List of active separatist movements in Europe
This is a list of currently active separatist movements in Europe. Separatism often refers to full political secession,[1][2][3] though separatist movements may seek nothing more than greater autonomy or to be recognised as a national minority.[4]
.jpg.webp)
Supporters of Catalan independence in Barcelona in October 2019
What is and is not considered an autonomist or secessionist movement is sometimes contentious. Entries on this list must meet three criteria:
- They are active movements with active members;
- They are seeking greater autonomy or self-determination for a geographic region (as opposed to personal autonomy);
- They are citizens/peoples of the conflict area and do not come from another country.
Under each region listed is one or more of the following:
- De facto state (de facto entity): for unrecognized regions with de facto autonomy;
- Proposed state: proposed name for a seceding sovereign state;
- Proposed autonomous area: for movements towards greater autonomy for an area but not outright secession;
- De facto autonomous government: for governments with de facto autonomous control over a region;
- Government-in-exile: for a government based outside of the region in question, with or without control;
- Political party (or parties): for political parties involved in a political system to push for autonomy or secession;
- Militant organisation(s): for armed organisations;
- Advocacy group(s): for non-belligerent, non-politically participatory entities;
- Ethnic/ethno-religious/racial/regional/religious group(s).
Various ethnic groups in Europe are seeking greater autonomy or independence. In the European Union (EU), several of these groups are members of the European Free Alliance (EFA). In some cases, the group seeks to unify into a different state – in cases where this does not involve the creation of a new state entity, this is considered to be irredentism. Analogous irredentist movements are included in the list of active irredentist movements.
Azerbaijan
 Location of Nagorno-Karabakh, with the pre-2020 borders |
- Breakaway state
- Ethnic group: Armenians
- De facto state:
Artsakh[5][6]
- Political organisation: Government of Artsakh
- Military organisation: Artsakh Defense Army
- De facto state:
Belgium
 Communities:
Flemish and French Community
|
- Autonomist movements
German-speaking Community[7][8]
- People: German-speaking
- Autonomous area: Eastern Belgium
- Political parties: ProDG (former EFA member), Party for Freedom and Progress, Christian Social Party
- Autonomous area: Eastern Belgium
- People: Flemish
- Autonomous area: Flanders
- Movements: Flemish Movement
- Autonomous area: Flanders
- People: Walloons
- Autonomous area: Wallonia
- Movements: Walloon Movement
- Autonomous area: Wallonia
- Secessionist movements
German-speaking Community[7][8]
- People: German-speaking
- Proposed state: Eastern Belgium, unification with
Germany
- Political parties: ProDG (former EFA member), Party for Freedom and Progress, Christian Social Party
- Proposed state:
Flanders or Flemish Community (the latter includes 
Brussels-Capital Region)
- People: Flemish
- Proposed state: Flanders, unification with the
Netherlands
- Political parties: New Flemish Alliance (member of the European Free Alliance), Libertair, Direct, Democratisch, Vlaams Belang and Flemish-Socialist Movement
- Movements: Vlaamse Volksbeweging (VVB), Overlegcentrum van Vlaamse Verenigingen, Taal Aktie Komitee and Voorpost
- Proposed state:
Wallonia or French Community of Belgium (the latter includes Brussels-Capital Region)
- People: Walloons
- Proposed state: Walloon Republic, unification with
France
- Political parties: Walloon Rally
- Proposed state:
Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Secessionist movements
- People: Serbs of Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Proposed state:
Republika Srpska or unification with 
Serbia
- Political organisation: National Assembly of the Serbian Republic (Government of the Serbian Republic)
- Political parties: Alliance of Independent Social Democrats, Serbian Democratic Party, Serbian Radical Party, SRS "Dr. Vojislav Šešelj"[9]
- Proposed state:
- Autonomist movements
Croatian Community of Herzeg-Bosnia
- People: Croats of Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Proposed state: Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia, as a refounded third entity of Bosnia-Herzegovina
- Political organisation: Croatian National Assembly of Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Political parties: Croatian Democratic Union of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatian Democratic Union 1990, Croatian Christian Democratic Union
- Proposed state:
Cyprus
The northern areas of the island of Cyprus
- De facto state
- Ethnic group: Turkish Cypriot
- De facto state:
Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus
- Political organisation: Government of Northern Cyprus
- De facto state:
Czech Republic
Map of the region of Moravia claimed by the Moravian autonomists, it sometimes include Czech Silesia which is also occasionally claimed by the Silesian autonomists.
- Autonomist movements
- People: Moravian
- Proposed autonomous area:
Moravia
- Political party: Moravané (former EFA member)
- Organization: Moravian National Community
- Proposed autonomous area:
Denmark
Location of Bornholm
.svg.png.webp)
- People: Bornholmsk
- Proposed autonomous region/state: Bornholm
- Political party: Bornholm's Self-Government Party (Bornholms selvstyreparti)[10][11]
- Proposed autonomous region/state: Bornholm
- People: Faroese
- Proposed state:
Republic of the Faroe Islands
- Political parties: Republican Party, Progress, People's Party, Centre Party, Self-Government Party
- Movement: Faroese independence movement
- Proposed state:
Finland
Åland
- People: Åland Swedes
- Proposed state:
Åland
- Political party: Future of Åland (EFA member)
- Proposed state:
France
A map showing the (historical) linguistic groups in Metropolitan France:
Location of the Basque Country
Location of Brittany
Location of Normandy
Location of Burgundy
Location of the Corsica
Location of Occitania
The Dutch-language Taalgebied (Sprachraum), including northern French Flanders
.svg.png.webp)
Location of Provence
- Secessionist movements
- People: Alsatians (Allemanics)
- Proposed state:
Alsace
- Political parties: Elsass Zuerst, Unser Land (EFA member)
- Proposed state:
- People: Basque
- Proposed state: unification with the
Basque Country and 
Navarre – Euskal Herria[13][14][15]
- Political parties: Abertzaleen Batasuna (AB), Eusko Alkartasuna (EFA member), Euzko Alderdi Jeltzalea (Basque Nationalist Party).
- Trade unions: Euskal Langileen Alkartasuna, Langile Abertzaleen Batzordeak
- Youth advocacy groups: Gazte Abertzaleak, Segi
- Militant organisations: Irrintzi
- Proposed state: unification with the
.svg.png.webp){kind=small}
Historic Brittany, comprising Brittany (administrative region) and parts of 
Pays de la Loire
- People: Bretons
- Proposed state: Brittany
- Advocacy groups: Celtic League[16]
- Political parties: Adsav, Strollad Breizh, Emgann
- Militant organisation: Talbenn Dieubiñ Breizh (Breton Revolutionary Army) (ARB)
- Proposed state:
- People: Corsicans
- Proposed state:
Corsica
- Political party: Corsica Libera, Pè a Corsica
- Militant group: National Liberation Front of Corsica
- Proposed state:
- People: Occitans
- Proposed state:
.svg.png.webp)
Occitania
- Political parties: Partit de la Nacion Occitana, Aran Amassa, Occitan Republican Left
- Political movement: Bastir!
- Proposed state:
- People: Flemings
- Proposed state: French Flanders, Pale of Calais and Audomarois and re-unification with West Flanders, East Flanders, Tournaisis and Zeelandic Flanders into an independent Flemish state, unification with the Netherlands (separatist) or
.svg.png.webp)
Belgium (autonomist)
- Political party: Flemish movement
- Proposed state:
- People: Provençals (Occitans)
- Proposed state:
Provence
- Militant group: Front Nacionala Liberacion de Provença
- Proposed state:
- People: Northern Catalans
- Proposed state:
Catalonia or unification with Catalan Countries
- Political parties: Esquerra Republicana- Catalunya del Nord,[19] Oui au Pays Catalan (autonomist)[20]
- Advocacy organisations: Catalunya Nord per la independència,[21] Òmnium Catalunya Nord[22]
- Youth organisations: Joventuts d'Esquerra Republicana (Catalunya Nord)[23]
- Proposed state:
- Autonomist movements
- People: Alsatians (Allemanics)
- Proposed autonomous area: Alsace
- Political parties: Elsass Zuerst, Nationalforum Elsass-Lothringen, Unser Land (EFA member)
- Proposed autonomous area:
- People: Bretons
- Proposed autonomous area: Brittany
- Political party: Unvaniezh Demokratel Breizh (EFA member)
- Proposed autonomous area:
- People: Corsicans
- Proposed autonomous area: Corsica
- Political party: Partitu di a Nazione Corsa (EFA member)
- Proposed autonomous area:
- Proposed autonomous area:
County of Nice
- Political party: Partit Nissart (Parti niçois (fr))[24]
- Proposed autonomous area:
- People: Normans
- Proposed autonomous area:
Normandy
- Political party: Mouvement normand
- Proposed autonomous area:
- People: Savoyans
- Proposed autonomous area:
Savoy
- Political party: Movement Règion Savouè (EFA member)
- Proposed autonomous area:
- People: Occitans
- Proposed autonomous area: Occitania
- Political parties: Partit Occitan (EFA member)
- Proposed autonomous area:
- People : Yvelinois
- Proposed autonomous area: Chevreuse High Valley (
Yvelines and 
Essonne)
- Organization: Front de libération de la Haute Vallée de Chevreuse
- Proposed autonomous area: Chevreuse High Valley (
Georgia
Georgian administrative divisions are outlined in black. Russian-occupied territories (Abkhazia and South Ossetia) are shown in pink.
- Breakaway states
- People: Abkhaz
- De facto state with partial de jure recognition:
Republic of Abkhazia - Political organisation: Government of Abkhazia
- Militant organization: Abkhazian Armed Forces
- De facto state with partial de jure recognition:
- People: Ossetians
- De facto state with partial de jure recognition:
South Ossetia - Political organisation: Government of South Ossetia
- Militant organization: Armed Forces of South Ossetia
- De facto state with partial de jure recognition:
- Autonomist movement
- Ethnic group: Armenians
- Proposed autonomous area: Javakhk
- Advocacy groups: United Javakhk Democratic Alliance, Virk[26][27]
Germany
Southern Schleswig (with German, Danish and North Frisian place names)
- Secessionist movements
.svg.png.webp){kind=small}
- People: Bavarians, Franconians, Swabians
- Proposed state:
.svg.png.webp)
Free State of Bavaria
- Political party: Bavaria Party (EFA member)[28]
- Proposed state:
The Danes of Southern Schleswig
- People: Danish
- Proposed state: Southern Schleswig or unification with
Denmark
- Political party: South Schleswig Voter Federation
- Proposed state: Southern Schleswig or unification with
- Autonomist movements
- People: Bavarians, Franconians, Swabians
- Proposed autonomous area: Bavaria
- Political party: Bavaria Party (EFA member),[28] Christian Social Union in Bavaria
- Proposed autonomous area: Bavaria
East Frisia (the latter includes 
Saterland)
- People: East Frisians, Frisians, Saterland Frisians
- Proposed autonomous area: East Frisia
- Political party: Die Friesen
- Proposed autonomous area:
- People: Sorbs
- Proposed autonomous area: Lusatia
- Political party: Lusatian Alliance
- Proposed autonomous area: Lusatia
- People: North Frisians, Frisians
- Proposed autonomous area:
North Frisia
- Political party: Die Friesen
- Proposed autonomous area:
- People: Danish, Frisians, Germans
- Proposed autonomous area: Southern Schleswig
- Political party: South Schleswig Voter Federation
- Proposed autonomous area: Southern Schleswig
Italy
Map of the Venetian Republic, circa 1000
- People: Friulians
- Proposed state:
Friuli
- Political parties:
- Secessionist parties: Res Publica Furlane-Parlament Furlan,[29] Patrie Furlane, Friulian Front,[30]
- Autonomist parties: Pact for Autonomy
- Political parties:
- Proposed state:
- Proposed state:
Free Territory of Trieste
- Proposed state:
Republic of Lombardy
- Political parties (autonomist): Lega Autonomia Lombarda
- Political parties (secessionist): Pro Lombardy Independence, Lega Lombarda[34]
- Proposed state:
Padania
- Political parties (autonomist): Lega Nord, Great North
- Political parties (secessionist): Lega Nord (formerly), Lega Padana, Padanian Union, Alpine Padanian Union
- People: Sardinians
- Proposed state:
Republic of Sardinia
- Political parties (autonomist): Fortza Paris, Sardinian Reformers
- Political parties (secessionist): Sardinian Action Party, Sardinia Nation, Independence Republic of Sardinia, Project Republic of Sardinia, Party of Sardinians, others
- Proposed state:
- People: Sicilians
- Proposed state:
Sicily
- Political parties (autonomist): Sicilian Socialist Party, Party of the Sicilians
- Political parties (secessionist): Free Sicilians[35]
- Groups: Sicilian National Front,[36] Sicilia Nazione,[37] Sicilian National Liberation Movement.[38]
- Proposed state:
- Proposed state: unification with
Tyrol (
Austria)
- Political parties: Die Freiheitlichen, South Tyrolean Freedom, Citizens' Union for South Tyrol
- Proposed state: unification with
- Proposed state:
Republic of Venice
- Political parties (autonomist): Liga Veneta, Veneto for Autonomy
- Political parties (secessionist): Party of Venetians, Venetian Independence, We Are Veneto, Liga Veneta Repubblica, Venetian People's Unity, Venetian Left
Kosovo
North Kosovo/Ibar Kolašin[39][40]
- People: Kosovo Serbs
- Proposed state: Community of Serb Municipalities within
Kosovo or re-unification with Serbia[41]
- Political organisations: Assembly of the Community of Municipalities (status unknown), Serb List
- Proposed state: Community of Serb Municipalities within
Lithuania
- Autonomist movements
- People: Samogitians
- Proposed autonomous area: Samogitia
- Political organisations: Samogitian Party
- Proposed autonomous area: Samogitia
Moldova
.svg.png.webp){kind=spacer}
- Breakaway state
- People: Equal proportions of Russians, Ukrainians and Moldovans
- De facto state:
.svg.png.webp)
Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic
- Political organisation: Government of Transnistria
- Militant organisation: Army of Transnistria
- De facto state:
- Proposed secessionist or autonomist movements
- People: Gagauz
- Proposed state:
Republic of Gagauzia
- Political organisation: Gagauzian People Assembly
- Proposed state:
Netherlands
- Proposed secessionist or autonomist movements
- People: Frisians, West Frisians
- Proposed state or autonomous area:
West Frisia, or unification with foreign states 
: 
Frisia
- Political party: Frisian National Party, (EFA member) Die Friesen
- Status: Democratic movement seeking greater autonomy for Frisian-speaking people in Friesland[42]
- Proposed state or autonomous area:
Poland
- Autonomist movements
- People: Silesians
- Proposed autonomous area:
Silesia
- Political party: Silesian Autonomy Movement[43]
- Proposed autonomous area:
- People: Kashubians
- Proposed autonomous area or state:
Kashubia
- Political party: Kashubian Unity
- Proposed autonomous area or state:
- Secessionist movements
- People: Danzigers, Poles and Kashubians
- Proposed state:
Free City of Danzig
- Government in exile: Free City of Danzig Government in Exile
- Proposed state:
Kashubia by Bernard Sychta as the Kashubian dialects area
Romania
Hungarian community in Romania
- People: Hungarians and Székelys
- Proposals for Hungarian territorial autonomy:
Székely Land: Székely autonomy initiatives
Partium
- Unification with
Hungary
- Unification with
- Political organisations: Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania, the demand for Hungarian autonomy has been part of their program since 1993.[44] Hungarian Civic Party, they signed a settlement with the Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania about cooperation and joint support for Hungarian autonomy.[45] Hungarian People's Party of Transylvania (PPMT), the party proposes the establishments of Transylvanian parliament and government and supports the case of Szekler autonomy in Szekely Land.[46] It also advocates territorial autonomy for Partium.[47][48]
- Advocacy organisations: Szekler National Council,[49] Hungarian National Council of Transylvania, Liga Pro Europa, a Romanian-Hungarian regionalist NGO,[50] Provincia, a group of intellectuals promoting regionalization of Romania.[50]
- Proposals for Hungarian territorial autonomy:
- Other administrative proposals by regionalist organisations
- Banat[51]
- Transylvania[52]
- Political organisations: Liga Transilvania-Banat, a regionalist party led by Sabin Gherman.[50]
- Advocacy organisations: Autonomy for Transylvania (AFT) campaign, it demands autonomy for Transylvania.[53] Democratic League of Transylvania (Liga Transilvania Democrată), a regionalist NGO,[52] an active supporter of the "Autonomy for Transylvania" campaign,[54] League of Banat (Liga Banateana), a regionalist NGO.[51][55]
The historical Székely seats on the map of present-day Romania
Partium, depicted in the darker colour, and the Principality of Transylvania, 1570
Location of the Banat (dark green)
Russia
Summary
This table shows only the list of movements. The source of each movement is cited in its own section. The population of each area is provided for information only.
| Number | Land | Capital | Area | Population | Ethnic | Main Political Party |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ural Federal District of European Russia | ||||||
| 1 |  Ural Republic | Yekaterinburg | 194,800 | 4,300,000 | Russian people | Ural Democratic Foundation |
| Volga Federal District of European Russia | ||||||
| 2 |  Idel-Ural | Kazan | 321,400 | 11,000,000 | Volga people | Free Idel-Ural |
| 3 |  Bashkortostan | Ufa | 143,600 | 4,050,000 | Bashkorts | The Heavenly Wolf |
| 4 |  Tatarstan | Kazan | 68,000 | 4,000,000 | Tatars | All-Tatar Public Center |
| 5 |  Udmurtia | Izhevsk | 42,100 | 1,500,000 | Udmurts | Udmurt Republican National Party |
| 6 |  Mordovia | Saransk | 26,200 | 800,000 | Mordovians | Democracy and Independence Mordvin Front |
| 7 |  Mari El | Yoshkar-Ola | 23,200 | 700,000 | Maris | Mari Ushem |
| 8 |  Chuvashia | Cheboksary | 18,300 | 1,250,000 | Chuvash | Chuvash National Movement |
| Northwestern Federal District of European Russia | ||||||
| 9 |  Komi Republic | Syktyvkar | 415,900 | 850,000 | Komi | Komi People's Congress |
| 10 |  Nenetsia | Naryan-Mar | 176,700 | 45,000 | Western Nenets | Nenet National Movement |
| 11 |  Karelia | Petrozavodsk | 172,400 | 600,000 | Karelians | |
| 12 |  Kaliningrad | Kaliningrad | 84,500 | 1,800,000 | Kaliningradians | |
| 13 |  Permyakia | Kudymkar | 32,770 | 120,000 | Permyaks | Komi People's Congress |
| 14 |  Leningrad | Leningrad | 15,100 | 1,000,000 | Ingrians | Free Ingria |
| Southern Federal District of European Russia | ||||||
| 15 |  Don Republic | Rostov | 100,800 | 4,200,000 | Donians | Free Cossack Movement (Rostov Oblast) |
| 16 |  Kuban | Krasnodar | 76,000 | 5,300,000 | Kubanians | Free Cossack Movement (Krasnodar Krai) |
| 17 |  Kalmykia | Elista | 76,000 | 300,000 | Kalmyk people | |
| North Caucasian Federal District of European Russia | ||||||
| 19 |  Circassia | Sochi | 50,000 | 1,000,000 | Circassians | Circassian nationalism |
| 20 |  Chechnya | Grozny | 17,300 | 1,500,000 | Chechens | Chechen Republic of Ichkeria |
| 21 |  Lezgistan | Derbent | 10,000 | 800,000 | Lezgins | Lezgin nationalism |
| 22 | .svg.png.webp){kind=small} Karachay-Balkaria | Karachayevsk | 10,000 | 300,000 | Karachays & Balkars | Balkar and Karachay nationalism |
| 23 |  Ingushetia | Magas | 3,000 | 500,000 | Ingush | Ingush People Council |
| 24 |  Rutulstan | Rutul | 2,170 | 20,000 | Rutuls | Rutul National Revival Front |
| 25 |  Abazinia | Adlersky | 2,000 | 50,000 | Abazins | World Congress of Abkhaz-Abazin people |
| 26 |  Lakistan | Kumukh | 1,500 | 200,000 | Laks | Lak National Council |
| 27 |  Tabasaranstan | Khuchni | 1,400 | 75,000 | Tabasarans | Tabasaran National Movement |
| 28 |  Avaria | Khunzakh | Unknown | 850,000 | Avars | Avar National Union |
| 29 | .png.webp){kind=small} Darginstan | Levashi | Unknown | 500,000 | Dargwa | Free Society of Dargo |
| 30 |  Kumykia | Tarki | Unknown | 500,000 | Kumyks | Tenglik |
| 31 |  Nogaia | Erken | Unknown | 100,000 | Nogais | Association of Nogais of Dagestan |
| 32 |  Aghulistan | Aguldere | Unknown | 25,000 | Aghuls | Agul Gelinbatan |
Tatarstan
.jpg.webp)
A protest in Kaliningrad Oblast
Map of Ingria/Leningrad Oblast claimed by the advocacy group of Free Ingria, which also likely comprises another federal subject, Saint Petersburg.
Location of Greater Ural Republic
.svg.png.webp)
Map of Nenetsia
.svg.png.webp)
.svg.png.webp)
Map of the Republic of Kalmykia
Proposed divisions of the Caucasus Emirate
Autonomist movements
- People: Komi and Komi-Permyaks
- Proposed federal subject:
Komi-Permyak Autonomous Okrug
- Proposed federal subject:
Ural Federal District
- People: Russians
- Proposed state:
Ural Republic
- Advocacy groups: Ural Democratic Foundation, Free Ural
- Proposed state:
Volga Federal District
Idel-Ural at the center of the Volga (Privolzhsky) Federal District
Republics of Idel-Ural
- People: Bashkirs, Chuvash, Erzya, Mari, Mokshas, Tatars, Udmurts
- Proposed state: Idel-Ural Republic
- Advocacy group: Free Idel-Ural.
- Proposed state:
- Ethnic group: Mordvins
- People: Tatars
- Militant organisation: All-Tatar Public Center
- Advocacy groups: The Union of Tatar Youth, Tatar Patriotic Front Altyn Urda, Tatar Social Center
- Government in exile: Tatar Government in Exile
- Organization: Ittifaq Party
- Proposed state:
Tatarstan
- Militant organisation: All-Tatar Public Center
- People: Udmurts
- Proposed state: Udmurtia
- Movement: Congress of the Peoples of Udmurtia
- Advocacy groups:Udmurt Kenesh, Udmurt National Centre, Udmurt National Progress, Odmort
- Political parties: Udmurt Republican National Party, Udmurt National Progress
- Proposed state:
- People: Bashkir
- Advocacy groups: Bashkort Public Organization, Bashkir Human Rights Movement, Council of Aksakals of Bashkortostan, Bashkir Social Movement
- Political party: The Heavenly Wolf
- Proposed state:
Bashkortostan
- Advocacy groups: Bashkort Public Organization, Bashkir Human Rights Movement, Council of Aksakals of Bashkortostan, Bashkir Social Movement
Northwestern Federal District
- Ethnic group: Nenets
- Proposed state: West Nenetsia
- Movements: Nenet National Movement, Hasava United Movement
- Advocacy groups: Yasavei, National Association of Nenets
- Proposed state:
- People: Komi
- Proposed state:
Komi Republic
- Political organizations: Komi Republican Organization
- Advocacy movements: Komi Voityr, Finno-Ugric Peoples Consultative Committee
- Organization: Komi People's Congress
- Proposed state:
- People: Russian, Old Prussian Descendants
- Proposed state:
- Regionalist: Kaliningrad[71]
- Pro-German / Nationalist (especially Prussian revivalists):
Prussia (region) (
East Prussia), unification with Germany. - Pro-Baltic:
Prussia (region)
- Advocacy movement: Latvian Prussian Brotherhood
- Movement: Kaliningrad Public Movement
- Organization: Prussia Reborn (Preußen Wiedergeboren)
- Regionalist:
- Proposed state:
Southern Federal District
- People: Kuban Cossacks
- Advocacy movements: Community of the Don-Kuban-Terek Citizens, Klin-Yar, Kuban Cossack Host, Kuban Cossacks of the Kuban Host Autonomy Movement, Kuban Cossack Youth, New Kuban Cossack Association, Southern Regional Resource Center, Union of Cossack Republics of Southern Russia
- Militant organization: Kuban Cossack Army
- Political parties: Free Cossack Movement, Lapin, Movement for the Federalizations of Kuban, Union of the Cossack Hosts of Russia, Union of the Cossack Hosts of Russia and Abroad, Committee for the Liberation of the Kuban
- Political organizations: Cossack Congress, Cossacks of the Kuban Rada
- Proposed state: Kuban People's Republic (proclaimed in 1918), Kuban Republic (attempted to proclaim in 1991 as part of Union of Cossack Republics in Southern Russia in Union of Sovereign States that never founded both) Currently asking for federalisation (Now consist of Krasnodar Krai and accommodates the republics of Adygea, Karachay-Cherkessia, and parts of Stavropol Krai).
- Advocacy movements: Community of the Don-Kuban-Terek Citizens, Klin-Yar, Kuban Cossack Host, Kuban Cossacks of the Kuban Host Autonomy Movement, Kuban Cossack Youth, New Kuban Cossack Association, Southern Regional Resource Center, Union of Cossack Republics of Southern Russia
- People: Don Cossacks
- Proposed state: Don Republic / Rostov Oblast
- Proposed state:
- People: Kalmyk people
- Proposed state: Kalmykia
- Proposed state:
North Caucasian Federal District
.jpg.webp)
A map of list federal subjects and districts that has separatist movements in North Caucasus Federal District.
Map of the North Caucasus region
- People: Chechens
- Militant organisation: Chechen separatists
- Proposed state:
Chechen Republic of Ichkeria (government in exile)[78][79][80]
Greater Sochi map (Abazinia)/Adlersky City District and Khostinsky City District
- People: Abazins
- Advocacy groups: Abaza Adkilra, Abaza Yurdu, Abzanhara, Unity (Adgylara)
- Organization: World Congress of Abkhaz-Abazin People
- Proposed state: Abazinia
- Proposed entity: Abazinia, including all ethnic Abazin parts and/or districts of Karachay-Cherkessia, Stavropol Krai and Kabardino-Balkaria or solely the rural locality of Psyzh
- People: Circassians
- Movement: Circassian nationalism; Circassian Congress; Circassian Youth Initiative; Adyge Djegi; Adyghe Khase; International Circassian Association (member of UNPO)
- Proposed entity: Circassia, including all regions historically included in Circassia and/or inhabited by Circassians (note: this includes Adygea as well as north Kabardino-Balkaria, north Karachay–Cherkessia, south-east Krasnodar Krai, and south Stavropol Krai)
Aghulistan
- People: Aghuls
Main areas of Northeast Caucasian languages
- People: Avars
- Advocacy groups: High-landers (Maarulal)
- Political party: Avar National Union-Iman Shamil
- Proposed state:
- Republican:
.svg.png.webp)
Avar Republic - Monarchist: Avar Khanate
- Republican:
- Proposed entity: Avaria, including all ethnic Avar parts and/or districts of Dagestan
- Avaria coverage area : Kazbekov, Gergebil, Shamil, Akhvakh, Kunzakh, Gunib, Charodin, Tlyaratin, Tsuntin, Tsumadin, Gumbetov, Untsukulsky, Kizilyurt, Botlikh, Khasavyurt, Bezhtin, Tarumov, Kizlyar
- Advocacy groups: High-landers (Maarulal)
Darginstan
- People: Dargins
- Proposed state:Darginstan[86][87]
- Advocacy group: Free Society of Dargo
- Proposed entity: Darginstan, including all ethnic Dargin parts and/or districts of Dagestan
- Darginstan coverage area: Dakhadayev, Sergokalin, Kaytag, Akushin, Levashin
- Proposed state:Darginstan[86][87]
- People: Ingush
- Advocacy groups: Zaschita
- Militant organizations: Ingush Self Defense Force, Ingush National Front
- Political party: Ingush People Council
- Proposed state: Ingushetia[88]
- Proposed state:
- People: Balkars, Karachays
- Movement: Various nationalist organisations in Kabardino-Balkaria and Karachay–Cherkessia
- Goals: Autonomy for the
Karachay and Balkaria, rather than in biethnic republics where they must share power with Russians and Circassians (division of Kabardino-Balkaria and Karachay–Cherkessia into smaller units, also popular for Circassian nationalists). Then, the unification of Karachay and Balkar units is advocated by some but not all nationalists (see Balkar and Karachai nationalism) - Proposed autonomous republic: Karachay-Balkar Republic (includes south Kabardino-Balkaria and south Karachey-Cherkessia)
Kumyk population in the native regions of the Caucasus
- People: Kumyks
- Proposed state:
Kumykia - Proposed entity: Kumykia, including all ethnic Kumyk parts and/or districts of Dagestan, Chechnya and Ingushetia.
- Political parties: Nogai El, Tenglik
- Kumykia coverage area: Babayurt, Kumtorkalin, Buynak, Karabudakhkent, Kayakent, Makhachkala
- Proposed state:
- People: Laks
- Proposed state: Lakia[89]
- Proposed entity: Lakia, including all ethnic Lak parts and/or districts of Dagestan
- Movements: Kazi Kumuk, Lakistan, Lak Language Group, Lak National Movement (New Star/Tsu Barz), Lakral Sharhurdu, New Lak Popular Movement (Novo-Lak), Tariqat (Movement)/Tariqat, Tsudahar
- Political organizations: Lak National Council
- Lakistan coverage area: Kulin, Laksky, New Lakia
- Proposed state:
- People: Lezgins
- Proposed state: Lezgistan[90]
- Proposed entity: Lezgistan, including all ethnic Lezgin parts and/or districts of Dagestan
- Movement: Lezgin nationalism, Lezgin Movement of Caucasian Albania
- Advocacy movement: Lezgin National Center
- Political party: Lezgin Patriotic Union
- Organization: Federal Lezgin National Cultural Autonomy (member of UNPO)
- Lezgistan coverage area: Suleiman-Stal, Magaramkent, Kurakh, Dokuzparin, Akhtyn, Derbent
- Proposed state:
- People: Nogais
- Proposed state: Nogaia[91]
- Proposed entity: Nogaia, including all ethnic Nogai parts and/or districts of Dagestan, Chechnya and Astrakhan Oblast
- Movement: Association of Nogais of Dagestan
- Political party: Birlik
- Organization: Assembly of Turkic Peoples
- Nogaia coverage area: Eastern Nogaia, Western Nogaia
- Proposed state:
- People: Rutuls
- People: Tabasaran
- Proposed state: Tabasaranstan[94]
- Movement: Tabasaran National Movement
- Militant organization: Tabasaran Republican Front
- Proposed entity: Tabasaranstan, including all ethnic Tabasaran parts and/or districts of Dagestan
- Tabasaranstan coverage area: Khiv, Tabasaransky
- Proposed state:
Serbia
Image Note: Republic of Vojvodina within federalized Serbia, proposed by the League of Social Democrats of Vojvodina in 1999 – the map also includes an autonomous Sandžak, Kosovo and the metropolitan area of Belgrade as a distinctive administrative unit as well
- Autonomist movements
- Proposals for Hungarian territorial autonomy in the northern part of Vojvodina:
- People: Bosniaks of Serbia
- Proposed autonomous province:
Sandžak - Advocacy groups (autonomist): Party of Democratic Action of Sandžak, Islamic Community in Serbia[95]
- Breakaway state
.svg.png.webp){kind=small}
Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija
- People: Albanians in Kosovo
- Proposed: Republic of Kosovo, unification with
Albania
- De facto state: Republic of Kosovo (recognised by 51% of UN member states)
- Political organisation: Government of Kosovo
- Movement: Albanian nationalism in Kosovo
- De facto state:
Slovakia
Linguistic makeup of Slovakia, according to Census 2011
- Autonomist movements
Southern Slovakia:
- People: Hungarians
- Proposed autonomous area: Territorial autonomy for the compact Hungarian ethnic block and cultural autonomy for the regions of Hungarian presence,[96] or unification with Hungary
- Political parties (autonomist): Party of the Hungarian Community,[97] In 2010, the party renewed their demand for autonomy.[98]
- Proposed autonomous area: Territorial autonomy for the compact Hungarian ethnic block and cultural autonomy for the regions of Hungarian presence,[96] or unification with
Spain
Regions in Spain with autonomist or separatist movements
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- Secessionist movements
- People: Andalusian
- Proposed state:
Andalusia
- Political parties (nationalist): Bloque Andaluz de Izquierdas, Partido Comunista del Pueblo Andaluz
- Political parties (secessionist): Nación Andaluza, Asamblea Nacional de Andalucía, Candidatura Unitaria de Trabajadores
- Youth movements: Jaleo!!!, Juventud Independentista Revolucionaria Andaluza, Juventudes Andalucistas
- Trade union: Sindicato Andaluz de Trabajadores
- Proposed state:
- People: Aragonese
- Proposed state
- Socialist:
Aragon - Federalist:
Aragon
- Political party (nationalist): Chunta Aragonesista (EFA member), Tierra Aragonesa
- Political party (secessionist): Estau Aragonés, Puyalón de Cuchas,
- Youth movements: Purna Astral, Chobenalla Aragonesista
- Trade union: Sindicato Obrero Aragonés (SOA)
- Other pro-independence organisations: A Enrestida, Sindicato d'Estudiants Independentistas y Revolucionarias d'Aragón (SEIRA), Bloque Independentista de Cuchas
- Socialist:
- Proposed state
- People: Asturians
- Proposed state:
Asturias
- Political parties (autonomist): Partíu Asturianista, Unión Renovadora Asturiana
- Political parties (nationalist): Unidá Nacionalista Asturiana (EFA member), Unidá, Bloque por Asturies, Compromisu por Asturies
- Political parties (secessionist): Andecha Astur
- Youth movements: Darréu, UNA-Mocedá, Fai!
- Trade unions: Corriente Sindical d'Izquierda, SUATEA
- Other pro-independence organisations: Sofitu
- Proposed state:
- People: Balearics – Catalanics (those with Catalan ancestry)
- Proposed state:
Balearic Islands – 
Catalan Countries (Confederation of Catalan States)
- Political parties: Partit Socialista de Mallorca-Entesa Nacionalista (in Majorca), Més per Menorca, Més per Mallorca
- Youth advocacy groups: Arran, Joventuts d'Esquerra Republicana de les Illes Balears
- Proposed state:
Basque Country (autonomous community)
- People: Basques
- Proposed state: Basque Country (greater region) – Euskal Herria[13]
- Political parties: Euzko Alderdi Jeltzalea (Basque Nationalist Party) (member of the European Democratic Party), Eusko Alkartasuna (EFA member), Bildu, Eusko Abertzale Ekintza (Basque Nationalist Action)
- Trade union: Euskal Langileen Alkartasuna, Langile Abertzaleen Batzordeak
- Youth advocacy groups: EGI, Gazte Abertzaleak, Haika (illegalised) Segi, Ikasle Abertzaleak
- Proposed state:
- People: Canarians
- Proposed state:
Republic of the Canary Islands
- Political parties (autonomist): Coalición Canaria, Partido Nacionalista Canario, Centro Canario Nacionalista, Nueva Canarias
- Political parties (secessionist): FREPIC-AWAÑAK, Alternativa Nacionalista Canaria, Alternativa Popular Canaria, Unidad del Pueblo
- Trade union: Intersindical Canaria
- Youth movement: Azarug
- Proposed state:
- People Castilians
- Proposed state:
Castile
- Political parties (autonomist): Partido Castellano PCas
- Political parties (secessionist): Izquierda Castellana
- Youth movements: Yesca
- Proposed state:
- People: Catalans
- Proposal state: Catalan Republic – Catalan Countries (Confederation of Catalan States) (i.e. including other Catalan-speaking areas)
- Political parties:
- JuntsxCat (34/135), Republican Left of Catalonia–Catalonia Yes (32/135): coalition to stand in the 2017 Catalan parliamentary election supported by Republican Left of Catalonia (33/135 seats in the Catalan parliament) and Democrats of Catalonia (3/135), Left Movement (1/135) and other small parties and civil organisations
- Popular Unity Candidacy, supported by other small parties and civil organisations
- Political parties (autonomist): Catalunya en Comú–Podem (8/135)
- Civil organisations: Assemblea Nacional Catalana, Òmnium Cultural, Association of Municipalities for Independence, Procés Constituent, Catalunya Acció, Sobirania i Progrés, Committees for the Defense of the Republic
- Youth advocacy groups: Arran, La Forja, Joventuts d'Esquerra Republicana de Catalunya, Joves d'Esquerra Verda, Joventut Nacionalista de Catalunya, Unió de Joves
- Political parties:
- Proposal state:
- People: Galicians
- Proposed state:
Galiza, or unification with 
Portugal
- Political party: Galician Nationalist Bloc (Galician Nationalist Bloc) (souveranist) (EFA member), Anova-Nationalist Brotherhood (independentist, includes the Galician Popular Front), Compromiso por Galicia (centrist federalist), Terra Galega (Centrist autonomist), Galician Coalition (Centrist nationalist Party)
- Unions: Confederación Intersindical Galega (CIG) and Central Unitaria de Traballadores (CUT)
- Youth advocacy groups: Galiza Nova, Xeira, BRIGA and Erguer-Estudantes da Galiza (students)
- Militant organisation: Resistência Galega
- Proposed state:
- People: Leonese
- Proposed autonomous area:
Leonese region
- Political parties: Unión del Pueblo Leonés UPL
- Youth movements: RUCHAR Mocedá Llionesa[99]
- Advocacy groups: AGORA País Llionés
- Militant organisations: Tierra Lleunesa
- Proposed autonomous area:
- People: Navarran or Navarrese (a subgroup of Basque people)
- Proposed states: unification with the Basque Country – Euskal Herria
- Political parties: Geroa Bai, Bildu, Basque Nationalist Action, Batasuna
- Militant organisations: ETA (Euskadi Ta Askatasuna) (ceasefire since 2011)
- Proposed states: unification with the
.svg.png.webp){kind=small}
- People: Valencians – Catalanics (those with Catalan ancestry)
- Proposed state:
Valencian Country or unification with Catalan Countries
- Political parties: Valencian Nationalist Bloc, Initiative of the Valencian People, Popular Unity Candidates, Republican Left of the Valencian Country, Valencian State, Valencian Nationalist Left, Valencian Left
- Advocacy groups: Pro-Catalan Valencianists (who defend pan-Catalanism and Fuster's theories) propose the creation of a Valencian State and some type of reconnection with the rest of Catalan-speaking areas. Only a minor tendency within anti-Catalan Valencianism (Blaverism) proposed independence of the Kingdom of Valencia from both Catalonia and Spain.[100][101]
- Youth advocacy groups: Arran, Youths of Compromís (mostly soveranist and non-secessionist), Youths of Republican Left of the Valencian Country
- Trade union: Intersindical Valenciana
- Other organisations: Valencian Sovereignty (Sobirania Valenciana)
- Proposed state:
Additionally, there are a number of almost extinct secessionist or soveranist movements in other autonomous communities and historical territories, e.g. Extremadura and Murcia.
- People: Aranese (a subset of Gascon Occitans)
- Proposed autonomous area: Aran Valley – within Catalonia or unification with Occitania
- Proposed autonomous area: Aran Valley – within
Switzerland
- Autonomist movements
Jura region
- People: Jurassien (French-speaking)
- Proposed autonomous area: unification of the three districts of Bernese Jura and the Laufen District with the Canton of Jura
- Militant organisations: Mouvement Autonomiste Jurassien (Jurassian Autonomist Movement),[102] Groupe Bélier (Youth activists movement)[103]
- Proposed autonomous area: unification of the three districts of Bernese Jura and the Laufen District with the
Jura region
The French-speaking part of Switzerland is shown in green on this map
Sweden
Scania
- Ethnocultural people: Scanians
- Proposed state:
Scania or reunification with Denmark
- Political party: Scania Party
- Proposed state:
Turkey
Ukraine
- People: Russians in Ukraine
- De facto entity:
Republic of Crimea within the 
Russian Federation[104]
- Political organization: State Council of Crimea
- De facto entity:
- People: Crimean Tatars
- Proposed entity:
Crimean Tatar autonomy within unitary 
Ukraine[105]
- Political organizations: Mejlis of the Crimean Tatar People, Qurultay of the Crimean Tatar People
- Proposed entity:
Donetsk Oblast, 
Luhansk Oblast
- People: Russians in Ukraine
- Proposed entity:
Donetsk People's Republic, 
Luhansk People's Republic within federalized Ukraine,[106] unification with the Russian Federation[107]
- De-facto entity: Donetsk People's Republic, Luhansk People's Republic
- Political parties: Opposition Platform — For Life[108]
- Political organization: People's Council of the Donetsk People's Republic, People's Council of the Luhansk People's Republic
- Militant organization: United Armed Forces of Novorossiya
- Religious organization: Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate)[109]
- De-facto entity:
- Proposed entity:
Support for the major pro-Russian party in 2019 elections
United Kingdom
Countries of the United Kingdom
Map of current local administrative units in the United Kingdom
The Kingdom of the Isles about the year 1100
- Secessionist movements
- People: Cornish
- Proposed state:
Cornwall
- Political parties: Mebyon Kernow
- Advocacy groups: Celtic League[16]
- Proposed state:
- People: English
- Proposed state:
England
- Political parties: English Democrats[110]
- Proposed state:
- People: Irish, Northern Irish (Nationalists)
- Proposed state: Re-unification with
Ireland
- Political parties: Sinn Féin,[111] Fianna Fáil, Éirígí, Social Democratic and Labour Party, Aontú[112][113]
- Advocacy groups: Celtic League[16]
- Militant organizations: RIRA, CIRA[114]
- Proposed state: Re-unification with
- People: Scots
- Proposed state:
Scotland
- Political parties: Scottish National Party (EFA member), Scottish Green Party, RISE,[115] Scottish Socialist Party
- Advocacy groups: Celtic League,[16] Scottish Independence Convention (Common Weal, People's Voice, Radical Independence Campaign, Scottish CND, Voice for Scotland, Women for Independence), Yes Scotland
- Proposed state:
- People: Welsh
- Proposed state:
.svg.png.webp)
Wales
- Political parties: Plaid Cymru, Cymru Sovereign, Gwlad Gwlad, Welsh National Party
- Advocacy groups: Celtic League,[16] YesCymru
- Proposed state:
- Autonomist movements
- People: English
- Proposed autonomous area: England
- Political parties: English Democrats,[116] UKIP[117]
- Advocacy groups: Campaign for an English Parliament
- Proposed autonomous area:
- People: Scots
- Proposed autonomous area: Scotland
- Political parties: Scottish National Party (EFA member)[118]
- Proposed autonomous area:
- People: Welsh
- Proposed autonomous area: Wales
- Political parties: Plaid Cymru
- Proposed autonomous area:
Cornwall (possibly including the Isles of Scilly)
- People: Cornish
- Proposed autonomous area: Cornwall
- Political parties: Green Party of England and Wales,[119] Mebyon Kernow (EFA member), Cornish Nationalist Party, Liberal Democrats[120][121]
- Advocacy groups: Celtic League, Cornish Constitutional Convention, Cornwall 2000, Revived Cornish Stannary Parliament, Wessex Constitutional Convention[122]
- Proposed autonomous area:
- People: Geordies
- Proposed autonomous area:
North East England or 
Northumbria[123]
- Political parties: North East Party[124]
- People: People of Wessex
- Proposed autonomous area:
Wessex
- Political parties: Wessex Regionalists
- Advocacy group: Wessex Constitutional Convention
- Proposed autonomous area:
- People: People of Yorkshire
- Independence movements of dependent territories
- People: Manx
- Proposed State:
Isle of Man
- Political party: Mec Vannin
- Advocacy group: Celtic League[16]
See also
References
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External links
- "Manifest" (PDF), Politiskaprogram [Political program], AX: Ålands framtid, 2011.
- From Spain to Iraq, states have to see that suppressing secession won’t work
- Disintegration of Britain and Spain both possible
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| Bosnia and Herzegovina | |
| Cyprus | |
| Denmark | |
| Finland | |
| France | |
| Georgia | |
| Germany | |
| Greece | |
| Italy | |
| North Macedonia | |
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| Romania | |
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| Serbia | |
| Spain | |
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| Ukraine | |
| United Kingdom | |
| See also | |
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