unknown Marriage (expansion: medically assisted reproduction)[279][280] 153 143 Pending
Chile Unknown Civil union agreement (expansion: adoption rights)[281] Pending 104 35
San Marino December 2017 Marriage (for foreign couples - agreement in principle)[282][283] N/A 25 20 Signed
Unknown Marriage (for foreign couples - statutory legislation) N/A
Mexico Unknown Marriage (codification of federal recognition)[284][285][286][287] 110 0 415 0 Pending
Andorra Unknown Marriage[288] N/A Pending
Chile Unknown Marriage[289][290][291] Pending
Czech Republic Unknown Marriage[292] Pending
Germany Unknown Marriage (expansion: automatic co-parenthood)[293] Pending
Japan Unknown Marriage[294] Pending
Mexico Unknown Marriage[295] Pending
Philippines Unknown Civil partnership[296] Pending
Thailand Unknown Civil partnership[297] Pending

Notes:

  1. According to the 1974 Constitution, the King of Sweden is head of state but does not sign or veto any laws enacted by Parliament.
  2. Replaced by the gender-neutral marriage law.
  3. Only one of the two Co-Princes of Andorra signed the law.
  4. The Slovenian Parliament is incompletely bicameral.
  5. The Spanish Senate voted 131 "yes" to 119 "no" to veto the law. The veto was later overridden by the Spanish Congress of Deputies.
  6. Veto overridden.
  7. Ruled unconstitutional.
  8. Since the 2008 constitutional change, the assent of the Grand Duke of Luxembourg is not required for the enactment of laws adopted by the Parliament.
  9. The President merely promulgates the laws adopted by the Parliament.

Sub-national level
For status in U.S. states, see Same-sex marriage legislation in the United States

In countries with a federal system of governance, states and territories often may grant recognition to same-sex couples in their own jurisdictions, although unitary states with a level of devolution, such as Spain or the United Kingdom, also offer such legalities to local authorities. The first jurisdiction to enact unregistered cohabitation was British Columbia in Canada in July 1992. The first jurisdiction to legalize registered partnership was Greenland as part of the Kingdom of Denmark in April 1996. Finally, the first sub-national jurisdiction to legalize same-sex marriage was the Canadian province of Ontario in June 2003.

As of 5 February 2021, there are 79 jurisdictions worldwide that have legalized some kind of alternative form of legal union of same-sex couples other than marriage. Those are three prefectures of Japan (Gunma, Ibaraki and Osaka), seven special wards of Tokyo (Bunkyō, Edogawa, Minato, Nakano, Setagaya, Shibuya and Toshima), sixteen designated cities of Japan (Chiba, Fukuoka, Hamamatsu, Hiroshima, Kawasaki, Kitakyushu, Kumamoto, Kyoto, Niigata, Okayama, Osaka, Sagamihara, Saitama, Sakai, Sapporo and Yokohama), eleven core cities of Japan (Akashi, Amagasaki, Hirakata, Kawagoe, Kōchi, Miyazaki, Nagasaki, Naha, Nara, Takamatsu and Yokosuka), two special cities of Japan (Odawara and Takarazuka), 33 cities of Japan (Ashiya, Daitō, Fuchū, Higashikagawa, Hirosaki, Iga, Inabe, Itami, Kaizuka, Kamakura, Kanuma, Katano, Kawanishi, Kitamoto, Koga (Fukuoka), Koganei, Kokubunji (Tokyo), Kōnosu, Matsudo, Mitoyo, Miura, Nishio, Okegawa, Sakado, Sanda, Shibukawa, Sōja, Tochigi, Tokushima, Tondabayashi, Toyoake, Yamatokōriyama, Yoshinogawa and Zushi), three towns of Japan (Hayama, Kijō and Ōizumi), Aruba, a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, the Cayman Islands, a territory of the UK, and the Mexican state of Veracruz.

For the time being, 77 jurisdictions worldwide have legalized same-sex marriage. Those are:

As of 5 February 2021, legislation to allow same-sex marriage is pending or has passed at least one legislative house in Curaçao, a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, and the Mexican states of Durango, Guanajuato, México, Querétaro and Veracruz.

State/Territory Country Date Same-sex union Upper House Lower house Head of State Law
enacted?
Yes No Yes No
British Columbia Canada July 1992 Marriage-like relationship[298][299] N/A 30 17 Signed  Yes
British Columbia Canada July 1993 Marriage-like relationship (expansion)[300] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
British Columbia Canada July 1993 Marriage-like relationship (expansion)[301] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
British Columbia Canada July 1993 Marriage-like relationship (expansion)[302] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
Australian Capital Territory Australia May 1994 Domestic relationship[303] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
Ontario Canada June 1994 Domestic partnership[304] N/A 58 69 —  No
British Columbia Canada June 1995 Marriage-like relationship (expansion)[305] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
British Columbia Canada July 1995 Marriage-like relationship (expansion: adoption rights)[306] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
Greenland Denmark May 1993 Inatsisartut: Registered partnership (resolution)[307] N/A 15 0 N/A  Yes
April 1996 Folketing: Registered partnership (statutory law)[308][309] N/A 104 1 Signed
Ceuta Spain April 1997 De facto union[310] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
British Columbia Canada July 1997 Marriage-like relationship (expansion)[311] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
Catalonia Spain June 1998 Stable couple union[312][313] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
Yukon Canada December 1998 Unregistered cohabitation[314] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
Aragon Spain March 1999 Stable non-married couple[312][315] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
Yukon Canada April 1999 Unregistered cohabitation (expansion)[316][317] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
Alberta Canada May 1999 Unregistered cohabitation[318] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
Quebec Canada May 1999 De facto union[319] N/A 80 0 Signed  Yes
New South Wales Australia June 1999 De facto relationship[320] Passed Passed Signed  Yes
British Columbia Canada July 1999 Marriage-like relationship (expansion)[321] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
Ontario Canada October 1999 Conjugal relationship[322] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
Navarre Spain July 2000 Stable couple[312][323] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
Castile-La Mancha Spain July 2000 De facto couple[324] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
British Columbia Canada July 2000 Marriage-like relationship (expansion)[325] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
Australian Capital Territory Australia August 2000 Domestic relationship (expansion)[326] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
Nova Scotia Canada November 2000 Domestic partnership[327][328] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
Newfoundland and Labrador Canada December 2000 Conjugal relationship[329] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
New Brunswick Canada December 2000 Family relationship[330] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
Geneva Switzerland February 2001 Registered partnership[331][332] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
Valencia Spain April 2001 De facto union[333] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
Victoria Australia June 2001 Domestic relationship[334] Passed Passed Signed  Yes
Manitoba Canada July 2001 Common-law relationship[335] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
Saskatchewan Canada July 2001 Spousal relationship[336] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
Saskatchewan Canada July 2001 Spousal relationship (expansion: adoption rights)[337] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
Victoria Australia November 2001 Domestic relationship (expansion)[338] Passed Passed Signed  Yes
Newfoundland and Labrador Canada December 2001 Conjugal relationship (expansion)[339] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
Balearic Islands Spain December 2001 Stable couple[340] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
Madrid Spain December 2001 De facto union[312][341] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
Newfoundland and Labrador Canada April 2002 Conjugal relationship (expansion: adoption rights)[342] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
Western Australia Australia April 2002 De facto relationship[343] Passed Passed Signed  Yes
Yukon Canada May 2002 Unregistered cohabitation (expansion: adoption rights)[344] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
Asturias Spain May 2002 Stable couple[345] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
Northwest Territories Canada June 2002 Unregistered cohabitation[316][346] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
Quebec Canada June 2002 Civil union[347] N/A 87 0 Signed  Yes
Manitoba Canada August 2002 Common-law relationship (expansion: adoption rights)[348] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
Manitoba Canada August 2002 Common-law relationship (expansion)[349] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
Zürich Switzerland September 2002 Registered partnership[350] Specific cantonal referendum (62.70%)  Yes
New South Wales Australia October 2002 De facto relationship (expansion)[351][352] Passed Passed Signed  Yes
Castile and León Spain October 2002 De facto union[353] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
Alberta Canada December 2002 Adult interdependent relationship[354] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
Queensland Australia December 2002 De facto relationship[355] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
Andalusia Spain December 2002 De facto couple[312][356] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
Prince Edward Island Canada December 2002 Unregistered cohabitation[357] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
Autonomous City of Buenos Aires Argentina January 2003 Civil union[358][359] N/A 29 10 Signed  Yes
Canary Islands Spain March 2003 De facto couple[312][360] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
Extremadura Spain March 2003 De facto couple[312][361] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
Basque Country Spain May 2003 De facto couple[312][362] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
Río Negro Argentina May 2003 Civil union[363] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
South Australia Australia June 2003 Unregistered cohabitation[364] Passed Passed Signed  Yes
Tasmania Australia September 2003 Significant relationship and caring relationship[365] Passed Passed Signed  Yes
Australian Capital Territory Australia January 2004 Domestic relationship (expansion: adoption rights)[366] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
Neuchâtel Switzerland January 2004 Registered partnership[367] N/A 65 38 Signed  Yes
Northern Territory Australia January 2004 De facto relationship[368][369] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
Aragon Spain May 2004 Stable non-married couple (expansion: adoption rights)[370] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
Fribourg Switzerland May 2004 Registered partnership[367][371] General cantonal referendum (58.03%)  Yes
City of Sydney Australia July 2004 Relationship declaration program[372] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
Quebec Canada November 2004 Marriage (codification)[373] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
Ontario Canada March 2005 Marriage (codification)[374] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
Northwest Territories Canada March 2005 Unregistered cohabitation (expansion)[375] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
Catalonia Spain April 2005 Stable couple union (expansion: adoption rights)[376][377] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
Cantabria Spain May 2005 De facto couple[378] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
Akrotiri and Dhekelia United Kingdom November 2005 Civil partnership[379] N/A Signed  Yes
Isle of Man United Kingdom November 2005 Recognition of civil partnership performed in the United Kingdom[380] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
Norfolk Island Australia February 2006 De facto relationship[381] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
Australian Capital Territory Australia June 2006 Civil union[382] N/A Passed Signed  No[b 1]
Mexico City Mexico November 2006 Coexistence partnership[383] N/A 43 17 Signed  Yes
South Australia Australia December 2006 Domestic partnership agreement[384] Passed Passed Signed  Yes
Coahuila Mexico January 2007 Civil pact of solidarity[385] N/A 20 13 Signed  Yes
Scotland United Kingdom January 2007 Civil partnership (expansion: adoption rights)[386][387] N/A 101 6 Signed  Yes
Australian Capital Territory Australia February 2007 Civil partnership[388] N/A Passed Signed  No[b 1]
Alberta Canada February 2007 Marriage (expansion: adoption rights)[389] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
New Brunswick Canada March 2007 Marriage (expansion: adoption rights)[318] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
City of Melbourne Australia April 2007 Relationship declaration program[390] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
City of Yarra Australia May 2007 Relationship declaration program[391] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
Villa Carlos Paz Argentina November 2007 Civil union[392] N/A 12 6 Signed  Yes
New South Wales Australia November 2007 De facto relationship (expansion)[393] Passed Passed Signed  Yes
Galicia Spain December 2007 De facto couple[394] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
Melilla Spain January 2008 De facto couple[395] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
Victoria Australia April 2008 Registered domestic relationship[396] 29 10 54 24 Signed  Yes
Australian Capital Territory Australia May 2008 Civil partnership[397] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
Prince Edward Island Canada May 2008 Marriage (codification and expansion: adoption rights)[398] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
New South Wales Australia June 2008 De facto relationship (expansion)[399] Passed 64 11 Signed  Yes
Manitoba Canada October 2008 Marriage (codification)[400] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
Victoria Australia December 2008 Registered domestic relationship (expansion)[401] Passed 47 34 Signed  Yes
Municipality of Woollahra Australia December 2008 Relationship declaration program[402] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
New Brunswick Canada December 2008 Marriage (codification) and family relationship (expansion)[403] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
Río Cuarto Argentina May 2009 Civil union[404] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
Greenland Denmark May 2009 Registered partnership (expansion: adoption rights)[405] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
New Caledonia France May 2009 Civil solidarity pact and concubinage[406][407] Passed Passed Signed  Yes
Wallis and Futuna France May 2009 Civil solidarity pact and concubinage[406][407] Passed Passed Signed  Yes
Newfoundland and Labrador Canada May 2009 Marriage (codification)[408] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
Scotland United Kingdom June 2009 Civil partnership (expansion)[409] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
Tasmania Australia September 2009 Significant relationship (expansion)[410] Passed Passed Signed  Yes
Australian Capital Territory Australia November 2009 Civil partnership (expansion)[411] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
Newfoundland and Labrador Canada December 2009 Marriage (codification)[412] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
Mexico City Mexico December 2009 Marriage[413] N/A 39 20 Signed  Yes
Queensland Australia February 2010 De facto relationship (expansion)[414] N/A 45 36 Signed  Yes
City of Blue Mountains Australia March 2010 Relationship declaration program[415] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
New South Wales Australia May 2010 Registered relationship[416][417] 32 5 62 9 Signed  Yes
La Rioja Spain May 2010 De facto couple[418] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
Vienna Austria June 2010 Registered partnership (expansion)[419][420] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
Catalonia Spain July 2010 Marriage (codification)[421] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
New South Wales Australia September 2010 Registered relationship (expansion: adoption rights)[422][423][424] 22 15 45 43 Signed  Yes
Tasmania Australia October 2010 Out-of-state unions as significant relationship[425][426] Passed 22 3 Signed  Yes
New South Wales Australia November 2010 Registered relationship (expansion: surrogacy)[427] Passed Passed Signed  Yes
Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba Netherlands December 2010 Recognition of unions performed aboard[428] Passed Passed Signed  Yes
Isle of Man United Kingdom March 2011 Civil partnership[429] Passed Passed Signed  Yes
South Australia Australia June 2011 Domestic partnership agreement (expansion)[430] 14 5 24 15 Signed  Yes
South Australia Australia July 2011 Domestic partnership agreement (expansion)[431] Passed Passed Signed  Yes
Nunavut Canada October 2011 Marriage (codification and expansion: adoption rights)[432] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
British Columbia Canada November 2011 Marriage (codification)[433] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
Queensland Australia December 2011 Civil partnership[434][435] N/A 47 40 Signed  Yes[b 2]
Guernsey United Kingdom December 2011 Recognition of civil partnership performed in the United Kingdom[436] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
Jersey United Kingdom December 2011 Civil partnership[437][438] N/A 33 0 Signed  Yes
Queensland Australia June 2012 Registered relationship[439][440] N/A 69 8 Signed  Yes[b 3]
Australian Capital Territory Australia September 2012 Civil union[441][442] N/A 11 6 Signed  Yes
Tasmania Australia September 2012 Marriage[443][444] 6 8 13 11 —  No
Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba Netherlands October 2012 Marriage[445] Passed Passed Signed  Yes
Tasmania Australia October 2012 Significant relationship (expansion)[446][447] Passed Passed Signed  Yes
City of Vincent Australia December 2012 Relationship declaration program[448] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
Macau China March 2013 Civil union[449] N/A Failed —  No
South Australia Australia July 2013 Marriage[450] — — Failed —  No
Tasmania Australia July 2013 Significant relationship (expansion: adoption rights)[451][452] Passed Passed Signed  Yes
Colima Mexico July 2013 Civil union[453][454][455] N/A 17 2 N/A  Yes[b 4]
August 2013 N/A Passed Signed
Tasmania Australia October 2013 Marriage[456] 6 8 — — —  No
Australian Capital Territory Australia October 2013 Marriage[457] N/A 9 8 Signed  No[b 5]
Jalisco Mexico October 2013 Civil union[458] N/A 20 15 Signed  Yes
New South Wales Australia November 2013 Marriage[459] 19 21 — — —  No
Campeche Mexico December 2013 Civil union[460] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
Coahuila Mexico February 2014 Civil pact of solidarity (expansion: adoption rights)[461] N/A 23 2 Signed  Yes
Scotland United Kingdom March 2014 Marriage[462][463] N/A 105 18 Signed  Yes
Faroe Islands Denmark March 2014 Marriage[464] N/A 11 20 —  No
Gibraltar United Kingdom March 2014 Civil partnership[465][466] N/A 16 0 Signed  Yes
Durango Mexico April 2014 Marriage[467] N/A Failed —  No
Akrotiri and Dhekelia United Kingdom April 2014 Marriage[468] N/A Signed  Yes
British Indian Ocean Territory United Kingdom April 2014 Marriage[468] N/A Signed  Yes
Alberta Canada May 2014 Marriage (codification)[469] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
Coahuila Mexico September 2014 Marriage[470][471][472] N/A 19 1 Signed  Yes
New South Wales Australia November 2014 Out-of-state unions as registered relationship[473] Passed Passed Signed  Yes
Yukon Canada December 2014 Marriage (codification)[474] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
Shibuya Japan March 2015 Partnership certificate[475] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
Kaohsiung Taiwan May 2015 Registered partnership[476] N/A Signed  Yes
Pitcairn Islands United Kingdom May 2015 Marriage[477] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
Taipei Taiwan June 2015 Registered partnership[478] N/A Signed  Yes
Taichung Taiwan July 2015 Registered partnership[479][480] N/A Signed  Yes
Setagaya Japan July 2015 Partnership certificate[481] N/A Signed  Yes
Town of Port Hedland Australia August 2015 Relationship declaration program[482][483][484] N/A 6 2 Signed  Yes
Michoacán Mexico September 2015 Domestic partnership[485][486] N/A 34 0 Signed  Yes
Alderney United Kingdom November 2015 Recognition of marriage and civil partnership performed abroad[487][488][489] N/A 10 0 Signed  Yes
Takarazuka Japan November 2015 Partnership certificate[490] N/A Signed  Yes
Guernsey United Kingdom December 2015 Recognition of marriage performed abroad[491][492][493] N/A Passed N/A[b 6]  Yes
Victoria Australia December 2015 Registered domestic relationship and domestic relationship (expansion: adoption rights)[494][495] 31 8 Passed Signed  Yes
Queensland Australia December 2015 Civil partnership[496][497] N/A 64 22 Signed  Yes
Iga Japan December 2015 Partnership certificate[498] N/A Signed  Yes
Nayarit Mexico December 2015 Marriage and concubinage[499] N/A 26 1 Signed  Yes
Tainan Taiwan January 2016 Registered partnership[500][501] N/A Signed  Yes
New Taipei Taiwan January 2016 Registered partnership[502] N/A Signed  Yes
Greenland Denmark May 2015 Inatsisartut: Marriage (resolution)[503][504] N/A 27 0 N/A  Yes
February 2016 Folketing: Marriage (statutory law)[505] N/A 108 0 Signed
Victoria Australia February 2016 Out-of-state union as registered domestic relationship[506][507] Passed Passed Signed  Yes
Naha Japan February 2016 Partnership certificate[508][509] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
Chiayi City Taiwan February 2016 Registered partnership[510] N/A Signed  Yes
Azuay Ecuador March 2016 Registered symbolic marriage[511] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
Taoyuan Taiwan March 2016 Registered partnership[512][513] N/A Signed  Yes
Changhua County Taiwan March 2016 Registered partnership[514][515] N/A Signed  Yes
Hsinchu County Taiwan April 2016 Registered partnership[515][516] N/A Signed  Yes
Campeche Mexico May 2016 Marriage[517][518][519][520] N/A 34 1 Signed  Yes
Guernsey United Kingdom May 2016 Recognition of marriage and civil partnership performed abroad (expansion)[521][522][523] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
Yilan County Taiwan May 2016 Registered partnership[515][524] N/A Signed  Yes
Colima Mexico June 2016 Marriage[525][526] N/A 24 0 Signed  Yes
Michoacán Mexico June 2016 Marriage and concubinage[527][528] N/A 27 0 Signed  Yes
Ascension Island United Kingdom June 2016 Marriage[529][530] N/A 5 0 Signed  Yes
South Australia Australia July 2016 Domestic partnership agreement (expansion)[531][532][533] Passed 29 12 Signed  Yes
Morelos Mexico July 2016 Marriage and concubinage[534] N/A 20 6 Signed  Yes
Isle of Man United Kingdom July 2016 Marriage[535][536][537] 6 3 17 3 Signed  Yes
Aruba Netherlands September 2016 Registered partnership[538][539][540] N/A 11 5 Signed  Yes
British Antarctic Territory United Kingdom October 2016 Marriage[541][542] N/A Signed  Yes
Chiayi County Taiwan October 2016 Registered partnership[543] N/A Signed  Yes
Gibraltar United Kingdom November 2016 Marriage[544][545] N/A 15 0 Signed  Yes
Queensland Australia November 2016 Civil partnership and de facto relationship (expansion: adoption rights)[546][547] N/A 44 43 Signed  Yes
San Luis Potosí Mexico November 2016 Marriage[548][549] N/A Failed —  No
Ontario Canada December 2016 Marriage and conjugal relationship (expansion: automatic co-parenthood)[550][551] N/A 79 0 Signed  Yes
Victoria Australia December 2016 Marriage (expansion: ending forced divorce for transgender individuals)[552][b 7] 19 19 45 35 —  No
South Australia Australia December 2016 Registered relationship[553] Passed Passed Signed  Yes
South Australia Australia December 2016 Registered relationship and domestic partnership agreement (expansion: adoption rights)[554][555][556] 13 4 27 16 Signed  Yes
South Australia Australia December 2016 Marriage (expansion: ending forced divorce for transgender individuals)[557][b 8] Passed Passed Signed  Yes
Tlaxcala Mexico January 2017 Domestic partnership[558][559][560] N/A 18 4 Signed  Yes
Durango Mexico January 2017 Marriage[561] N/A 4 15 —  No
Mexico City Mexico January 2017 Marriage (constitutional codification)[562] N/A Passed N/A  Yes
Northwest Territories Canada March 2017 Marriage (codification)[563] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
South Australia Australia March 2017 Registered relationship and domestic partnership agreement (expansion: surrogacy)[564] Passed Passed Signed  Yes
Sapporo Japan March 2017 Partnership certificate[565][566][567][568] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
South Australia Australia April 2017 Registered relationship (expansion)[569] Passed Passed Signed  Yes
Falkland Islands United Kingdom April 2017 Marriage and civil partnership[570][571] N/A 7 1 Signed  Yes
Guernsey United Kingdom December 2015 Marriage (agreement in principle)[572][573] N/A 37 7 N/A  Yes
December 2016 Marriage (primary legislation)[574][575] N/A 33 5 Signed
April 2017 Marriage (secondary legislation)[576] N/A Passed N/A
Faroe Islands Denmark April 2016 Løgting: Marriage (resolution)[577][578][579] N/A 19 14 N/A  Yes
May 2017 Folketing: Marriage (statutory law)[580][581] N/A 108 0 Signed
Hsinchu City Taiwan June 2017 Registered partnership[582][583] N/A Signed  Yes
Kinmen County Taiwan June 2017 Registered partnership[582][583] N/A Signed  Yes
Lienchiang County Taiwan June 2017 Registered partnership[582][583] N/A Signed  Yes
Miaoli County Taiwan June 2017 Registered partnership[582][583] N/A Signed  Yes
Nantou County Taiwan June 2017 Registered partnership[582][583] N/A Signed  Yes
Pingtung County Taiwan June 2017 Registered partnership[582][583] N/A Signed  Yes
Keelung City Taiwan July 2017 Registered partnership[582][583] N/A Signed  Yes
Tristan da Cunha United Kingdom August 2017 Marriage[584][585] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
Nova Scotia Canada October 2017 Marriage (codification)[586][587] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
Saint Helena United Kingdom December 2017 Marriage[588][589] N/A 9 2 Signed  Yes
Bermuda United Kingdom February 2018 Domestic partnership[590][591] 8 3 24 10 Signed  Yes
Fukuoka Japan February 2018 Partnership certificate[592] N/A Signed  Yes
Northern Territory Australia April 2018 Marriage and de facto relationship (expansion: adoption rights)[593] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
Nakano Japan May 2018 Partnership certificate[594] N/A Signed  Yes
Jersey United Kingdom September 2015 Marriage (agreement in principle)[595] N/A 37 4 N/A  Yes
May 2018 Marriage (statutory legislation)[596] N/A 42 1 Signed
Victoria Australia May 2018 Marriage (expansion: ending forced divorce for transgender individuals)[597][598] Passed Passed Signed  Yes
Alderney United Kingdom December 2017 Marriage (primary legislation)[599] N/A 9 0 Signed  Yes
June 2018 Marriage (secondary legislation)[600] N/A Passed N/A
New South Wales Australia June 2018 Marriage (codification and expansion)[601] 34 2 Passed Signed  Yes
Queensland Australia June 2018 Marriage (expansion: ending forced divorce for transgender individuals)[602][603] N/A 86 4 Signed  Yes
Osaka Japan June 2018 Partnership certificate[604] N/A Signed  Yes
Murcia Spain July 2018 De facto couple[605][606] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
Chiba Japan August 2018 Partnership certificate[607] N/A Signed  Yes
Northern Territory Australia December 2018 Marriage (codification and expansion)[608] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
Western Australia Australia February 2019 Marriage (expansion: ending forced divorce for transgender individuals)[609] Passed Passed Signed  Yes
Toshima Japan March 2019 Partnership certificate[610] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
Edogawa Japan March 2019 Partnership certificate[611] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
Tasmania Australia May 2019 Marriage (codification and expansion)[612] 7 6 12 11 Signed  Yes
San Luis Potosí Mexico May 2019 Marriage and concubinage[613][614] N/A 14 12 Signed  Yes
Hidalgo Mexico May 2019 Marriage and concubinage[615] N/A 18 2 Signed  Yes
Sinaloa Mexico June 2019 Marriage and concubinage[616] N/A 18 20 —  No
Ibaraki Prefecture Japan June 2019 Partnership certificate[617] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
Baja California Sur Mexico June 2019 Marriage[618] N/A 14 5 Signed  Yes
Zacatecas Mexico August 2019 Marriage[619] N/A 11 13 —  No
Oaxaca Mexico October 2019 Marriage (codification)[620] N/A 25 10 Signed  Yes
Sark United Kingdom October 2019 Marriage (agreement in principle)[621] N/A Passed N/A  Yes
March 2020 Marriage (primary legislation)[622] N/A Passed Signed
April 2020 Marriage (secondary legislation)[623] N/A Passed N/A
Cayman Islands United Kingdom July 2020 Domestic partnership[624] N/A 8 9 —  No
Baja California Mexico July 2020 Marriage (Constitutional codification)[625][626][627] N/A 16 9 —  No
Cayman Islands United Kingdom September 2020 Civil partnership[628] N/A Signed  Yes
Puebla Mexico November 2020 Marriage (codification)[629][630][631] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
Tlaxcala Mexico December 2020 Marriage[632] N/A 16 3 Signed  Yes
Western Australia Australia 2020 Marriage and de facto relationship (expansion: surrogacy)[633] Pending Passed
Chihuahua Mexico Unknown Marriage (codification)[634][635] N/A Pending
Curaçao Netherlands Unknown Marriage[636] N/A Pending
Durango Mexico Unknown Marriage[637] N/A Pending
Guanajuato Mexico Unknown Marriage[638] N/A Pending
México Mexico Unknown Marriage[639] N/A Pending
Nuevo León Mexico Unknown Marriage (codification)[640] N/A Pending
Querétaro Mexico Unknown Marriage and concubinage[641][642][643] N/A Pending
Veracruz Mexico Unknown Marriage[644] N/A Pending
Baja California Mexico Unknown Marriage (codification)[645] N/A Pending

Note:

  1. Legislation overturned by the Australian Federal Government.
  2. Replaced with registered relationship on 27 June 2012.
  3. Replaced with civil partnership in December 2015.
  4. Repealed in May 2016.
  5. Legislation overturned by the High Court on 12 December 2013.
  6. Ordinances and regulations do not require royal assent.
  7. Same-sex marriage was not legal in Australia when the bill was debated.
  8. Same-sex marriage was not legal in Australia when the bill was passed.

Constitutional efforts to prohibit same-sex unions

Thirty-two countries, one Mexican state and three British Overseas Territories have passed constitutional amendments banning a variety of same-sex unions. These amendments have taken several forms. Some are limited to banning only marriage. Others ban marriage and prohibit legislation providing "similar rights".

National level

Jamaica was the first country to prohibit same-sex marriage in July 1962. Paraguay, Honduras and Bolivia are the only cases that not only marriage is prohibited but also de facto unions. Vietnam, Cuba and Ecuador, repealed their same-sex marriage bans in November 2013, April 2019, and June 2019, respectively.

As of 5 February 2021, thirty-three countries prohibit same-sex marriage on a national level. Those are Armenia, Belarus, Bolivia, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cambodia, the Central African Republic, Croatia, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Dominican Republic, Georgia, Honduras, Hungary, Jamaica, Kenya, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Montenegro, Palau, Paraguay, Poland, Russia, Rwanda, Serbia, Slovakia, South Sudan, Uganda, Ukraine, Venezuela and Zimbabwe.

As of 5 February 2021, legislation to ban same-sex marriage is pending, or has passed at least one legislative house on a national level in Czechia and Panama.

Country Date Ban on Upper house Lower house Head of state Final
outcome
Yes No Yes No
Jamaica July 1962 Marriage[646] Passed Passed Signed  Yes
Cuba February 1976 Marriage[647] General referendum (97.7%)  Yes[c 1]
Burkina Faso June 1991 Marriage[648] General referendum (92.83%)  Yes
Bulgaria July 1991 Marriage[649] Passed Passed Signed  Yes
Vietnam April 1992 Marriage[650] N/A Passed Signed  Yes[c 2]
Paraguay June 1992 Marriage and de facto union[653] Passed Passed Signed  Yes
Lithuania October 1992 Marriage[654] General referendum (78.24)  Yes
Cambodia September 1993 Marriage[655][656] Passed Passed Signed  Yes
Belarus March 1994 Marriage[657] Passed Passed Signed  Yes
Moldova July 1994 Marriage[658] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
Ukraine June 1996 Marriage[659] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
Poland May 1997 Marriage[660][661][662][663][664][665] General referendum (52.71%) Signed  Yes
Venezuela December 1999 Marriage and de facto union[666] General referendum (71.78%)  Yes
Rwanda May 2003 Marriage[667] General referendum (93.42%)  Yes
United States July 2004 Marriage[668] 48 50 227 186 —  No
Burundi February 2005 Marriage[669] General referendum (92.02%)  Yes
Honduras March 2005 Marriage and de facto union[670][671] N/A 128 0 Signed  Yes
Uganda September 2005 Marriage[672] N/A 111 17 Signed  Yes
Latvia December 2005 Marriage[673] N/A 65 5 Signed  Yes
DR Congo December 2005 Marriage[674][675] General referendum (84.31%)  Yes
United States July 2006 Marriage[676] 49 48 236 187 —  No[c 3]
Serbia October 2006 Marriage[677] General referendum (53.04%)  Yes
Montenegro October 2007 Marriage[678][679] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
Ecuador September 2008 Marriage[680] General referendum (69.46%)  Yes[c 4]
Palau November 2008 Marriage[681][682] Specific referendum (83.56%)  Yes
Bolivia January 2009 Marriage and free union[683] General referendum (61.43%)  Yes
El Salvador October 2009 Marriage[684] N/A 46 38 — No[c 3]
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines November 2009 Marriage[685][686] General referendum (43.71%)  No
Dominican Republic January 2010 Marriage[687] Passed Passed Signed  Yes
Kenya August 2010 Marriage[688] General referendum (68.55%)  Yes
Zambia March 2011 Marriage[689][690] N/A Failed —  No
Hungary April 2011 Marriage[691][692][693] N/A 262 44 Signed  Yes
South Sudan July 2011 Marriage[694][695] Passed Passed Signed  Yes
Liberia June 2012 Marriage[696] Passed Failed —  No
Zimbabwe March 2013 Marriage[697] General referendum (94.49%)  Yes
Macedonia September 2013 Marriage[698] N/A Failed —  No
Croatia December 2013 Marriage Specific referendum (65.87%)  Yes
El Salvador February 2014 Marriage[699] N/A Failed — No
Slovakia June 2014 Marriage[700] N/A 102 18 N/A  Yes
Macedonia January 2015 Marriage[701][702] N/A Failed — No
Slovakia February 2015 Marriage[703] Specific referendum (94.50%) No[c 5]
Armenia December 2015 Marriage[704][705] General referendum (63.37%)  Yes
Switzerland February 2016 Marriage[706] Specific referendum (49.16%) No [c 6]
Central African Republic March 2016 Marriage[707][708] General referendum (93.00%) Signed  Yes
Kyrgyzstan December 2016 Marriage[709] General referendum (79.59%)  Yes
Georgia October 2017 Marriage[710][711][712] N/A 117 2 Vetoed[c 7]  Yes
Romania October 2018 Marriage[713][714][715] 107 13 232 22 N/A No[c 8]
Specific referendum (93.40%)
Russia July 2020 Marriage[716][717] Passed Passed Signed  Yes
General referendum (77.92%)
Estonia January 2021 Marriage[718] N/A 29 49 — No
Czechia Unknown Marriage[719][720] Pending
Panama Unknown Marriage[721] N/A Pending

Notes:

  1. Repealed in April 2019
  2. Repealed on 1 January 2014, as the 1992 Constitution was replaced by the new one, which does not contain a definition of marriage.[651][652]
  3. Failed to meet the required threshold.
  4. Struck down by the Constitutional Court on 12 June 2019
  5. Although the amendment received 94.5% of the vote, turnout was only at 21.4%. For referendums in Slovakia to be valid, turnout has to surpass 50% of registered voters.[703]
  6. declared invalid by the Federal Supreme Court in 2019
  7. Veto overridden.
  8. Although the amendment received majority of the vote, turnout was only at 20.41%. For referendums in Romania to be valid, turnout has to surpass 30% of registered voters.

Sub-national level

The first jurisdiction to explicitly ban same-sex marriage in its Constitution was the U.S. state of Alaska in November 1998, however, same-sex marriage was legalised in the state in October 2014. The first jurisdiction to enact such a ban and still has it enforced is Yucatán, in July 2009, but since August 2010 the state recognize same-sex marriages performed in Mexico.

As of 5 February 2021, four jurisdictions worldwide have constitutional bans on same-sex marriage. Those are three British Overseas Territories, the Cayman Islands, Montserrat, the Turks and Caicos Islands, and the Mexican state of Yucatán.

State/Territory Country Date Ban on Upper House Lower house Head of
state		 Final
outcome
Yes No Yes No
Cayman Islands United Kingdom June 2009 Marriage[722] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
Yucatán Mexico July 2009 Marriage[723] N/A Passed N/A  Yes
Montserrat United Kingdom October 2010 Marriage[724][725] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
Baja California Mexico May 2011 Marriage[726][727] N/A Passed Signed  Yes[d 1]
Turks and Caicos Islands United Kingdom July 2011 Marriage[729] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
Colima Mexico July 2013 Marriage[453][454][730] N/A 17 2 N/A  Yes[d 2]
Zurich Switzerland November 2016 Marriage[732][733] N/A 52 110 N/A  No
Specific referendum (19.09%)
Veracruz Mexico July 2018 Marriage[734] N/A 32 10 N/A  No[d 3]

Notes:

  1. Unenforced since November 2017.[728]
  2. Repealed in May 2016.[731]
  3. Failed to meet the required threshold.

See also

Notes
  1. Aguascalientes, Baja California, Baja California Sur, Campeche, Chiapas, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Colima, Hidalgo, Jalisco, Michoacán, Morelos, Nayarit, Nuevo León, Oaxaca, Puebla, Quintana Roo, San Luis Potosí, Tlaxcala and Mexico City as well as in some municipalities in Guerrero, Querétaro and Zacatecas. Same-sex marriages performed in these jurisdictions are recognized throughout Mexico.
  2. The Netherlands proper. Same-sex marriages performed there are recognized in Aruba, Curaçao and Sint Maarten
  3. New Zealand proper.
  4. England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland; the overseas territories of Akrotiri and Dhekelia, Bermuda, the British Antarctic Territory, the British Indian Ocean Territory, the Falkland Islands, Gibraltar, the Pitcairn Islands, Saint Helena, Ascension, and Tristan da Cunha, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands; the Crown dependencies of Guernsey, the Isle of Man and Jersey.
  5. 50 states, the District of Columbia, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, Puerto Rico, the United States Virgin Islands and multiple tribal nations.

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  731. (in Spanish) Colima deroga artículo que excluía a parejas gay del matrimonio
  732. (in French) ZURICH S’APPRÊTE À REVOTER SUR L’INTERDICTION DU MARIAGE POUR TOUS
  733. (in German) Aktuelle Abstimmung vom 27. November 2016
  734. ¡Aplausos! Fracasa iniciativa de homófobos en Veracruz contra Matrimonio Igualitario
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