Secession in China

The 1931 constitution of the Chinese Communist Party accepted secession as legal with article 14 stating “The Soviet government of China recognizes the right of self-determination of the national minorities in China, their right to complete separation from China, and to the formation of an independent state for each national minority.” However, the CCP's change from a revolutionary group to the dominant state power in 1949 led to this language being left out of later constitutions and any legal chance for secession disappeared from Chinese law.[1]

• Fujian People's Government
  • Historical independence movement in the context of the Chinese Civil War and Chinese Warlord Era (Republic of China era) in the province of Fujian.
• 广东独立运动 (Guangdong/Cantonese independence movement, Cantonese nationalism)
• 湖南省独立运动 (Hunan independence movement)
• 兩廣共和國 (Liangguang Republic)
  • The term 'Liangguang' refers to a combination of the provinces of Guangdong and Guangxi. It was an historical administrative division of China during the Qing dynasty era. The island province of Hainan also used to be part of Guangdong and, by extension, Liangguang.
• 上海自治运动 (Shanghai autonomy movement)

• Federalism in China
• Tiao-kuai
• United States of China

• Taiwan, a state with limited recognition whose territory is claimed as China's 23rd province, is not included in this list because it has never been governed by the People's Republic of China, the government that was established in mainland China in 1949. For more information, see articles; political status of Taiwan and Taiwan independence movement.

After the failed Tibetan uprising, some Tibetans followed the Dalai Lama into India, establishing a government-in-exile called the Central Tibetan Administration.[2]

The movement is no longer supported by the 14th Dalai Lama, who although having advocated it from 1961 to the late 1970s, proposed a sort of high-level autonomy in a speech in Strasbourg in 1988,[3] and has since then restricted his position to either autonomy for the Tibetan people in the Tibet Autonomous Region within China,[4] or extending the area of the autonomy to include parts of neighboring Chinese provinces inhabited by Tibetans.[5]

Several armed insurgency groups are fighting the Chinese (PRC) government in Xinjiang, namely the Turkestan Islamic Party and the East Turkestan Liberation Organization, which some people consider to be associated with Al-Qaeda and the Islamic State.[6]

South Mongolian independence is supported by these political parties: the Inner Mongolian People's Party, a member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization; the Southern Mongolian Democratic Alliance;[7] and the Mongolian Liberal Union Party.[8]