Protests against Rodrigo Duterte

Relatives of drug war and alleged extrajudicial killings victims light the candles to remember the victims.

Since Duterte seated as the president, he implemented the war against illegal drugs in the country, promising to kill thousands of people involved in the drug trade.[7][8] The campaign sparked condemnations and concerns among local politicians, international human rights and news organizations due to human rights violations and high number of killings amid drug campaign.[9][10] During the course of the campaign, the authorities have mainly dealt with the drug users from the poor communities but they never caught the high-profile drug lord.[11] Despite the deaths in the campaign, Duterte's popularity in opinion polls remains high.[12]

A coalition named "Manlaban sa EJK" (Manananggol Laban sa Extra Judicial Killings) was formed by a group of lawyers, teachers and law students in November 2017.[13]

Aside from war on drugs and reported extrajudicial killings, there are forced disappearances under the Duterte administration with only six have been recorded missing as of November 2018.[14] It was being remembered by their relatives – most of them are still in grieving since the Arroyo administration (notably the case of Sherlyn Cadapan and Karen Empeño in 2006) – every All Saints' Day.[14] According to the Asian Federation Against Involuntary Disappearances (AFAD), there are 1,993 cases of forced disappearances since Marcos regime.[15]

The death toll of war on drugs varies: officials claimed that the number of killed reached 5,779,[note 4][16] but several opposition and human rights figures asserted that the number of killed has reached more than 27,000.[note 5][17]

The most notable case of youth casualties during the campaign is the killing of 17-year-old student, Kian Loyd delos Santos, from Caloocan, on August 16, 2017 by the hands of the police.[18] The incident sparked controversy among the local politicians and militant groups, and triggered massive protest in the country.[19][20] Few days later, another two teenagers were killed are Carl Angelo Arnaiz and Reynaldo de Guzman. Arnaiz, a 19-year-old teenager, last found in Cainta, Rizal, was tortured and shot dead also on August 17 by police after robbing a taxi in Caloocan.[21] His 14-year-old friend, Reynaldo "Kulot" de Guzman was stabbed to death thirty times and thrown into a creek in Gapan, Nueva Ecija.[22] Along with the deaths of Kian delos Santos, the deaths of the two teenagers also triggered public outrage and condemnation.[23]

River Nasino (July 1, 2020 – October 9, 2020) died in a Manila hospital after suffering from acute respiratory distress syndrome while her mother Reina Mae Nasino was detained for illegal possession of firearms and explosives.[24] A 23-year-old human rights worker Nasino and two other activists were arrested at Tondo, Manila on November 5, 2019 and they were detained at the Manila City Jail for illegal possession of firearms and explosives, a non-bailable offense.[25][26] After the court gave the detainee only six hours of furlough (three hours for the wake and another three hours for the burial) to allow her to visit her daughter's wake, a funeral for the baby River was laid on October 14, 2020 in Pandacan, Manila and she was buried on October 16, 2020 at Manila North Cemetery, with the police forces being deployed at the area.[27][28] The baby's death sparked sympathy while the condemnation targeted towards the treatment of Reina Nasino during the baby's funeral and burial, ranging from activists to local celebrities.[29] A simple protest was held on October 17, 2020 to condemn the circumstances of the mother-and-daughter.[30][31]

Indignation rally in response to Tarlac shooting incident, December 21, 2020, Boy Scout Circle, Quezon City.

On December 20, 2020, Police Senior Master Sergeant Jonel Nuezca shot his two unarmed neighbors namely Sonya Gregorio and her son Frank in Paniqui, Tarlac dead in close range at 5:10pm (PST).[32] The incident was reported to the police 20 minutes later and, at 6:19pm, Nuezca surrendered to the police station in Pangasinan.[32] The incident started when Nuezca had gone to investigate the Gregorios who was shooting boga–an improvised cannon made of bamboo that is used every December. When Nuezca tried to arrest Frank, who appeared to be drunk, Sonya intervened him, resulted in a heated argument until Nuezca killed the two.[32][33] According to Police Colonel Renante Cabico, director of the Tarlac Provincial Police Office, Nuezca was "off duty" at the time of the incident.[32] However, the police called the incident an "isolated case."[33]

The incident was captured on video and spread online. Several netizens and celebrities condemned the killings on social media with the hashtags #StopTheKillingsPH, #EndPoliceBrutality, #PulisAngTerorista, and #JusticeForSonyaGregorio dominating on Twitter in the Philippines, as well as in Singapore and Dubai.[34][35] Some critics also pointed at the government over the acts of impunity and human rights abuses in recent years.[36]

An indignation rally was done by numerous groups on December 21, 2020 at the Boy Scout Circle, Quezon City.[37]

Protesters opposing the burial of Marcos.

During his 2016 presidential campaign, Duterte supported the burial of late President Ferdinand Marcos at the Libingan ng mga Bayani in Taguig.[38] On November 8, 2016, the Supreme Court permitted Marcos' burial in a 9–5–1 vote.[39] Marcos was buried at the Libingan ng mga Bayani on November 18.[40]

A series of protest and strike action staged by jeepney drivers nationwide to oppose the government's plan to phaseout the old and dilapidated jeepneys. On October 18, 2017, Duterte said that on January 1, next year, "If you can't modernize that, leave. You're poor? Son of a bitch, go ahead, suffer in poverty and hunger, I don't care."[41] However, Land Transportation Franchising and Regulatory Board (LTFRB) chairman Martin Delgra said the next day that Duterte's call was only his "expression of urgency."[42] Its proposal of jeepney modernization will affect 240,000 jeepneys and 80,000 UV Express.[43]

In January 2018, an operation called "Tanggal Usok, Tanggal Bulok" was implemented by Inter-Agency Council for Traffic (I-ACT) for the dilapidated and smoke belching jeepneys.[44][45] However, its commuters gave a difficult time in riding jeepneys,[44] particularly the students.[46] Commuters expressed their frustration on social media for apprehending the jeepneys that causes the commuters to be stranded.[46]

The total phaseout of jeepneys is set to implement on July 1, 2020.[47][48]

Anti-martial law, anti-imperialist calls by indigenous peoples and Moro people during the Lakbayan 2017

Duterte declared martial law in the whole Mindanao on May 23, 2017 following the crisis in Marawi between Philippine government security forces and militants affiliated with the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL), including the Maute and Abu Sayyaf Salafi jihadist groups.[49][50][51] The deadline of martial law was extended three times.[52]

In October 2017, Duterte said that he would declare a revolutionary government against the supposed conspirator of destabilizing the government made by the communist rebels, Liberals and other factions.[53][54] He said to the media that "'Pag ang (if the) destablization ninyo patagilid na at medyo magulo na (would be shaky and more trouble), I will not hesitate to declare a revolutionary government until the end of my term."[54] The next month, he clarified that he would only declare a revolutionary government if "things go out of control."[55] Should the revolutionary government declared, "he would order the security forces to arrest all destabilizers and go on a full-scale war against communist rebels."[53] Duterte draws criticism from the opposition, stating that the declaration is a beginning of the stage towards his dictatorship.[56]

On the last week of August 2020, several Duterte supporters revived the calls for revolutionary government amid the rising cases of COVID-19 pandemic in the country.[57] President Duterte himself denied the involvement of pushing the revolutionary government.[58]

On January 11, 2018, the Securities and Exchange Commission of the Philippines (SEC) revoked Rappler's certificate of incorporation over Rappler's use of Philippine Depository Receipts (PDRs). It said that the provisions of the PDR issued to Omidyar Network by Rappler gave the American investment firm control over the local media firms' other PDR holders as well as its corporate policies, which the SEC says is a violation of the Constitution's provisions on foreign ownership and control.[59] Rappler claimed that it was 100% Filipino owned and that Omidyar only invests in the media firm.[60] Despite the certificate revocation, SEC stated that Rappler could still operate since their decision was not final, pointing out that the media firm could also challenge the decision before the Court of Appeals within 15 days.[61] Malacañang Palace also suggested that Rappler authors can still continue to publish on their website as bloggers.[62] On February 28, Omidyar Network donated its Rappler PDRs to the editors and executives of Rappler.[63]

On February 13, 2019, Rappler CEO Maria Ressa was arrested by National Bureau Investigation (NBI) for cyber libel upon the orders of the Manila Regional Trial Court Branch 46, "alleged that her right to due process was violated."[64] Ressa is known for her criticism against Duterte's war on drugs.[65] The arrest of Ressa sparked condemnations from the international journalists and local groups, who slammed the Duterte administration by saying that the action is "clearly part of the administration's attack on press freedom."[66] Duterte denied his involvement of her arrest.[67]

Duterte signed the Tax Reform for Acceleration and Inclusion Act, also known as TRAIN law, on December 19, 2017 that lowers personal income taxes while increases the price of fuel, cars, coal and sugar-sweetened drinks.[68] On the first half of 2018, several groups staged the protests against TRAIN LAW, which the group blamed it for increasing basic goods and oil prices.[69] TRAIN law also had the impact to the store owners due to increasing prices.[70] On May 24, 2018, a coalition called "Stop Train Coalition" launched the signature that needed at least a million signatures to junk the TRAIN law.[70] Since the passage of TRAIN law, the country's inflation dramatically increased with the peak of 6.2% in October 2018,[71] the highest rate since nine years.[72]

Constitutional reform in the Philippines, also known as Charter Change (colloquially Cha-Cha),[73] refers to the political and legal processes needed to amend the current 1987 Constitution of the Philippines. Under the common interpretation of the Constitution, amendments can be proposed by one of three methods: a People's Initiative, a Constituent Assembly or a Constitutional Convention.[74][75][76]

The efforts to attempt the amend the 1987 Constitution was done since the administrations of Ramos, Estrada, and Arroyo.[77] In Duterte administration, the attempts was done in early 2018 but it failed due to strong opposition from the Senate.[78] In early January 2021, the discussion about charter change was revived.[79]

Labor Day 2018 mobilization

Several militant groups have mainly concerned over the contractualization being applied to the workers in the country. Contractualization defines "a practice where a company hires contractual workers only when is necessary" while "endo" (end of contract) "refers to the scheme that corrupt companies exercise to abuse their workers."[80][81] The above-mentioned was heavily opposed by the labor groups as they urged Duterte to sign executive order (EO) that will regulate contractualization.[82] According to Presidential Spokesperson Harry Roque, the EO will be possibly signed on May 1, Labor Day.[83] However, on April 19, Labor Secretary Silvestre Bello III confirmed that there will be no longer an executive order, and, instead, the Congress will be the one to pass it.[84]

Ousted Chief Justice Maria Lourdes Sereno (left) addresses her crowd of supporters after her peers in the Supreme Court voted to oust her based on the solicitor general's quo warranto petition on May 11, 2018

Demonstrations[85] staged by the supporters of Supreme Court Chief Justice Maria Lourdes Sereno occurred, following her impeachment process filed against her[86][87] and her subsequent indefinite leave.[88][89] The main reasons for the impeachment proceedings, according to the complainant, lawyer Larry Gadon, was that Sereno allegedly failed to declare her Statement of Assets, Liabilities and Net worth (SALN) and was also responsible for tax misdeclarations and unauthorized expenses.[90]

On December 4, 2017, Marcelito Paez was killed by unidentified assailant while driving his Toyota Innova in Jaen-Zaragoza Road in Jaen, Nueva Ecija. Human rights organization Karapatan condemned the killing of Paez.[91] Before his death, Paez helped for the release of the political prisoner Rommel Tucay, who was detained in Cagayan jail.[92]

On April 29, 2018, a 37-year-old priest Mark Ventura was shot dead by riding-in-tandem assailants after taking a Sunday mass in Gattaran, Cagayan. Authorities said that Ventura blessed the children and talked to the choir members when the assailants shot him.[93] The CBCP, Senator Francis Pangilinan and Anakbayan condemned the murder of Ventura, with Anakbayan called it "fascistic, tyrannical, and mafia-style rule" by the Duterte administration.[94] On May 1, Manila Archbishop Luis Antonio Tagle denounced the killing, saying in Tagalog, "Isn't he a gift from God? Is it that easy now to kill and throw a person away?"[95] On May 3, the Ventura's family and the Cagayan Valley police issued a P300,00 reward for the information of the suspect of the murder.[96]

On June 10, a priest, Richmond Nilo of the Diocese of Cabanatuan, was gunned down by unknown assailant as he was preparing for evening mass at a small chapel in Zaragoza, Nueva Ecija on June 10, 2018 at 6:05 pm.[97][98] Following the murder, the Philippine National Police said that they tagged at least five suspects in connection with the killing of Nilo. One of the suspects linked to the murder, Adell Roll Milan—an altar boy at the church,[99] was arrested by the police on June 14.[100] PNP chief Oscar Albayalde identified him a resident of Barangy Malapit, San Isidro, Nueva Ecija.[101] The police retrieved surveillance cameras; one showing the two men riding in the motorcycle in a road near the chapel moments before the crime, and another one showing a third suspect who served as lookout while two others were seen in a getaway vehicle.[102] Another CCTV footage, timestamped 5:09 pm, shows Milan is seen riding his motorcycle outside T. Ador Dionisio National High School, roughly 25 kilometres (16 mi) from the church.[103] However, Elena Matias, grandmother of Milan, during the interview with Rappler, said that the police (wearing only civilian clothes) wrongly arrested him as they did not introduce themselves, and did not present any warrant of arrest.[103][104] The distance between Milan's house and the small chapel is just at least 25 kilometers away. Matias also said that neither she nor her grandson had knowledge of the killing.[104]

Larry Gadon, Milan's lawyer, believes that he is a fall guy. Milan's childhood friend, Nelson John Oreo, claimed that he was with Milan 4:00 to 8:30 p.m. on the day when the priest was killed.[99]

Several members from religious sectors, such as CBCP, and opposition politicians, have directly pointed the finger at Duterte,[105][101][106] who is known for his attacks against the church—whom are critical of the administration.[107][108][109]

Another alleged perpetrator of Nilo's murder identified as Omar Mallari, who was arrested by the police on July 2. According to the police, they traced Mallari's whereabouts using the plate number of vehicle which was caught in a CCTV footage when Nilo was killed. Aside from Mallari, they also apprehended the suspect Manuel Torres, while two other suspects, Rolando Garcia and Marius Albis Torres, surrendered. However, some of the suspects remain at large. The police said that, in their affidavits, Mallari and Garcia said that they were paid by Torres a P100,000 to kill the priest.[110] On October 5, another suspect named Bernie Limpio, 36, was arrested during the nighttime buy-bust operation in Maddela, Quirino. During the investigation by the police, they found out that Limpio has an arrest warrant for the Nilo's case.[111]

On mid-June 2018, Duterte launched the campaign, called Oplan Tambay, against the loiterers (Tagalog: tambays) who violated the city ordinance such as smoking in public places, drinking liquor on the streets, and going shirtless in public.[112] The campaign had at least 8,000 residents were either accosted or apprehended for violating the rules in two weeks.[113]

However, this campaign was described by some sectors as another human rights violation being committed by the administration.[114] Randy David, sociology professor of University of the Philippines, said in an opinion statement that Duterte has "able to instill fear in people's minds even without declaring martial law by ordering the Philippine National Police to crack down on "tambays" or street loiterers."[115] Gabriela party-list blamed Duterte for high volume of loiterers in the streets, citing the low salary rate and the government's failure of ending the ENDO.[116] Conversely, Chief Insp. Mercy Villaro, spokesperson of the Mandaue City Police Office said the campaign against loiterers "would help address the problem of fraternities in the city."[117]

On June 25, a netizen posted a photo of commuters holding a tarpaulin banner saying "Hindi po kami tambay, nag-aabang lang ng jeep. At kung tambay man huwag kaming hulihin, saktan, patayin!" (transl. "We're not hanging out, just waiting for the jeep. And if we are bystanders, do not arrest, hurt, kill!") while waiting for a jeepney ride.[118]

A teenage boy named Genesis "Tisoy" Argoncillo, who was arrested during an Oplan Tambay operation on June 15, was allegedly killed by fellow detainees inside the Novaliches Police Station on June 19 after serving 4-days in the detention.[119][120][121] On June 15, the Quezon City Police Department (QCPD)-Station 4 conducted a raid (also known as Oplan Galugad) in Sitio 5B, Novaliches.[120] The police claimed that Argoncillo and his friends challenged a fight with them when the authorities arrived at their scene, thus Argoncillo was imprisoned for "alarm and scandal."[120] The QCPD-4 chief denied that there was a "foul play" occurred on Argoncillo's death. On the midnight of June 18, one of the inmate discovered the unconscious Argoncillo.[120]

According to Argoncillo's elder sister, Marilou Argoncillo, he was watching videos on his phone in front of a store next to their house in Novaliches, Quezon City, when police officers arrested him for being a shirtless.[122] Supt. Carlito Grijaldo, commander of Quezon City Police Station 4, said that Argoncillo's death was self-inflicted, claiming that the detainee was "mentally disturbed".[122] A death certificate shows that Argoncillo's "immediate cause" of his death was "multiple blunt force trauma" applied to his "head, neck, chest, and upper extremities."[123] QCPD Director Chief Supt. Joselito Esquivel said that Argoncillo had no signs of external injuries when the autopsy conducted.[119] The police earlier claimed that Argoncillo had died from shortness of breath.[113] The police filed the charges against Justin Mercado and Richard Bautista—alleged Sputnik gang members. The two were held responsible for supposedly mauling Argoncillo.[119] According to Esquivel, they have been relieved at least five police officers following the death of Argoncillo.[124]

Protesters rallied against peasant killings under Duterte, including the Sagay massacre

August 16, 2019 protest inside UP Diliman against Negros massacres.

Farmer protesters are among of the opposition figures due to their claim that the military allegedly killed the farmers under the Duterte administration.[125] According to Unyon ng Manggagawa sa Agrikultura, there are 213 farmers have been killed so far under the Duterte regime as of July 2019.[126] However, the killing of farmers clearly becomes a major story when, on October 20, 2018, an armed gunmen killed nine farmers inside the sugarcane plantation in Sagay, Negros Occidental.[127] Initially, the police stated that the New People's Army may be "behind" of the massacre.[128] However, opposition groups, likewise, said that Duterte administration and the military "should be held responsible" for this,[129] and another group also accused Duterte for the act.[130]

The 1987 Mendiola massacre was remembered by the group of farmers and other groups, with Duterte's name can be seen written on their placards despite the massacre happened during the Corazon Aquino administration.[131][132]

Students from Ateneo de Manila University protested against the lowering of the minimum age of criminal responsibility

On January 21, 2019, the House committee bill was issued, stating that the age of criminal responsibility will be lowered from 15 to nine years of age.[133][134] However, it was opposed by some advocates including UNICEF and Save the Children,[135][136] local politicians, artists and celebrities[137] who used the hashtag #ChildrenNotCriminals as the condemnation.[138] Prior to this, it had been planned by congressmen, which was then echoed by President Duterte,[139] to lower the age of criminal responsibility in 2016.[140]

Antonio Sanchez is the prime suspect for the rape and murder of Mary Eileen Sarmenta and Allan Gomez in June 1993 and is convicted in March 1995. On August 20, 2019, news reports stated that Sanchez could have walked free from prison after spending 25 years in prison,[141] according to a document bearing the signature of Bureau of Corrections director Nicanor Faeldon.[142] The decision generated public outrage.[142][143] On August 23, University of the Philippines Los Baños, the alma mater of Sarmenta and Gomez, held a rally to oppose the Sanchez's release. Among there present is the mother of Allan Gomez. Despite the Duterte administration denies the role of Sanchez release,[144][145] Duterte's name can be seen written on their placards.[146] On August 26, President Rodrigo Duterte ordered Justice Secretary Menardo Guevarra and Bureau of Corrections chief Nicanor Faeldon not to release convicted rapist-murderer Antonio Sanchez.[147] On September 5, 2019, Duterte fires Faeldon from his duty for his actions.[148]

On October 11, 2014, Joseph Scott Pemberton killed trans woman Jennifer Laude inside the Olongapo motel.[149] On December 1, 2015, Pemberton was convicted of murder, sentenced him to 6 to 12 years in jail.[150] On September 2, 2020, Branch 74 of the Olongapo City Regional Trial Court granted Joseph Scott Pemberton's partial motion of reconsideration, thereby releasing him from prison.[151][152][153] On September 7, 2020, President Rodrigo Duterte granted an absolute pardon to Pemberton,[154] which was justified by his spokesman Harry Roque, who was once a legal counsel for the Laude family.[155] The pardon, which was condemned by the Laude family,[156] sparked outrage in the LGBT community,[157] as well as high-profile personalities from senators[158] to celebrities.[159] The hashtag #JusticeForJenniferLaude landed on the top trending spot in social media, where majority of the posts were critical of Duterte.[160] On September 11, 2020, several LGBT communities held a rally to protest Duterte's absolute of pardon of Joseph Scott Pemberton.[161]

Amid the COVID-19 pandemic, the first case of SARS-CoV-2 infection in the Philippines was confirmed on 30 January. The diagnosed patient was a 38-year-old Chinese woman from Wuhan, who had arrived in Manila from Hong Kong on 21 January.[162] This triggered social media outrage, trending the hashtag #OustDuterte on Twitter[163] and some groups blamed the government for "criminal negligence" for the entry of SARS-CoV-2 in the country and the "lack of action" to prevent the coronavirus from spreading.[164][165] The government planned to make the Athlete's Village in New Clark City in Tarlac as a quarantine area for the Overseas Filipino Workers coming from China.[166] However, this decision was opposed by the local residents, stated that this plan will threaten the social peace in the town and worrying about the spread of the virus.[166]

On the other hand, the government's handling of the COVID-19 pandemic has received criticism from social media platforms especially on Twitter: for instance, the NBI's attempt to investigate Pasig City Mayor Vico Sotto for allegedly violating the quarantine policy,[167][168][169] the arrest of 20 protesters in Quezon City on April 1, 2020 looking for the aid from the local government,[170] Duterte's remarks of ordering to "shoot" the person who violated the quarantine protocols on April 2, 2020,[171][172] the shooting of Philippine Army veteran Winston Ragos by the police at a checkpoint on April 21, 2020,[173] and the controversial birthday party of National Capital Region Police Office Regional Director Maj. Gen. Debold Sinas on May 8, 2020 despite the enhanced community quarantine (ECQ) was implemented at the time.[174][175] The delay of the vaccine to arrive in the Philippines were also condemned.[176]

The shutdown of ABS-CBN, the Philippines' largest and leading television network, was met with massive criticism and outcry among local celebrities and television viewers, as well as politicians and militant groups.[177][178] The franchise controversy mainly focuses on the disputes between the Duterte administration and ABS-CBN, which Duterte has criticized the ABS-CBN Network for their "alleged biased and unfavorable news coverage" against Duterte, beginning with his presidential campaign in the 2016 Philippine presidential election.[179] Duterte voiced his opposition against the network's renewal of congressional franchise, stating that "I will see to it that you're out."[180] After the National Telecommunications Commission (NTC) and Solicitor General Jose Calida issued a cease and desist order against ABS-CBN,[181][182] the network effectively ceased broadcasting on May 5, 2020.[183][184][185]

Congressional hearings for the new franchise was commenced on May 26, 2020.[186][187] On June 30, the NTC and Calida issued two alias cease and desist orders (ACDO) demanding ABS-CBN TV Plus (and all of its digital channels like Yey! and Asianovela Channel) and Sky Direct to immediately cease all of its operations.[188][189][190] On July 10, members of the House of Representatives, particularly the Committee on Legislative Franchises, voted 70–11 to reject the franchise application of ABS-CBN citing political reasons and several issues on the network's franchise.[191][192] As a response, many supporters, employees and personalities of ABS-CBN held a noise barrage in solidarity for the network since July 13, 2020.[193][194]

International Human Rights Day Protest 2020 included calls to junk the Anti-Terrorism Act, dubbed as "Terror Law".

On June 3, 2020, the House of Representatives approved the HB No. 6875 or known as Anti-Terrorism Act.[195] The bill was certified as "urgent" by President Rodrigo Duterte and the aim of passage of the bill is to response to the threat in the country.[196] On the bill, it states that "any law enforcer to arrest and detain without warrant 'a person suspected of committing any of the acts' punishable under the measure for 14 calendar days, extendable by 10 days and "the suspected 'terrorist' can also be placed under surveillance for 60 days, extendable by up to 30 more days, by the police or the military."[197]

However, it was met by criticism among politicians, religious organizations, and as well as celebrities: Catholic and Protestant organizations condemned the anti-terror law, stating that "we believe that the anti-terrorism bill will insidiously strip away respect for human rights and other civil liberties".[198] Several lawmakers from Mindanao expressed their alarm over the bill, saying that the bill will only incite violence, instead of ending the terrorism.[199] The Commission of Human Rights (CHR) also expressed concerns over the bill.[200] Vice President Leni Robredo questioned the timing of the passage of the Anti-Terrorism Act of 2020.[201] Various groups held a rally to protest the bill on June 3 and 4, citing that the government will use it to harass, abduct, and silence the critics of the Duterte administration and also arresting the citizens without the warrant.[201][202] Celebrities, as well as Miss Universe candidates Gloria Diaz, Pia Wurtzbach and Catriona Gray voice their opposition to the bill.[203] At the same time, the UP Diliman also took a knee in solidarity with Black Lives Matter and the fight against police brutality[204] after George Floyd was killed by the police officer while being arrested for allegedly using a counterfeit bill in Minneapolis, Minnesota.[205] Outside the Philippines, American singer Taylor Swift expressed her opposition to the bill through her Instagram story.[206][207] Swedish environmental activist teenager Greta Thunberg also joined the petition against anti-terrorism law.[208]

Seven protesters from University of the Philippines and one bystander who were condemning the controversial anti-terror bill were arrested in Cebu City for alleged violations of general community quarantine (GCQ) guidelines.[209][210][211] Dubbed as "Cebu 8", the detainees have spent 36 hours in detention.[211] PNP Central Visayas denied the allegations that they used excessive force to disperse the anti-terror bill protests.[212]

Following the protests against the controversial anti-terrorism bill, several cloned Facebook accounts have been created on the platform. It started with University of the Philippines Cebu on June 6, 2020 who have been targeted by the newly created, duplicated Facebook accounts of themselves.[213] It later targeted the residents in Metro Manila, Iloilo, Dumaguete, and Cagayan de Oro City, and other areas, who have engaged in protests against the bill.[213][214][215] As a result, the hashtag #HandsOffOurStudents trended on Twitter, which the netizens condemned the creation of fake accounts.[216] Department of Justice Secretary Menardo Guevarra expressed concern over the matter and ordered the agency's cybercrime division to coordinate with the NBI and the PNP to investigate the matter.[217][218]

Several groups held a rally dubbed by the activists as "Grand Mañanita" at the UP Diliman on Independence Day, June 12, 2020 to protests the anti-terror bill.[219] Activist Mae Paner also present at the event, dressed up like Metro Manila Police Chief Debold Sinas who was faced controversy over his birthday celebration on May 8, 2020, which the police called it "Mananita".[219][220]

Red-tagging refers to the malicious blacklisting of individuals or organizations critical or not fully supportive of the actions of a sitting government administration. This blacklisting takes the form of being "tagged" as either a Communist or terrorist or both, regardless of one's actual political beliefs or group affiliations.[221] Such blacklisting is a form of incitement and has pernicious effects on its targets.[222]

The red-tagging, under the Duterte administration, came into light in October 2020 when local celebrities Angel Locsin, Liza Soberano, and Catriona Gray were being "red-tagged" by the military. Locsin, after merely criticizing Congress, was accused of being a terrorist and a member of the NPA.[223] Lt. Gen. Antonio Parlarde Jr. of the National Task Force to End Local Communist Armed Conflict (NTF-ELCAC) urged supporters of the government to refrain from “red tagging” actress Liza Soberano after she appeared on a webinar of GABRIELA, but appeared to have done it himself anyways. Parlarde warned her that engaging with activist groups like GABRIELA would make her end like activist Josephine Lapira, who allegedly joined the NPA and was killed in an armed encounter with government troops. He also mentioned several other celebrities who are vocal against the government such as beauty queen Catriona Gray and actress Angel Locsin.[224] Soberano's camp denounced the "red tagging" of the actress.[225] GABRIELA, with senators Risa Hontiveros and Francis Pangilinan defended Soberano and criticized Parlarde's "red tagging," while the Concerned Artists of the Philippines (CAP) urged the general to retract his statement and apologize to the actress.[226][227]

Duterte's absence on the public eye during the press briefings in preparation for incoming typhoons (recently typhoons Goni (Rolly) and Vamco (Ulysses)) drew uproar on social media and the hashtag #NasaanAngPangulo (#WhereisthePresident) was trended on Twitter.[228][229] As a result, several youths staged the protest to condemn the government's lack of response to the recent calamities and also calling Duterte to step down if he did not heed the demands of the strike.[230][231] Duterte defended his absence, stating that he visited his parent's grave in Davao.[232]

Ironically, the hashtag #NasaanAngBisePresidente (#WhereistheVicePresident) was dominated on Twitter, asking the whereabouts of Vice President Leni Robredo during the onslaught of Tropical Storm Krovanh (Vicky) on December 19, 2020 that brought massive flooding in parts of Mindanao.[233][234]

The 1989 University of the Philippines–Department of National Defense accord was a bilateral agreement between the Department of National Defense (DND) and the University of the Philippines (UP) that restricted military and police access and operations inside the university.[235][236] The agreement was signed by then-UP President Jose V. Abueva and then-Defense Secretary Fidel V. Ramos following the arrest of Donato Continente, a staffer of The Philippine Collegian and an alleged communist, who was arrested within the premises of the university for his involvement in the killing of US Army Col. James Nicholas Rowe on April 21, 1989.[237][236] As a response, the University of the Philippines held a rally to condemn the termination of the agreement.[238][239]

Protests of students along the gates of the Commission on Higher Education.

Different sectors rallied on the issue of water shortage.

Aside from above-mentioned issues, demonstrators also protested other issues such as:

• Implementation of K–12 program[note 6][241]
• Lack of permanent solution for rice crisis and the impending rice tariffication law[242][243]
• The reports of universities collecting the miscellaneous and tuition fees despite the Republic Act No. 10931 has been signed on August 3, 2017. Because of this, Kabataan lambasted Duterte instead by giving him a failing grade.[244][245]
• Slow response on rehabilitation of Typhoon Yolanda in Tacloban: Typhoon Haiyan, locally known in the country as "Yolanda", made a landfall in the country on November 8, 2013, leaving more than 6,300 people dead. Five years after the disaster, the survivors still protested the government's slow response on rehabilitation efforts. Despite the disaster happened during the Benigno Aquino III administration, they displayed the caricature of both Aquino and Duterte (who was the Mayor of Davao City at the time) at the street.[246][247]
• Water shortages and interruptions across Metro Manila[248][249]

Duterte and Xi in July 2018.

Most militant groups decried the ties between President Duterte and China over the occupation of Chinese vessels and the reported harassment of the fishermen amidst the territorial disputes in the South China Sea.[250][251]

On July 12, 2018, tarpaulin banners read "WELCOME TO THE PHILIPPINES, PROVINCE OF CHINA" (with a Chinese translation below the text) were installed on several footbridges in Metro Manila, coinciding the two-year anniversary of winning the Philippines on its arbitration case against China.[252] It is possible that the tarpaulins were the reference to a "joke" made by Duterte that "the country can be a province of the Asian giant," five months earlier.[252][253] Chinese Ambassador Zhao Jianhua slammed the banners, calling it a "vicious attack" on the "independent foreign policy" pursued by Duterte.[254] Zhao also said that the Philippines "can never be any part of China."[255] The Philippine National Police were investigating the person behind this installed tarpaulin,[256] but the person were never known.[252] Presidential Spokesperson Harry Roque said that the banners were "absurd" and made by the "enemies" of the government.[256] Opposition lawmakers Bayan Muna Rep. Carlos Zarate and Alliance of Concerned Teachers Rep. Antonio Tinio denied that leftist groups were behind of the tarpaulins.[256]

Student-activists from University of the Philippines and Ateneo de Manila University burn the flags of China and US to protest against their encroachment of Philippine sovereignty.

The state visit of Chinese President Xi Jinping on November 19–21, 2018, triggered the protest by the militant groups, who called him to "go away" in Mandarin.[257] The reason why they held a protest was because the Philippines "sold" the territories to China.[257]

The incident at the Reed Bank occurred on June 9, 2019 when a Chinese vessel rammed the Philippine fishing boat, F/B Gem-Ver, which carried 22 fishermen, causing the latter to sink.[258] All of the fishermen were rescued by the Philippine Navy.[258] Several days after incident, Duterte was kept silent about the incident until June 17 when he eventually made a statement, saying that the incident was just the "maritime incident."[259][260] Because of this, it generated public controversy and several militant groups including the fishermen's relatives have desired to impeach Duterte for allowing "China to fish in the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) in the West Philippine Sea."[261][3]

The United States is one of the countries critical to Philippine drug war campaign, in which then-President Barack Obama and U.S. Senators condemned and denounced the human rights abuses amid the campaign. The campaign also discussed in the United States Senate on late 2016.[262][263][264] Nevertheless, most of the militant groups – particularly the left-wing groups – also aimed at the United States through their placards or streamers due to "imperialism"[265] and neoliberal policies,[266] with the Trump-Duterte effigies were displayed on some occasion.[267] Activists have claimed that despite the condemnation, the US continues to fund the war on drugs and Duterte's anti-insurgency program.[268] Moreover, they cite the continuation and upholding of earlier treaties such as the Enhanced Defense Cooperation Agreement (EDCA) as examples of the US breaching Philippine sovereignty.[269] Anti-imperalist group League of Filipino Students also accused Duterte of allowing the American entry of warships and other military equipment in which as part of the Balikatan exercises in the country.[270]

Amidst of escalated tension between Iran and the U.S. following the death of Qasem Soleimani in a drone strike conducted by the United States on January 3, 2020,[271][272] the Philippine government planned to send Philippine military to the Middle East, triggering the condemnation and protests by the various militant groups on January 10, 2020. According to the group, this plan will put the Overseas Filipino workers there at risk should the Philippines allies with the U.S.[273]

Activists burn rotating Trump effigy, dubbed as "Fascist Spinner," inspired by the fidget spinner.

Thousands of militant groups staged a series protests from November 9–14, 2017 against the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) Summit hosted by the Philippines.[274][275] Their call was to ban the visit of U.S. President Donald Trump, who visited the country to attend ASEAN-related summits as a dialogue partner.[276] It is because, according to student leader Elijah San Pedro, Trump seemingly "to have dragged the Philippines into his war rhetorics against North Korea."[277] Atty. Aaron Pedrosa of SANLAKAS also said that Mamasapano massacre and the war in Marawi were created by the U.S.-led War on Terror.[277] Karapatan Alliance for the Advancement of People's Rights slammed the Trump administration for "'funding' the administration's war on drugs."[277] The Philippine Coast Guard reported that protesters attempted to bribe fishermen to get them close to the United States Embassy.[278] A group of protesters led by Anakbayan managed to reached the gate of Philippine International Convention Center, despite tight security.[279]

Militant group Kalipunan ng Damayang Mahihirap (Kadamay) also staged protests against Trump.[280][281] A group said that the ₱15.5-billion ($292 million) budget of the ASEAN Summit could have been used for the poor.[280] Aside from Trump, protesters also burned the images of Australian Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull, Japanese Prime Minister Shinzō Abe, Russian President Vladimir Putin, and Chinese Premier Li Keqiang, whom "protesters said are responsible for the anti-Filipino and imperialistic agenda allegedly promoted by the Duterte administration."[282]

Anti-riot police used water cannon and sonic alarm to repel activists.[283] Bagong Alyansang Makabayan, led by Renato Reyes, have the Trump's effigy — with four rotating hands shaped into the swastika symbol and President Rodrigo Duterte can be seen behind — burned.[283] Despite being fired by the water cannon, the protesters continue to push forward against the blocking police.[284] It is reported that 20 members of militant groups were injured after engaged the clash with the police.[285] Trump arrived in the country on November 12.[286]

The protests against Rodrigo Duterte started when late dictator Ferdinand Marcos was buried on November 18, 2016 at the Libingan ng mga Bayani, which was described by the media as a "surprise burial". Remembering the Marcos dictatorship era, thousands of protesters, including well-known personalities and politicians, staged the protests.[287][288][289][290]

The "Walk for Life" was a mass demonstration organized by the Catholic Bishops' Conference of the Philippines (CBCP) protesting the reintroduction of the death penalty and call for an end to killings amid the country's ongoing war on drugs. The event was first announced on late January 2017 by former CBCP President Socrates Villegas, who encourages the Filipino people to join in a said event.[291]

On February 18, 2017, the march gathered approximately 20,000 Filipino Catholics in Manila. The church had led the revolutions that successfully toppled former Presidents Ferdinand Marcos in 1986 and Joseph Estrada in 2001, all of which were held in EDSA.[292] Among those who joined the rally was Senator Leila de Lima, a critic of Duterte who opposes the war on drugs.[293] On February 24, 2018, thousands of people joined at the Quirino Grandstand.[294]

On November 5, 2017, the Catholic Church held a prayer rally and healing mass, dubbed as "Lord, Heal Our Land", held at the EDSA highway, the site of the People Power Revolution, to oppose the extrajudicial killings. The procession was attended by around 3,500 people.[295] CBCP president and Lingayen-Dagupan Archbishop Socrates Villegas said:

Let us ask that our prayers for the country's healing be answered. The November 5 activity has no colors. It will stand for transparency, clarity of vision, purity of heart. We won't be there to shout and hold a rally. We will pray and whisper to Jesus' heart to ask for forgiveness, forgiveness for the country that sinned."[296]

Administration opponent groups such as Movement Against Tyranny and Tindig Pilipinas were present at the event.[296] They clarified that the event was to only express frustration, not the "destabilization."[297] Opposition politicians such as Senators Bam Aquino, Franklin Drilon, Risa Hontiveros[298] and Antonio Trillanes were also present.[295]

Protesters demonstrate during the 32nd anniversary of People Power Revolution.

On February 25, 2017, demonstrators celebrated the 31st anniversary of People Power Revolution, an event that led to the downfall of Ferdinand Marcos on the same day of 1986. Opposition figures such as Senators Bam Aquino, Risa Hontiveros, Francis Pangilinan and Franklin Drilon and former President Benigno Aquino III—whom being cheered upon his arrival.[299] Block Marcos Movement arrived at People Power Monument at 9pm and they put a white shovel at the People Power Monument, a goal to exhume Marcos from the grave at the Libingan ng mga Bayani.[299] Former President Fidel V. Ramos expressed his disappointment over Duterte's absence at the event.[300] There was a heated confrontation within the event in which involving the APO Hiking Society member Jim Paredes and some members of Duterte Youth where the former mocked them by raising the Duterte's signature fist. The event was recorded on the phone.[301]

Demonstrators commemorated the 32nd anniversary of People Power Revolution (also dubbed as "People Werpa")[302] on February 25, 2018.[303] According to Presidential Spokesperson Harry Roque, Duterte will not attend the event but instead "the President will be in his home province in Davao City".[303] Last year, Duterte also did attend the event.[303] As the day approaches, several groups including students, activists, and other opponents held the protests against Duterte administration actions.[304] An online poll conducted by Communications Assistant Secretary Mocha Uson, stating "Naniniwala ba kayo na ang 1986 EDSA PEOPLE POWER ay isang produkto ng FAKE NEWS???" ("Do you think the 1986 EDSA People Power is a product of fake news?"), which garnered 84% voted "yes" out of 61,800 respondents.[305] However, Harry Roque said that the event is not 'fake news'.[305]

On February 23, 2019, more than 1,300 supporters of the opposition gathered at the People Power Monument in White Plains to commemorate the 33rd anniversary of People Power Revolution.[306][307] There, they denounced, through the placards, the administration-backed senatorial candidates for 2019 including former Presidential Aide Bong Go and former Ilocos Norte Governor Imee Marcos.[307] UP Diliman screened the film, Citizen Jake, directed by Mike de Leon and starring Atom Araullo as the title character Jake Herrera, which follows "a journalist whose principles clash with the political interests of his estranged father, a powerful senator."[308] A 5-minute short film entitled Kangkungan,[309] also directed by Mike de Leon was uploaded on Vimeo, slamming the policy of Duterte.[310]

Opposition figures have made their statement ahead of the event: Senator Bam Aquino calls the Filipino people "to air their grievances through the ballot in the May elections." Senator Leila de Lima denounced the persecution of prominent critics of the administration such as her arrest, voiding of amnestry of Senator Antonio Trillanes, removal of Supreme Court Chief Justice Maria Lourdes Sereno, and the deportation of Sister Patricia Fox "in order to stop her active involvement in human rights work."[306] Vice President Leni Robredo called the people to break the misconception that the event is merely about the "dilawans" (transl. "yellows", a derogatory term for Liberal Party supporters) and instead remember the anniversary event.[311] It was reported that the number of people participated are fewer than the last year.[312]

On February 24, about 600 people gathered at the People Power Monument.[313] Among the attendees were former President Benigno Aquino III and the supporters of opposition senatorial candidates from the Otso Diretso. It also shows the footage of Duterte's expletive speeches on the projector.[313] On his speech, Aquino breaks the silence on the Dengvaxia controversy and the measles outbreak.[313][314]

On February 25, just like the previous events, Duterte, again, did not attend the event.[315] The Otso Diretso had challenged the Hugpong ng Pagbabago candidates for the debate on this date.[316] Davao City Mayor Sara Duterte said that the Hugpong candidates agreed to attend the debates.[316] However, none of the Hugpong candidates present at the event.[317]

On February 22, 2020, ahead of 34th anniversary, demonstrators gathered at the People Power Monument to protest the "allowing the China to breach the Philippine sovereignty" and calling Duterte to resign from the office.[318] On February 24, a group of artists projected their graffiti depicting the wanted poster of Duterte on the walls of Philippine National Police.[319] The PNP condemned the digital graffiti, stating that the People Power Revolution "makes it totally deplorable."[320] On February 25, on the day of the anniversary, several people attend the event including former Vice President Jejomar Binay and former Senators Rene Saguisag and Serge Osmeña.[321] However, the number of people attended the event decreased, citing the outbreak of COVID-19 in the country.[322] The supporters of the revolution expressed their resentful over what history of the event seems to be forgotten by the country.[323] At the EDSA Shrine, members of Tindig Pilipinas wore yellow face mask at the event.[323] In Dagupan City, several yellow ribbons have been putted at the utility poles, bridges and fences.[323]

Labor Day 2019 protest

On May 1, 2018, about 20,000 protesters[note 7] clad in red shirts gathered at Mendiola for the much awaited of "endo" termination, featuring Duterte's effigies.[325][326] Duterte signed the executive order about ending of end-of-contract scheme or "endo".[327] However, what Duterte signed about is for the employers not the workers — not the EO they had drafted,[328] much to the dismay of the labor groups.[326] Before that, Duterte promised on February to signed the EO but it was postponed to March 15[329] and then on April 16.[84][326] The signed EO garnered mixed reception from various groups.[330] Therefore, labor groups vowed to hold a larger protest until the contractualization is ended.[325]

On April 30, 2019, few members of Tindig Pilipinas gathered at the headquarters of Department of Labor and Employment (DOLE) to protests the "increasing" Chinese workers in the country.[331]

On May 1, 2019 several militant groups held the rally on Labor Day, condemning the government's failure of "endo", TRAIN Law and demanding the salary increase and the minimum wage increase to Php 750.[331][332][333] According to the Philippine National Police, about 8,000 people attended the rally.[332] Like the previous events, the groups featured an effigy of Duterte.[333] Some labor groups have gathered at the Mendiola Bridge as early as 6 a.m. and then marched across the streets in Metro Manila; the program ended at 5 p.m.[332] Other figures such as 2019 senatorial candidates Leody de Guzman, Sonny Matula, Allan Montaño, Lawin Arellano, and Neri Colmenares also there at the rally; de Guzman criticized the way of passing the workers' salary law by the previous seated Senators.[333] Colmenares and Matula urged the Filipino people to "elect someone like them in the Senate who would push for pay hike and put an end to contractualization."[334] Otso Diretso candidates Bam Aquino, Chel Diokno and Erin Tañada also attended the rally at the Welcome Rotonda.[334] Two Australian tourists also joined the rally, though the joining of the foreigners at the political rally is a violation of Immigration law in the country.[333]

On June 12, 2018, President Duterte's speech in Kawit, Cavite was interrupted when 10 demonstrators chanted "Hunyo 12, huwad na kalayaan! Duterte patalsikin, pasista biguin!" (transl. "12th of June, a false independence! Duterte must be ousted, the fascist must be defeated!") Duterte remained calm and saying that "the protesters' right to express their thoughts and feelings."[335][336][337] One of the demonstrators was arrested for “interrupting public order”.[338]

Several groups led the protest on the day of President Duterte's second State of the Nation Address (SONA). According to Renato Reyes, secretary general of Bayan, the president's promises of improvements during his first SONA still remained unfulfilled, including issues on contractualization, land reforms, and economic policy.[339] Reyes also said that, "Under his administration, regularization has already happened: It is now regular to kill drug suspects, regular to sabotage peace talks, regular to militarize, and regular to spread fake news and disinformation."[340] Also, labor unions Kilusang Mayo Uno and Alyansa ng mga Manggagawa Laban sa Kontraktwalisasyon led similar protests, calling "to resume peace talks and to end martial law in Mindanao."[341][342] About 5,000 members of Bagong Alyansang Makabayan from Roxas City, 3,000 in Iloilo City, 2,500 in Kalibo, 500–800 in Cebu City, and 500 in Estancia, Iloilo, joined the protest, concerning an end to contractualization, land reform, free education and jeepney modernization.[343] Also, about 300 Lumad people joined the protest, calling to stop the martial law.[344]

At midnight, around 100 anti-Duterte protesters held a candle vigil, led by Senator Risa Hontiveros, condemning the extrajudicial killings and extension of martial law in Mindanao. Hontiveros called Duterte's second SONA a "fake."[345] At night, Duterte confronted the protesters for the first time.[346]

State of the Nation Address mobilization 2018

Protest art during State of the Nation Address 2018

Ahead of Duterte's third State of the Nation Address, opposition lawmakers announced that they will wear protest Barongs with artwork.[347] Opposition figures—such as Senators Antonio Trillanes IV, Risa Hontiveros, and Bam Aquino—attend the mass at the University of the Philippines Diliman. There, Bishop Broderick Pabillo said on the sermon that the proposed federalism and the charter change are not the solution of wiping out the problem in the country.[348]

Over 6,000 police officers will deploy in different areas in Metro Manila to secure the SONA.[349] Dubbed the protest as "United People's SONA,"[350] different groups coalitions and organizations held a protests on the day of Duterte's third State of the Nation Address nationwide.[351][352]

On July 23, 2018, the day of SONA, Bayan Muna Southern Tagalog featured Duterte's effigy and then burned it.[353][354] Demonstrators gathered at University of the Philippines Diliman, slamming the series of killings in the country and the increase of basic goods due to Tax Reform for Acceleration and Inclusion Act (TRAIN law) while some considering to "Oust Duterte."[355] Gabriela, in Commonwealth Avenue in front of Tandang Sora flyover, also slammed Duterte.[356] In Bicol, militant groups also held a rally.[357] Meanwhile, Pro-Duterte groups also gathered in Batasan Road.[358] Bayan Muna Representative Renato Reyes claimed that about 40,000 have attended and he called it "the biggest SONA rally under the Duterte regime,"[5] but some sources claimed that number of people attended the rally is 24,000.[359]

A week before Duterte's fourth State of the Nation Address on July 22, 2019, it was announced that former Supreme Court Chief Justice Maria Lourdes Sereno will attend the rally against Duterte.[360] Malacañang Palace said that Sereno and the militant are free to express their freedom by joining the rally.[361][362] On July 22, 2019, in Commonwealth Avenue, Quezon City, militant groups burned the flags of United States and China and also calling for the impeachment of Rodrigo Duterte. A fishermen group, Fisherfolk, also joined the rally, expressing frustration "over what they said was Duterte's “treachery against the country and the people.”"[363] The protesters continue the event despite heavy rain in the afternoon.[364] They featured an effigy of Duterte depicting as siyokoy and then burned it. They also slammed Duterte for tying with the Chinese government amid the ongoing conflicts with the territorial disputes in the South China Sea.[365] Families of alleged extrajudicial killing victims,[366] Aeta people,[367] and religious groups are seen also gathering at the event.[368] According to the organizers, about 40,000 people attended the rally.[365] The protesters also brought their children to the event.[369]

To end the program, rapper Calix performed "Giyera Na Bulag" (lit. 'Blind War'), a song that is part of the rap protest album Kolateral.[370] On other side, at least 760 Duterte supporters also gathered at IBP Road in Quezon City.[371]

For the upcoming Duterte's State of the Nation Address on July 27, 2020, Bagong Alyansang Makabayan (Bayan) Secretary-General Renato Reyes Jr. initially announced on July 21, 2020 that the group opposed the PNP calls to stay at home and protests online and will hold a protests physically on the streets for the SONA protests,[372] but on the next day, Reyes said that they will use a virtual effigy for the SONA protests—the first time in the event citing the threat of the coronavirus disease.[373] On July 26, 2020, a music video of Filipno adaptation of "Do You Hear the People Sing?" (Tagalog: "Di Niyo Ba Naririnig?") was launched, featuring several artists including Angel Locsin, Enchong Dee, Jodi Sta. Maria, Iza Calzado, Noel Cabangon and others.[374]

On the day on SONA, over 6,000 police personnel were deployed along Batasan Pambansa and Commonwealth Avenue to secure the venue.[375] At least 34 people have been arrested in Metro Manila including five members of transport group PISTON for violating the community quarantine protocols amid COVID-19 pandemic.[375]

Dubbed the event as "#SONAgKAISA", activists held a rally at University of the Philippines and other streets in Metro Manila.[376][377] Activist Mae Paner dressed up as Presidential Spokesperson Harry Roque, an ensemble took after Roque visited a marine adventure park in Subic, Zambales on July 2, 2020, which he previously defended as a "side trip", amid the strict enforcement quarantine protocols in Metro Manila.[378] His visit was condemned by the netizens on social media.[379] Following the denial of franchise for ABS-CBN by the Congress on July 10, employees of ABS-CBN Corporation participated the event.[380] The rally concluded at 12 o'clock in the afternoon.[376] The Quiapo Church held a mass where the attendees brought their placards bearing the message that opposes anti-terror law. The placards were later confiscated by the police in the middle of the mass.[381] Outside Metro Manila, the event also held in several provinces.[382]

Supporters of Duterte gathered at the front of the Quiapo Church during the National Day of Protest. They claimed that 12,000 had attended the event.[383]

On September 21, 2017, nationwide protests — also known as the "National Day of Protest" — were conducted by various groups against the government's implementation of the war on drugs and the ongoing state of martial law in the whole of Mindanao under the Duterte administration, as part of the commemoration of the 45th anniversary of the declaration of martial law in 1972 by the late President Marcos.[384][385] As the day of protest approaching, Malacañang Palace released Duterte's Proclamation No. 319 and Memorandum Circular no. 26 on this day.[386] A Memorandum Circular no. 26 states that government offices and public schools at all levels are suspended.[386] Duterte said that he will not condone any means of violence which is committed by protesters.[387][388] Duterte even dared the communist New People's Army "to bring the protests to Manila, because he vowed not to arrest them."[389]

Protesters at Mendiola

Left-wing activists and opposition of Duterte accused him of abuses and authoritarianism similar to that of Marcos.[390] Vice President Leni Robredo states that "If we do not remember the past, we are condemned to repeat it. Sadly those who are deceived do not even know that they are walking a doomed path."[note 8][390] In Plaza Miranda, about 500 pro-Duterte rallyists occupied in front of the Quiapo Church.[392] Teddy Casiño said to Duterte that "he is the subject of the protest," after the latter declares September 21 a day of protest.[393] Pro and anti-Duterte rallyists also engaged in chant battle.[393] A group of pro-Duterte supporters are seen elsewhere in the city, calling to stop the "destabilization," which is rumored to be made by the opposition.[394] The protesters also adapted the Tagalog version of "Do You Hear the People Sing?".[395]

On September 21, 2018, nationwide protests were conducted, marking the 46th anniversary of Martial Law. These protests were mainly conducted by several groups such as Youth Act Now Against Tyranny and Bagong Alyansang Makabayan.[396] They also featured the caricatures of Duterte, along with former president and newly installed House Speaker Gloria Macapagal Arroyo and Ferdinand and Bongbong Marcos. Also, removed Chief Justice Maria Lourdes Sereno also present at the event. Liberal Party members held the event by mass. Meanwhile, pro-Duterte supporters also held the demonstration.[397] Other groups featured a stack of buckets with the pictures of Duterte, the Marcoses, newly appointed Chief Justice Teresita de Castro and other Duterte's cabinet — parodying the milk brand Alaska, which was then being toppled by the slippers.[398] Some protesters had questioned the inclusion of former President Benigno Aquino III's face in the bucket, to which the organizers said that because of unsolved problems in the country. They later removed Aquino's face in the bucket as a respect.[398]

On September 21, 2019, various groups staged the protests to commemorate the anniversary of martial law.[399] Also present are the victims of martial law.[400] Vice President Leni Robredo said that "day should remind Filipinos of their duty to protect the Philippines from regressing into despotic rule."[401] The Liberal Party made a statement that every martial law anniversary "should be a moment to spread the truth."[402] Senator Leila de Lima said that the public and the modern-day youths should be reminded of the difficulties suffered under the martial law during the Marcos rule.[403]

Walkout protest at the University of the Philippines Diliman commemorating the 47th anniversary of the declaration of martial law.

An urban group Kadamay (Kalipunan ng Damayang Mahihirap) started their protests on March 8, 2017 when they occupied the idle houses in Pandi, Bulacan.[404] During the course of the occupation, they slammed the National Housing Authority, as well as President Duterte, for not considering of giving the house to the poor people.[405] Other groups such as Kilusang Mayo Uno, Bagong Alyansang Makabayan, Makabayan, Gabriela and Anakpawis joined the protests.[406] On March 24, Kadamay protests turns violent when they attempt to break the gate of NHA. One person is injured after breaking the logo of NHA.[407] The protests eventually ended on April 4 when Duterte announced that members of Kadamay may now live in units, as long as they do not oust police officers and soldiers who currently reside there.[408]

In the aftermath of Pandi occupation, Kadamay gathered at the headquarters of the Office of the Ombudsman, demanding the livelihood so that they can pay their occupied house.[409] One member of Kadamay was arrested for using illegal drugs, which were used to suppress the fatigue brought by Labor Day demonstrations.[410]

Following the declaration of martial law in Mindanao on May 23, 2017, protests were held in Mendiola Street, calling for revocation of its declaration. The groups cited the increase of human rights violation cases because of the course of martial law and they added that martial law is not the solution to the situation happening in Mindanao.[411] On May 29, various groups including Lumad and Moro people and farmers from Mindanao gathered at separated places in Metro Manila to condemn the declaration of martial law and killing of innocent civilians amid the Marawi crisis.[412] Meanwhile, demonstrators from Southern Tagalog marched to Mendiola, and some groups gathered at the Senate. Former Commission on Human Rights (CHR) chairperson Etta Rosales and Albay Representative Edcel Lagman condemned the declaration.[412]

On July 21, 2017 a Senate session of martial law extension was interrupted by eight militant groups, who were immediately arrested. In the session, the lawmakers had questioned the reports of human rights violation cases, which were denied by the Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP).[413] On December 13, 2017, Duterte's request of extending the martial law was granted by the Congress with the vote of 240–27 (14–4 from the Senate, 226–23 from the House),[414] causing another batch of protests.[415] On December 13, 2018, for the third time, the Senate and the House of Representatives approve President Duterte's request for the martial law extension in Mindanao until 2019.[52] This approval was triggered by the protests, whose participants are from Mindanao; many of whom were shocked and saddened the result.[416]

On November 30, 2017 as part of the celebration of Bonifacio Day, a protest was held, condemning the revolutionary government threat.[417] On the other side, around thousands of Duterte supporters gathered at Mendiola, urging Duterte to declare a revolutionary government.[418] Presidential spokesperson Harry Roque advised the pro-revolutionary government supporters "to conduct their rallies in a peaceful, orderly manner."[419] Harry Roque also said that "The president has earlier said that he does not want a revolutionary government. This, however, does not mean he would prevent citizens from expressing their support for a revolutionary government."[419]

On November 28, 2018 labor groups — some of them are still working as an "irregular" employee at the company for 20 years — staged a protests in Mendiola and they will stay until November 30, Bonifacio Day. Kilusang Mayo Uno chairperson Elmer Labog said that they will not stop demonstrating until Malacañang entertain them about not only regularization and wage increase but also stopping the military presence in Mindanao amidst ongoing martial law.[420] On November 30, 2018, demonstrators marched at Mendiola bringing the effigy of Duterte depicted as king, which was then destroyed by using shovel and dummy sledgehammer.[421] Other groups expressed their anger by singing to the tune of "Despacito."[421]

Bonifacio Day 2018 protest.

On its anniversary of 2019, various groups nationwide staged the peaceful protests on Bonifacio Day with no effigies of Duterte were shown.[422] In 2020, demonstrations was held in the streets of Manila to condemn the red-tagging, anti-terror law and others.[423] They also condemned the death of Jevilyn Cullamat — the daughter of Bayan Muna Representative Eufemia Cullamat, who was killed in a clash in Marihatag, Surigao del Sur with Philippine Army’s 3rd Special Forces Battalion on November 28, 2020.[423][424]

National Union of Journalists of the Philippines staged a protest, dubbed as "Black Friday Protest for Freedom," in Quezon City and other parts of the country such as Bacolod and Zamboanga City[425] on the evening of January 19, 2018,[426][427][428] following the revocation of online news site Rappler by Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) eight days prior.[429] At the same time, National Bureau of Investigation has issued a subpoena against CEO Maria Ressa, former reporter Reynaldo Santos, and businessman Benjamin Bitanga for violating the anti-cybercrime act.[430] The protest was attended by 300 people, wearing black T-shirts, against the attacks on press freedom by the government.[425][431] Rappler is known to be critical of the Duterte administration.[432] Presidential Spokesperson Harry Roque said that Duterte has no involvement in the SEC's decision.[433] Roque said that the Friday protest "is a testament that freedom is alive and democracy is alive in the Philippines."[434] Nevertheless, the revocation was widely condemned by the opposition figures such as Kadamay chairperson Gloria Arellano,[435] Senators Leila de Lima[435] and Antonio Trillanes — who said that the decision is similar to Duterte's strategy against De Lima's imprisonment for drug charges,[436] National Union of Journalists of the Philippines,[437] Anakbayan,[437] UP Diliman,[437] and the anonymous critic from The New York Times.[438] Other bloggers and journalists were also present at the protest.[439]

On April 10, a video showing lawyer Larry Gadon approaches in front of the supporters of Supreme Court Chief Justic Maria Lourders Sereno — who is facing the quo warranto petition — and the blocking police officers several meters away, raises his middle finger and shouts "Mga bobo" (transl. Idiots),[440] prompting the supporters to filed the complaint against Gadon nine days later.[441]

After Solicitor General Jose Calida filed a quo warranto petition against her,[442] the Supreme Court voted for the removal of Sereno from the high court on May 11, 2018 with the votes of 8–6.[443] At the same time, supporters of Sereno gathered at the streets near the Supreme Court.[444] Politicians expressed condemnation of ousting Sereno.[445] In the aftermath of ousting Sereno, a prayer rally and protests was conducted in Bacolod,[446] Katipunan Ave, Quezon City,[447] and even displaying a makeshift coffin that, according to the protesters, symbolizes and mourns the "death of democracy" and the "death of judiciary."[448] Among those who joined the rally were former CHR Chairperson Etta Rosales and Archdiocese of Manila Broderick Pabillo.[449] On May 12, church groups' members announced that they will held the 10-day vigil in front of the Supreme Court.[450]

Members of the religious sectors protested against church persecution on January 25, 2019. They were joined by allied groups.

Transports groups held a series of strikes on February 6 and 27, leaving hundreds of commuters stranded.[451][452] As a result of protests, classes in the country were suspended, as well as the government work.[453][454][455] Transport groups resumed the protests on September 24[456] and October 14 to 16.[457]

On September 30, transport groups held a nationwide strike, leaving around 95% of routes in Metro Manila paralyzed.[458][459] According to Jun Magno, president of the Stop & GO Coalition, 87% drivers and operators have participated a strike in Metro Manila.[460] The transport groups claimed success of protesting against the jeepney modernization program countering the claim of MMDA Spokesperson Celine Pialago that their strike was "unsuccessful".[461][462]

On the third week of November 2019, the Lagusnilad underpass in Metro Manila was vandalized with the messages of the protest written in a red-colored spray can.[463] This angers Manila Mayor Isko Moreno, who warns that if they caught the person behind this, they have them "lick" on the wall and "you will clean this using your tongue."[464] Moreno lamented that the process of cleaning the writings on the wall will take 15 years before the local government will be able to clean it.[464] The youth group, Panday Sining, a cultural arm of Anakbayan, took responsibility of the vandalism and apologized to the public for "inconvenience", but remains concerned over the ongoing martial law in Mindanao.[465] They added that the group are willing to talk with Mayor Moreno about the matter.[466] The Manila City Hall personnel shortly re-painted in grey over the messages.[465] ACT-CIS Rep. Niña Taduran condemned the vandalism, stating that it is still a crime and the person behind this "deserve to be punished" regardless of the statement by Panday Sining.[467] The Manila Tourism and Cultural Affairs Bureau expressed disappointment over the writings on the wall, stating that the vandalism is not the answer for the amendment of the issues.[463]

Farmer groups celebrated the 32nd anniversary of 1987 Mendiola massacre on January 22, 2019, appealing for land reform. Despite the massacre happened during the Corazon Aquino administration, most militant groups aimed at Duterte through their placards.[131] Opposing the lowering of age of criminal responsibility, a prayer rally was held on January 25, 2019 at Malate, Manila. Among those were present are formers Chief Justice Maria Lourdes Sereno and Social Welfare and Development Secretary Dinky Soliman. The attendees demonstrate through air horn (pump), candle lighting and writing in the freedom wall.[468]

Protest against the Philippine war on drugs in front of the Philippine Consulate General in New York City. The protesters are holding placards which urge Duterte to stop killing drug users.

While the protests are mainly held within the country, there are, yet occasionally, protests being held overseas. The first known documented protests aimed directly against Duterte was held in Philippine consulate in New York City on October 11, 2016, condemning the war on drugs.[1] Following the shooting of 17-year-old student Kian delos Santos on August 16, 2017, a massive protests were held in several countries.[469] The state visit of Duterte in Israel was met by the protests on September 4, 2018.[470]

Youth Strike, November 17, 2020, in front of Ateneo de Manila University.

Several students from various universities walked out their classes to protest against the jeepney and ongoing martial law in the Mindanao on February 23, 2018.[471][472] The hashtag #WalkOutPH reached more than 3,000 tweets and at least 2.6 million impressions on Twitter.[473]

On August 20, 2019 students and staffs from University of the Philippines walked out their classes to protest the military intervention in their campuses.[474]

Because of the continuous clamor regarding government response on COVID-19, negligence over disaster response after Typhoon Ulysses, and concerns regarding the educational situation, students from Ateneo de Manila University, on November 14, 2020, initiated an academic "Youth Strike" demanding Duterte to step down if he did not heed the demands of the strike.[475] Many students from various universities and colleges followed, and was translated into a physical protest on November 17.[230]

• People Power Revolution
• EDSA II
• EDSA III
• 2015 INC Protests
• Burial of Ferdinand Marcos
• Million People March
• 2017 Venezuelan protests (timeline)
• 2013–2019 Nicaraguan protests
• Euromaidan
• 2017–2018 Russian protests
• 2019–20 Hong Kong protests
• 2020 Thai protests

• Protests against Donald Trump (timeline)
• Protests against Emmanuel Macron
  • Yellow vests movement