Red-tagging in the Philippines

Red-tagging in the Philippines refers to the malicious blacklisting of individuals or organizations critical or not fully supportive of the actions of a sitting government administration. They are "tagged" as either a Communist or terrorist or both, regardless of one's actual political beliefs or group affiliations.[1] It is a type of incitement and has pernicious effects on its targets.[2] Red-tagging may be performed by either public servants or shills.

Red-tagging in the Philippines is a relic of the Cold War and has had a long history in the former United States colony, and cause-oriented groups including the United Nations,[3] Amnesty International,[4] and Human Rights Watch[5] warn that its use as a political tactic undermines Philippine democracy by stifling dissent, producing a chilling effect on general discourse and, more insidiously, encouraging assassinations and retaliations.[6]

Definitions
See also: Red-baiting

Commonly defined as the harassment or persecution of a person because of "known or suspected communist sympathies,"[2] the extensive history of red-tagging in the Philippines has led to the recognition of several formal definitions by the Philippine Government.

The Commission on Human Rights follows the definition laid down by the International Peace Observers Network (IPON), which defines it as:[2]

An act of State actors, particularly law enforcement agencies, to publicly brand individuals, groups, or institutions as… affiliated to communist or leftist terrorists.

Additionally, the term has been defined in Philippine jurisprudence through the dissenting opinion of Supreme Court Associate Justice Marvic Leonen in the 2015 court case Zarate vs. Aquino III (G.R. No. 220028 J. Leonen Dissenting Opinion, November 10, 2015), in which Leonen adopted a 2011 journals' definition of red-tagging:[2]

the act of labelling, branding, naming and accusing individuals and/ or organizations of being left-leaning, subversives, communists or terrorists (used as) a strategy… by State agents, particularly law enforcement agencies and the military, against those perceived to be 'threats' or 'enemies of the State.'

Effects

Human rights violations

Red-tagging impinges on the right to free expression and dissent according to media and rights groups.[7] The Philippine Commission of Human Rights (CHR) also noted that red-tagging threatens the lives or safety of individuals.[8] The act of red-tagging human-rights defenders constitutes a grave threat to their lives, liberty, and security. It creates a distortion to the nature of their work and makes them susceptible to attacks and number of violations as emphasized by the CHR.[9] Four activists killed in June 2015 in Sorsogon City may have been the result of the activists's membership in groups that were red-tagged by the Philippine government, according to Amnesty International.[10] Security forces have raided the offices of these red-tagged organizations and arrested members of these organizations.[11] The raids have been described as a crackdown on dissent.[11]

The Philippine independent news organization Vera Files notes that since President Rodrigo Duterte declared the Communist Party of the Philippines and the New People's Army (CPP-NPA) a terrorist organization under the Human Security Act of 2007, individuals and organizations who have been red-tagged are vulnerable to interception and recording of communication, detention without charges, restricted travel and personal liberties, examination of bank records, and the seizure and sequestration of their assets.[2] Reporters Without Borders notes that red-tagged individuals are vulnerable to death threats and violence.[12] In some instances, targets of red-baiting are also harassed by accusations of terrorism.[7]

According to CHR Spokesperson Jacqueline de Guia, this kind of labeling may have serious consequences on the security of the groups or individuals that are being tagged. Additionally, Karapatan states that this jeopardizes the initiatives of human rights organizations and defenders to inform the public about the violation of rights in the Philippines.[13]

Karapatan Deputy Secretary General Roneo Clamor said that human rights defenders who are red-tagged are not only illegally arrested, some are also killed. According to him, the National Task Force (NTF) was made to hinder the human rights defenders to get justice for the victims.[14]

Extrajudicial killings

The CHR stated that red-tagging needs to be seen in the context of the increasing extrajudicial killings in rural Philippines and the government's counterinsurgency program.[8][15] From July 2016 to November 2019, Karapatan documented 293 victims of extrajudicial killings perpetrated in line with the counterinsurgency program, with 167 defenders killed or an average of one to two HRDs killed every week. At least 429 were victims of frustrated killings.[16] They also documented at least 14 massacres and hundreds of victims of extrajudicial killings (including 28 children) under President Aquino's term.[17]

After the relentless redtagging by Lt. Gen. Antonio Parladé of various personalities in October 2020,[18] Senator Pánfilo Lacson ordered the general summoned to senate hearing.[19] Defence Secretary Delfín Lorenzana had also warned against making baseless accusations, indirectly referring to Parladé's incessant statements and double-downs.[20]

Affected groups
This list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.
Protest in front of DILG, Quezon City against NTF-ELCAC on its second anniversary, December 4, 2020.

Organizations frequently subject to red-tagging in the Philippines include civil-rights groups,[21] religious institutions,[22][23] health worker unions,[24] academia,[25][26] and the mainstream and alternative media.[27] Workers' and farmers' groups[1][28] and land and environmental defenders[29] are also frequently red-tagged. Some of these organizations and institutions are branded as fronts, supporters or mere sympathizers of the New People's Army.

Human rights organizations and advocates

Human rights advocates and human rights organizations in the Philippines, whether civil society, intergovernment, and even governmental in nature, have often been the subject of "defamatory and intimidating public statements" as a result of their human rights monitoring work.[21]

Karapatan

Karapatan is one of the progressive organizations that is continuously targeted by anonymous people, military and police, and the Duterte administration. In March 2019, the group filed complaints concerning the alleged practice of branding and labeling organizations as terrorists by the Duterte administration. The attacks were in different forms, such as a direct tagging from President Duterte in his previous speech as well as tarpaulins and flyers that label them as such.[30] Thus, in June 2019, Amnesty International called on the Philippine government to stop branding similar organizations like Karapatan as "communist fronts." According to the organization, two of its staff were gunned down by unidentified people last June 15. Similarly, on the next day, Nonoy Palma, a farmer activist, was also gunned down by an unidentified person in Naga City, Camarines Sur. Amnesty International called for the fulfillment of the protection of human rights by human rights defenders and activists.[31] However, in December 2019, Cristina Palabay, Karapatan's Secretary General of Human Rights, received death and rape threats from anonymous texters. Another anonymous sender texted her various slurs and defended the Duterte administration.[32] In August 2020, two Karapatan officers, as well as other activists, received death threats. This came a week after Zara Alvarez was gunned down by an unidentified man in Bacolod City on August 17.[33]

Gabriela Women's Party

The feminist group Gabriela Women's Party and its supporters have also been red-tagged.[34]

Ethnic-rights activists
An anti-redtagging banner in a protest against the closure of Lumad schools, December 3, 2020.
See also: Internal colonialism and Imperial Manila

In 2018 a United Nations Human Rights Council report[35][36] counted "at least 80 recognized human rights defenders, indigenous peoples' representatives, and representatives of community-based organizations," which the administration of President Rodrigo Duterte had labeled as terrorists in connection with their work, some of which was part of their "cooperation with the United Nations." This included UN Special Rapporteur Victoria Tauli-Corpuz, who was falsely listed as a senior member of the NPA.[37]

In January 2019, indigenous Lumad leaders Datu Jomorito Guaynon and Ireneo Udarbe were arrested after being accused by police and state elements of being communist rebel recruiters. Both have frequently organized protests against ancestral land encroachment and mining[38]

In August 2019, Brandon Lee, an American ancestral-domain paralegal and Cordillera Human Rights Alliance volunteer, was shot four times outside his home in Ifugao province, putting him in a coma. Since 2015, posters claiming Lee and other IPM members as "enemies of the state" and members of the NPA had been circulating in the province.[39]

The Negrense ethnic group has also been subject to a disproportionate amount of red-tagging in the decades since Philippine independence,[40] from the usual sacadas to legal professionals, celebrities and even call-center labour-rights advocates.[41] The persistent attacks have led to the steady growth of the #DefendNegros movement among a broad section of Negrenses resident both in Negros and the diaspora.[42][43]

Labor unions
See also: Negros Island killings

The Commission on Human Rights stated that the administration's red tagging has endangered the lives of a lot of members of Philippine labor unions, that "branding any group as a communist front without proper trial violates their constitutional guarantee of presumption of innocence."

In 2018, Victor Ageas, labor union leader of the Nagkahiusang Mamumuo sa Suyapa Farm (NAMAFUSA-NAFLU-KMU), who stood against the Japanese giant Sumitomo Fruit Corp. (Sumifru) in Compostela Valley province survived an assassination attempt by motorcycle-riding gunmen who ambushed him while on his way to work. Labor union leader, Melodina Gumanoy, secretary of Namafusa-Naflu-KMU, was also targeted when motorcycle-riding gunmen attempted to kill her while she was on her way for work in Packing Plant 250 owned by Sumifru at Osmeña village, Compostela town.[13][44][45][46]

Moreover, labor organizations were also labelled as legal fronts of an underground armed struggle movement and arrested activists were routinely alleged of possessing firearms and ammunition.[47]

The National Federation of Sugar Workers (NFSW), established by Negrense sugarcane workers in La Carlota, Negros Occidental in 1971,[48] had been denounced as a front for the Communist Party of the Philippines as well as accused of profiteering on privately owned land.[49] This then became the ex post facto justification for the Sagay massacre in which nine NFSW members were killed.[49] Violent socioeconomic conflict has been a plague on a heavily stratified Negrense society since the 1850s.[50][51]

In the same month of October 2018, the government released a matrix of names involved in what it alleged to be a "Red October" plot. The list included names of activists from the Liberal Party, the Catholic Church, universities, and various human rights and labor groups. Transportation strikes organized against the rapid modernization of jeepneys were swept up by the Department of Transportation as a communist plot.[52]

José "Jerry" Catálogo of the NFSW had also reportedly been placed under taxpayer-paid surveillance before his subsequent assassination in Escalante by unidentified gunmen.

In October 2019, the management of the Coca-Cola plant in Bacolod City revealed that a man called Ka Tom Mateo, who was allegedly a former armed insurgent now reporting directly to the president, denounced the recognized union of the plant as a subversive organization and attacked the union's collective agreement and dues structure, which urged their members to terminate their membership and disaffiliate from the labor union.[47]

The Coca-Cola Company has distinguished itself in recent years for an incapacity to document human rights violations at its own operations and those of its bottlers in Haiti, Indonesia, Ireland and the USA.[53][54]

At the start of 2020, the Defend Jobs Philippines stated that the Philippine National police (PNP) and Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP) used black propaganda against union leaders and labor unions by holding such a forum and orientation through the Task Force to End Local Communist Armed Conflict (TF-ELCAC), which was organized through President Duterte's Executive Order 70, and organizing it at the National Housing Authority Office in Quezon City, Philippines.[55][56]

The Defend Jobs Philippines spokesperson Thadeus Ifurung explained that such moves to deal with the dissent of the workforce present red-tagging and maliciously identifying union leaders and members among the public sector as ‘communists’ and endangers their safety and right to self-organization as workers.[55]

The Pagkakaisa ng Manggagawa sa Timog Katagalugan (Pamantik-KMU), a labor federation, was accused by the police and military in February 2020 of being the "front organizations of the CPP-NPA" after a July surrender ceremony where the officials claimed that 131 "surrenderees" came from the labor sector in various parts of Laguna, where allegedly 94 were members of the Pamantik-KMU.[57]

Along with presenting the 131 "surrenderees," the police also presented what the they claimed as surrendered arms and propaganda materials used by the so-called surrenderees, which included books, pamphlets, Mao caps, and election materials for progressive party-list Bayan Muna.[57]

The red-tagging of labor unions as subversive organizations is believed to be an attempt to invite and legitimize violence and repression in order to undermine union organization, spread fear among workers, and discourage them from forming independent unions.

Journalists

The Facebook page of National Task Force to End Local Communist Armed Conflict (NTF-ELCAC) posted a series of infographics that incorrectly said media giant ABS-CBN's franchise was not renewed because "they have issues with the law." Verified pages of the Presidential Communications Operations Office (PCOO) and Radio Television Malacañang (RVTM) shared NTF-ELCAC posts pertaining to ABS-CBN's franchise. This act of NTF-ELCAC and the involved government pages were condemned by journalists, academics and media groups as "black propaganda offensive" and an abuse of authority of NTF-ELCAC that endangers ABS-CBN's workforce and Maria Ressa.[58]

Journalists have raised concerns over worsening attacks against the press after the red-tagging incidents of a veteran journalist, Froilan Gallardo, and a former National Union Journalists of the Philippines (NUJP), director Leonardo Vicente "Cong" Corrales; who was targeted by death threat. Journalists and artists are tagged as supporters of “communist terrorists” and active members of the Communist Party of the Philippines or also known as New People's Army.[59]

Pampanga TV manager Sonia Soto, who is also the president of the media arm of the LausGroup of Companies, was red tagged by National Intelligence Coordinating Agency (Nica) regional director, Rolando Asuncion, during a forum at Don Honorio Ventura State University in Bacolor town. The director identified her as among the 31 radio broadcasters in the country who had links to communist and terrorist groups.[60]

"Ang Iskul kong Bakwit," a documentary by Atom Araullo aired on GMA News TV's i-Witness. After airing, alleged Indigenous People leaders issued a statement condemning the said documentary as “blatantly propagandistic documentary,” and accused journalist Atom Araullo as “biased.” Said IP leaders went as far as linking journalist Atom Araullo to communist insurgency through his mother, Carol Araullo, chairperson of Bayan. National Union of Journalists of the Philippines issued a statement condemning attacks against Atom Araullo by the government through National Task Force to End Local Communist Armed Conflict (NTF-ELCAC) saying this is an "incredulous tactic" used by the government in vilifying critics and linking them to communist insurgency.[61][62][63]

Writers and authors
See also: Lualhati Bautista

On August 11, 2020, Lualhati Bautista has been tagged as a member of the New People's Army (NPA) by a private Filipino citizen named Jefferson Lodia Badong in his comment on a Facebook post about the former. Having been offended by the accusation, Bautista took to her own Facebook account and posted a screenshot of the comment without concealment. The post subsequently trended and attracted a huge amount of cyberlynchmob that attacked Badong, forcing him to write a public apology and make his account private. The Labor Code of the Philippines prohibits employers from removing an employee for reasons not directly relevant to their work. Further, it is by convention that the employee does not reflect his employer's opinions unless explicitly claimed.[64] Libel and cyberlibel law in the Philippines has historically only criminalized malicious publications of defamatory articles, as in the case of Keng v. Ressa.[65] Cyberlibel cannot be filed against private individuals who have no capacity to damage a person's reputation, as in the case of Badong's otherwise obscure Facebook comment. Badong later deleted the apology minutes after posting it. In another post, Bautista threatened to sue Badong for cyberlibel along with a screenshot of his profile. Bautista later said that she is not proceeding with the case as Badong has sent her a private apology, which was also publicized by Bautista. In the aftermath, Badong has deactivated his account after he was continually shamed by supporters and friends of Bautista.[66][67][68][69][70][71][72][73][74]

Religious organizations

The National Council of Churches in the Philippines has also been red-tagged.[75] At around the same time, security forces raided the offices of red-tagged organizations and arrested 57 individuals.[11]

Humanitarian organizations

Humanitarian organization Oxfam has been accused by the Philippine Department of National Defense of being a communist and terror front.[11]

Entertainers

In 2020, actress Angel Locsín, after merely criticizing Congress, was accused of being a terrorist and a member of the NPA.[76] Foreign Secretary Teodoro López Locsín retaliated by slamming the actress' slanderers, tweeting "Anyone [who] messes with her will get it. I am not allowed to threaten on Twitter."[77]

In October 2020, Lt. Gen. Antonio Parlarde Jr. of the National Task Force to End Local Communist Armed Conflict (NTF-ELCAC) urged supporters of the government to refrain from "red tagging" actress Liza Soberano after she appeared on a webinar of GABRIELA, but appeared to have done it himself anyways. Parlarde warned her that engaging with activist groups like GABRIELA would make her end like activist Josephine Lapira, who allegedly joined the NPA and was killed in an armed encounter with government troops. He also mentioned several other celebrities who are vocal against the government such as beauty queen Catriona Gray and actress Angel Locsin.[78] Soberano's camp denounced the "red tagging" of the actress.[79] GABRIELA, with senators Risa Hontiveros and Francis Pangilinan defended Soberano and criticized Parlarde's "red tagging," while the Concerned Artists of the Philippines (CAP) urged the general to retract his statement and apologize to the actress.[80][81]

State institutions and public servants

The Philippine Commission of Human Rights, a constitutional agency independent of the three branches of government, mandated to monitor human rights abuses by state actors, has also received various threats from the government.[82][83]

In October 2020, Lt. Gen. Antonio Parladé accused Manila Mayor Isko Moreno of "fear[ing]" and "welcoming" Communists to the city.[84] Moreno had earlier ordered the taking down of unauthorized tarpaulins that declared Communists as personae non gratae in the city. Cavite Governor Juanito Víctor Remulla backed the Manila mayor on the issue, saying that the general "should be ashamed of himself,"[85] adding, "Are you out of your mind, Parladé?"[86] Meanwhile, Pamalakaya, which represents fisherfolk and coastal communities in Cavite, have retaliated against Parladé in defense of Remulla, urging the governor to instead declare the general as persona non grata in their province.[87]

Media coverage

While there is some coverage of red-tagging as a practice in Filipino mainstream news coverage, media watchgroups such as the Center for Media Freedom and Responsibility have noted that this is typically limited to reportage regarding the statements of the groups involved, and few news outlets add "the necessary explanation why the profiling of the two organizations is dangerous."[27] In a January 2019 statement, they said:[27]

Dissent is essential to a working democracy. The independent press has to remind its audience of that fact as attempts to discredit various groups critical of the current regime continue, rather than just report statements of public officials condemning the politics of the Left and publicly naming those they see as "Red."

The Anti-terrorism Act of 2020

On June 11, Malacañang denied claims that the government is out to red-tag opposition groups and assured that safeguards are in place to prevent such abuses in the proposed Anti-Terrorism Act. It was claimed by Presidential Spokesperson Harry Roque that red-tagging is not a policy of the Duterte administration, refuting observations made by the United Nations Human Rights Office.[88]

In contrast, the UN took note of "serious human rights violations" in the country, noting that the filing of charges against political opponents and labeling persons who appear to have communist sympathies as suspected criminals are among the lapses.[88]

Additionally, under the law, a suspect could be detained for 14 days without charge — a period that can be extended to 24 days. Human rights attorneys say that violates a constitutional provision that a person must be charged within three days of detention. The law also allows wiretaps and lengthy surveillance, which raises privacy concerns, according to rights activists. The new law also includes a possible punishment of life imprisonment without parole, which rights advocates say leaves no chance for rehabilitation. [89]

Human Security Act of 2007

The Human Security Act of 2007, passed by the Philippine Congress in February and signed by President Gloria Arroyo in March, took effect on July 15. It was amended with the Anti-terrorism Act of 2020.[90]

This act has been heavily criticized due to its broad definition of terrorism. According to Human Rights Watch,

"This definition is vague and overbroad, and could allow the government to transform less serious offenses, such as vandalism, or legitimate acts of protest, into crimes punishable by a mandatory 40-year sentence. Under this definition, for example, a political protestor demanding that the president resign, who sets fire to an effigy (committing arson or destruction of property), could conceivably be charged with terrorism and, if convicted, sent to prison for 40 years." [91]

See also

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