Thracian language

The Thracian language (/ˈθrʃən/) is an extinct and poorly attested language, spoken in ancient times in Southeast Europe by the Thracians. The linguistic affinities of the Thracian language are poorly understood, but it is generally agreed that it was an Indo-European language with satem features.

Thracian
RegionBulgaria, European Turkey, parts of Southern Serbia, parts of the region of Macedonia (including Paeonia), regions in Northern Greece, small parts of Albania, parts of Romania, parts of Bithynia in Anatolia. Probably also spoken in parts of Dardania.
Extinct6th century AD[1]
Indo-European
  • Daco-Thracian?
    • Thracian
Language codes
ISO 639-3txh
txh
Glottologthra1250

A contemporary, neighboring language, Dacian is usually regarded as closely related to Thracian. However, there is insufficient evidence with respect to either language to ascertain the nature of this relationship.

The point at which Thracian became extinct is a matter of dispute. However, it is generally accepted that Thracian was still in use in the 6th century AD: Antoninus of Piacenza wrote in 570 that there was a monastery in the Sinai, at which the monks spoke Greek, Latin, Syriac, Egyptian, and Bessian – a Thracian dialect.[2][3][4][5]

Other theories about Thracian remain controversial.

  • Some linguists have suggested that the Albanian language and the ethnogenesis of the Albanians followed a migration by members of the Bessi westward into Albania.
  • A classification put forward by some linguists, such as Harvey Mayer, suggests that Thracian (and Dacian) belonged to the Baltic branch of Indo-European.[6] However, this theory has not achieved the status of a general consensus among linguists.

These are among many competing hypotheses regarding the classification and fate of Thracian.[7]

Geographic distribution

The Thracian language or languages were spoken in what is now Bulgaria,[8][9] Romania, North Macedonia, Northern Greece, European Turkey and in parts of Bithynia (North-Western Asiatic Turkey).

Eastern Serbia is usually considered by paleolinguists to have been a Daco-Moesian language area. Moesian (after Vladimir Georgiev et al.) is grouped with the Dacian language.

Remnants of the Thracian language

Limits of the (southern) Thracian linguistic territory according to Ivan Duridanov, 1985

Little is known for certain about the Thracian languages, since no phrase beyond a few words in length has been satisfactorily deciphered, and the sounder decipherments given for the shorter phrases may not be completely accurate. Some of the longer inscriptions may indeed be Thracian in origin but they may not reflect actual Thracian language sentences, but rather jumbles of names or magical formulas.[10]

Enough Thracian lexical items have survived to show that Thracian was a member of the Indo-European language family and that it was a satemized language by the time it is attested. Besides the aforementioned inscriptions, Thracian is attested through personal names, toponyms, hydronyms, phytonyms, divine names, etc. and by a small number of words cited in Ancient Greek texts as being specifically Thracian.[11]

Other ancient Greek lexical items were not specifically identified as Thracian by the ancient Greeks but are hypothesized by paleolinguists as being or probably being of Thracian origin. Other lexical items are hypothesized on the basis of local anthroponyms, toponyms, hydronyms, oronyms, etc. mentioned in primary sources (see also List of ancient cities in Thrace and Dacia, List of Dacian plant names).

Below is a table showing both words cited as being Thracian in classical sources, and lexical elements that have been extracted by paleolinguists from Thracian anthroponyms, toponyms, etc. In this table the closest cognates are shown, with an emphasis on cognates in Bulgarian, Albanian, Baltic, Slavic, Greek, and substratum and/or old-layer words in the Eastern Romance languages: Romanian, Aromanian, et cetera. See also the List of reconstructed Dacian words.

Significant cognates from any Indo-European language are listed. However, not all lexical items in Thracian are assumed to be from the Proto-Indo-European language, some non-IE lexical items in Thracian are to be expected.

There are 23 words mentioned by ancient sources considered explicitly of Thracian origin and known meaning.[12]

WordMeaningAttested byCognates
asa colt’s foot (Bessi) Dioskurides Lit. dial. asỹs ‘horse-tail, Equisetum’, Latv. aši, ašas ‘horse-tail, sedge, rush’
βόλινθος (bólinthos) aurochs, European bison Aristotle Proto-Slavic *volъ ("ox"). Pre-Greek, according to Beekes 2010: 225.
βρία (bría) unfortified village Hesychius, compare the Toponyms Πολτυμβρία, Σηλυ(μ)μβρία, and Βρέα in Thrace. Compared to Greek ῥίον (ríon; "peak, foothills") and Tocharian A ri, B riye ("town") as if < *urih₁-. Alternatively, compare Proto-Celtic *brix- ("hill").
βρίζα (bríza) rye Galen Perhaps of Eastern origin, compare Greek ὄρυζα, Sanskrit vrīhí- ("rice").
βρυνχός (brynkhós) guitar Compared with Slavic *bręčati "to ring".
βρῦτος (brŷtos) beer of barley many Germanic *bruþa- ("broth"), Old Irish bruth ("glow"), Latin dēfrŭtum ("must boiled down").
dinupula, si/nupyla wild melon Pseudoapuleus Lithuanian šùnobuolas, lit. ("dog’s apple"), or with Slavic *dynja ("melon").
γέντον (génton) meat Herodian., Suid., Hesych Taken from IE *gʷʰn-tó-, cf. Sanskrit hatá- ‘hit, killed’
καλαμίνδαρ (kalamíndar) plane-tree (Edoni) Hesych.
κη̃μος (kêmos) a kind of fruit with follicle Phot. Lex.
κτίσται (ktístai) Ctistae Strabo
midne village inscription from Rome Latvian mītne ("a place of stay")
Πολτυμ(βρία) (poltym-bría) board fence, a board tower Old Norse spjald ("board"), Old English speld ("wood, log")
ῥομφαία (rhomphaía) broadsword many Compared with Latin rumpō ("to rupture"), Slavic: Russian разрубать, Polish rąbać ("to hack", "to chop", "to slash"), Polish rębajło ("eager swordsman"), Serbo-Croatian ’’rmpalija’’ ("bruiser")
σκάλμη (skálmē) knife, sword Soph. y Pollux, Marcus Anton., Hesych., Phot. L Albanian shkallmë ("sword"), Old Norse skolm ("short sword, knife")
σκάρκη (skárkē) a silver coin Hesych., Phot. Lex.
σπίνος (spínos) a kind of stone (?) Arist.
τορέλλη (toréllē) a refrain of lament mourn song Hesych.
ζαλμός (zalmós) animal hide Porphyr.
ζειρά (zeira) long robe worn by Arabs and Thracians Hdt., Xen., Hesych.
ζελᾶ (zelâ), also ζῆλα (zêla), ζηλᾱς (zelās) wine many Compared with Greek χάλις (khális; "unblended wine") and κάλιθος (kálithos; "wine")
ζετραία (zetraía) pot Pollux
zibythides the noble, most holy one Hesych. Lith. žibùtė ("shining")

An additional 180 Thracian words have been reconstructed.[12]

The proposed Thracian words in the Ancient Greek lexicon are not numerous. They include the parth- element in Parthenon; balios ("dappled"; < PIE *bhel-, "to shine", Bul. bel/bial (бял) "white" or bljaskav 'bright, shiny'; Pokorny also cites Illyrian as a possible source, the non-Greek origin is argued on phonological grounds), bounos, "hill, mound".[13]

The Thracian horseman hero was an important figure in Thracian religion, mythology, and culture. Depictions of the Thracian Horseman are found in numerous archaeological remains and artifacts from Thracian regions. From the Duvanlii ring and from cognates in numerous Indo-European languages, mezēna is seen to be a Thracian word for "horse", deriving from PIE *mend-. Another Thracian word for "horse" is hypothesized, but it looks certain, there is no disagreement among Thracologists: aspios, esvas, asb- (and some other variants; < PIE *ekwo , the Thracian showing a satem form similar to Sanskrit áśva-, "horse", Avestan aspa, "horse", Ossetic jäfs, Prussian aswinan ‘mare milk’, Lithuanian ašvíenis ‘stallion’, ašvà, dial. ešvà ‘mare’[14]), from Outaspios, Utaspios, an inscription associated with the Thracian horseman. Ut- based on the PIE root word ud- (meaning "up") and based on several Thracic items, would have meant "upon", "up", and Utaspios is theorized to have meant "On horse(back)", parallel to ancient Greek ephippos (epi-hippos).[15]

The early Indo-European languages had more than one word for horse; for example Latin had equus from PIE *ekwo- and mannus ("a pony") from another IE root, later receiving cabalus as a loanword.

In many cases in current Thracology, there is more than one etymology for a Thracian lexical item. For example, Thracian Diana Germetitha (Diana is from Latin while the epithet Germetitha is from Thracian) has two different proposed etymologies, "Diana of the warm bosom" (Olteanu; et al.?) or "Diana of the warm radiance" (Georgiev; et al.?). In other cases, etymologies for the Thracian lexical items may be sound, but some of the proposed cognates are not actually cognates, thus confusing the affinity of Thracian.

Inscriptions

Ezerovo inscription

The Ring of Ezerovo, found in 1912

Only four Thracian inscriptions of any length have been found. The first is a gold ring found in 1912 in the village of Ezerovo (Plovdiv Province of Bulgaria); the ring was dated to the 5th century BC.[16] On the ring an inscription is found written in a Greek script and consisting of 8 lines, the eighth of which is located on the edge, the rim, of the rotating disk; it reads without any spaces between: ΡΟΛΙΣΤΕΝΕΑΣΝ / ΕΡΕΝΕΑΤΙΛ / ΤΕΑΝΗΣΚΟΑ / ΡΑΖΕΑΔΟΜ / ΕΑΝΤΙΛΕΖΥ / ΠΤΑΜΙΗΕ / ΡΑΖ // ΗΛΤΑ

as Dimitar Dechev (Germanised as D. Detschew) separates the words thus[17][18] ΡΟΛΙΣΤΕΝΕΑΣ ΝΕΡΕΝΕΑ ΤΙΛΤΕΑΝ ΗΣΚΟ ΑΡΑΖΕΑ ΔΟΜΕΑΝ ΤΙΛΕΖΥΠΤΑ ΜΙΗ ΕΡΑ ΖΗΛΤΑ i.e. Rolisteneas Nerenea tiltean ēsko Arazea domean Tilezypta miē era zēlta proposing the following translation:

I am Rolisteneas, a descendant of Nereneas; Tilezypta, an Arazian woman, delivered me to the ground.

Kyolmen inscription

A second inscription, hitherto undeciphered, was found in 1965 near the village of Kyolmen, Varbitsa Municipality, dating to the sixth century BC. Written in a Greek alphabet variant, it is possibly a tomb stele inscription similar to the Phrygian ones; Peter A. Dimitrov's transcription thereof is:[19]

ΙΛΑΣΝΛΕΤΕΔΝΛΕΔΝΕΝΙΔΑΚΑΤΡΟΣΟ[20]
ΕΒΑ·ΡΟΖΕΣΑΣΝΗΝΕΤΕΣΑΙΓΕΚΟΑ[21]
ΝΒΛΑΒΑΗΓΝ[20]

i.e.

ilasnletednlednenidakatroso
eba·rozesasnēnetesaigekoa
nblabaēgn

Duvanlii inscription

A third inscription is again on a ring, found in Duvanlii, Kaloyanovo Municipality, next to the left hand of a skeleton. It dates to the 5th century BC. The ring has the image of a horseman with the inscription surrounding the image. It is only partly legible (16 out of the initial 21):

ΗΥΖΙΗ.....ΔΕΛΕ / ΜΕΖΗΝΑΙ

i.e.

ēuziē.....dele / mezēnai

The meaning of the inscription is 'Horseman Eusie protect!'

These are the longest inscriptions preserved. The remaining ones are mostly single words or names on vessels and other artifacts.

Classification

The Thracian language in linguistic textbooks is usually treated either as its own branch of Indo-European, or is grouped with Dacian, together forming a Daco-Thracian branch of IE. Older textbooks often grouped it also with Illyrian or Phrygian. The belief that Thracian was close to Phrygian is no longer popular and has mostly been discarded.[22] The Thraco-Illyrian grouping has also been called into question. Daco-Thracian or Thraco-Dacian is the main hypothesis.

No definite evidence has yet been found that demonstrates that Thracian or Daco-Thracian belonged on the same branch as Albanian or Baltic or Balto-Slavic or Greco-Macedonian or Phrygian or any other IE branch. For this reason textbooks still treat Thracian as its own branch of Indo-European, or as a Daco-Thracian/Thraco-Dacian branch.

The generally accepted clades branched from the Proto-Indo-European language are, in alphabetical order, the Proto-Albanian language, Proto-Anatolian language, Proto-Armenian language, Proto-Balto-Slavic language, Proto-Celtic language, Proto-Germanic language, Proto-Greek language, Proto-Indo-Iranian language, Proto-Italic language, and the Proto-Tocharian language. Thracian, Dacian, Phrygian, Illyrian, Venetic, and Paeonian are fragmentarily attested and cannot be reliably categorized.

Language/difference according to Duridanov (1985)
Change o > a r > ir, ur (or)
l > il, ul (ol)
m > im, um (om)
n > in, un (on)
kʷ, gʷ, gʷʰ
> k, g (k), g
ḱ, ǵ, ǵʰ
> s (p), z (d)
p, t, k
> pʰ, tʰ, kʰ
b, d, g
> p, t, k
bʰ, dʰ, gʰ
> b, d, g
sr > str tt, dt > st
Thracian + + + + + + + + + +
Dacian + + + + + - - + + -
Balto-Slavic + + + + + - - + -/+ +
Pelasgian + + + + + + + + ? ?
Albanian + + - +/- +/- - - + - -
Germanic + + + - - - + + + -
Indo-Iranian + - - +/- + - - +/- - +/-
Greek - - - - - - - - - +
Phrygian - - - - + + + + - ?
Armenian - - - - + + + - - ?
Italic - + - - - - - - - -
Celtic - - - - - - - + - -
Hittite + - - - - - + + ? ?
Tocharian +/- - - - - - + + - ?
Divergent sound-changes in Paleo-Balkan languages according to Georgiev (1977)[23]
Proto-Indo-EuropeanDacianThracianPhrygian
*o a a o
*e ie e e
*ew e eu eu
*aw a au
*r̥, *l̥ ri ur (or), ur (ol) al
*n̥, *m̥ a un an
*M M T T
*T T TA (aspirated) TA
*s s s
*sw s s w
*sr str str br

Note: Asterisk indicates reconstructed IE sound. M is a cover symbol for the row of voiced stops (mediae), T for unvoiced stops (tenues) and TA for aspirated stops (tenues aspiratae). ∅ indicates zero, a sound that has been lost.

Divergent sound-changes in Dacian and Thracian according to Duridanov (1985)[24]
Indo-EuropeanDacianThracian
*b, *d, *g b, d, g p, t, k
*p, *t, *k p, t, k ph, th, kh
ä (a) ē
*e (after consonant) ie e
*ai a ai
*ei e ei
*dt (*tt) s st

Thraco-Dacian has been hypothesized as forming a branch of Indo-European along with Baltic.[25]

For a large proportion of the 300 Thracian geographic names there are cognates within the Baltic toponymy, most similarities between Thracian and Balto-Slavic personal and geographic names were found, especially Baltic. According to Duridinov the "most important impression make the geographic cognates of Baltic and Thracian" "the similarity of these parallels stretching frequently on the main element and the suffix simultaneously, which makes a strong impression". According to him there are occasional similarities between Slavic and Thracian because Slavic is related to Baltic, while almost no lexical similarities within Thracian and Phrygian were found.[26] This significant relatedness show close affinity and kinship of Thracian with Baltic.

The following table shows the cognates Thracian and Baltic place names:[12]

Thracian place Lithuanian place Latvian place Old Prussian place cognates
AlaaiabriaAlajàLith. aléti ‘to be flooded’
AltosAltis
AntisaraSarijaSarape
ArmoniaArmona, ArmenàLith. armuõ, -eñs ‘a swamp, bog’, arma ‘the same’
ArmulaArmuliškislit. arma ‘mud’
ArpessasVarpe, Varputỹs, VárpapievisWarpen, WarpunenLatv. vārpats ‘whirlpool’; Lith. varpýti (-pa, -pia) ‘to dig’
ArselaArsenArsio, Arse
AspynthosLatv. apse; Old-Pruss. abse; Lith. apušẽ
AtlasAdula
Asamusaśman- ‘stone’; Lit. ašmuo, ašmenys
VairosVairaLit. vairus ‘diverse’
BaktunionBatkunu kaimas
BeresBẽrė, Bėrẽ, Bėr-upis, BėrupėBēr-upe, BerēkaLit. bėras, Latv. bęrs ‘brown, swarthy’
BersamaeLith. béržas; Latv. bẽrzs; Old-Pruss. berse
VelekaVelėkasLit. velėklės ‘place in the water’
Bolba briaBalvi, Bàlvis, BolvaLith. Bálvis 'a lake'; Old-Pruss. Balweniken
BreniparaMessapian brendon, Latv. briedis ‘deer’
CalsusKalsi, Kalsiņš, Kals-Strauts ‘dry stream’Latv. kalst, kaltēt ‘dry’
ChalastraLith. sravà ‘a stream’; Latv. strava ‘stream, torrent’
DaphabaeLith. dãpas ‘a flood’; Old-Pruss. ape ‘river’
DingionDingas, Dindze, DingupiteDingeLatv. dinga ‘a plant’ and ‘fertile place’
DimaeDūmėDūmisDumenLit. dūmas ‘dark (for beef)’; Latv. dūms ‘dark-brown’
EgericaVegerėVedzere
EretaVeretà
GesiaGesavàDzêsiensGesawLatv. dzēse ‘heron’
GinulaGinuļiGinulleLatv. g'inis, g'inst ‘to spoil’
ArmoniaArmonaLit. armuo, -ens ‘quagmire’
IurasJūra, Jūrė, JūrupisLit. and Latv. jūra ‘sea’
KabyleKabileCabula
KallindiaGalindo, Galinden, GalyndeGalindai, Lit. galas ‘end’
KapisturiaKaplavaKapas-galsKappegalin

Latv. kãpa, kãpe ‘long mountainous strip, dune, slope’; Lith. kopà ‘sandy hill’

KurpisosKurpų kámas, KurpulaukisKazūkurpe, Kurpesgrāvis, KurpkalnsLit. kurpti ‘to dig'
KersulaKeršuliškių kaimasLit. keršulis ‘pigeon’
KnishavaKnisàKnīsi, Knīši, KnīsukalnsLith. knìsti ‘to dig, to rummage’
KypselaKupšeliaiKupšeļi
KourpissosKurpų kaimasKazu-kurpe
LingosLingė, LingenaiLingas, Lingi, LingasdikisLingwarLit. lengė 'valley’
MarkellaiMarkẽlis, MarkelỹneMarkenLit. marka ‘pit’, merkti ‘dunk’
MeldiaMeldė, MeldínisMeldine, MeldiniMildio, MildieZhemait. Melьdəikvirshe, Melьdəinəi, Lith. meldà, méldas ‘marsh reed’; Latv. meldi ‘reed’
MygdoniaMūkėMukasZhemait. river Muka, Mukja
OstophosUõstas, ŨstasUostupe, ŨostupLit. pušynas ‘spurs forest’
PaisulaPaišeliaiPaissynLit. paišai ‘soot’
PalaePalàLit. palios ‘swamp'
PalnmaPalminỹs, Palmajos káimasPaļmuotaLit. palios ‘swamp'
PanionOld-Pruss. pannean ‘swamp, quagmire’
PannasPanyenOld Pruss. pannean ‘quagmire’, Gothic fani
PautaliaPaũtupisPauteļi, Pautupīte, PautustrautsPauta, PautenLith. putà, pl. pùtos ‘foam, froth’, putóti ‘to foam’; Latv. putas ‘foam’
PizosPisa ęzęrsPissa, Pissen, Pisse, Pysekaym, PiselaukLatv. pīsa ‘swamp’
Praizes LimnePraustuvėLith. praũsti (prausiù, -siaũ) ‘to wash’, prausỹnės ‘washing’; Latv. prauslât ‘to spray, to sprinkle’
PurdaePurdyakasnisPorden, Purde
PusinonPusyne, Pušinė, Pušyno káimasPušinėLit. pušynas ‘spurs forest’, Zhemait. Pushina 'a stream', Pushine 'meadows'
Pupensis vicus(village)Pupių káimas, PupinėPupaPupkaym, PaupaynLatinized vicus for ‘village', Lit. and Latv. pupa 'beans', kaimas 'village'(cf. Bobov Dol)
PurdaePorden, PurdeZhemait. Purdjaknisə Popelьki
RaimulaRaimocheLith. ráimas ‘motley, particoloured’
RhakuleRãkija, Rakavos káimasRoklawken, RockeLith. ràkti, rankù, rakiaũ ‘to dig out, unearth’; Latv. rakt, rùoku ‘to dig’, rakņât ‘to dig’
RhamaeRãmis, RamùneRāmavaRamio, RammenflysLit. ramus ‘quiet’
Rhodope MountainsRudupeZhemait. Rudupja, Rudupə, Rudupi, Lith. rùdas ‘reddish, ruddy, dark yellow’, Lith. ùpė ‘river’
RhusionRusse, Russien, RusemoterLith. rūsỹs (and rúsas) ‘a pit for potatoes; cellar, basement’; Latv. rūsa ‘a pit’
RumbodonaRum̃ba, Rum̃ba, Rum̃b, Rum̃bas, RumbaiLatv. rum̃ba ‘waterfall, river rapids’; Lith. rum̃bas, rùmbas, rumbà ‘periphery’
SarteSar̃tė, SartàSār̃te, SārtupeZhemait. Sarta, Sarti, Lit. sartas ‘red (horse)’; Latv. sarts ‘ruddy’
ScretiscaSkretiškėLit. skretė ‘circle’
SeietoviaSietuvà, SiẽtuvasZhemait. Setuva, Lit. sietuva ‘whirlpool’
SekinaŠėkinėLith. šėkas ‘recently mowed down grass, hay’; Latv. sêks ‘the same’
SermeSermas
SiltaŠiltupisSiltie, Siltums, SiltineLit. šiltas ‘warm, nice’; Latv. sìlts ‘warm’
Skaptopara, Skalpenos, SkaplizoSkalbupis, Skalbýnupis, Skalbstas, Skaptotai, SkaptùtisLith. skãplis ‘a type of axe’; Lith. skaptúoti ‘to cut, to carve'
SkarsaSkarsin, SkarsawLith. sker̃sas ‘transverse, oblique, slanting’, Sker̃sė, Sker̃s-upỹs, Sker̃sravi
ScombrosLith. kumbrỹs, kum̃bris ‘hill, top of a mountain; small mountain’; Latv. kum̃bris ‘hump, hunch’
SpindeaSpindžių káimas, SpindžiùsSpindagsLit. spindžius, spindis, 'clearing'; Latv. spindis ‘spark’
StambaiStrũobas, StruõbasLit. stramblys ‘cob’; Old-Pruss. strambo ‘stubble-field’
StrauneilonStrūnelė, StrūnàLit. sr(i)ūti ‘flow’
StrymonLit. sraumuo ‘stream’
StrauosLatv. strava, Lit. srava ‘course’
SuitulaSviteLit. švitulys ‘light’
SourasSūris, Sūrupė, SūupisSureLit. sūras ‘salty’
SucciŠukisSukas, Sucis
TarpodizosTárpijaTârpi, Tārpu pļavaLith. tárpas ‘an interstice’ and ‘a gap, a crack’; Zhemait. Tarpu kalьne, Tarpdovdəi
TarporonLith. tárpas ‘an interstice’
TarpyllosTerpìnė, Tárpija
TirsaiTirzaTirskaymenLith. tir̃štis ‘density, thickness’ and ‘thicket, brush-wood’
TranouparaTranỹsTrani, TranavaLit. tranas ‘hornet’
TrauosTraũšupisLith. traũšti ‘to break, to crumble’, traušus ‘brittle’; Latv. traušs, trausls ‘brittle, fragile’
TyntaTunti, TunteThuntlawkenLit. tumtas, tuntas ‘flock'
Urda, UrdausÙrdupis, UrdenàUrdavaZhemait. Urdishki; Lit. urdulys ‘mount stream’, virti ‘spring’
VelekaVelėkasLith. velėkles ‘a place, used for washing’
VerzelaVérža, VéržasLith. váržas ‘a basket for fish’; Latv. varza ‘dam’
VevocasenusVàiveWoywe, Wewa, WayweLatin vicus
ZburulusŽiburių káimasLit. žiburỹs ‘a fire, a light, something burning; a torch’
ZilmissusŽilmà, ŽilmasLatv. zelme ‘green grass or wheat’
ZyakozeronŽvakùtėZvakūžLith. žvãkė ‘a light, a candle’

Fate of the Thracians and their language

According to Skordelis, when Thracians were subjected by Alexander the Great they finally assimilated to Greek culture and became as Greek as Spartans and Athenians, although he considered the Thracian language as a form of Greek.[27] According to Crampton (1997) most Thracians were eventually Hellenized or Romanized, with the last remnants surviving in remote areas until the 5th century.[28] According to Marinov the Thracians were likely completely Romanized and Hellenized after the last contemporary references to them of the 6th century.[29] This theory holds the Christianization of the Roman Empire as the main factor of immediate assimilation.

A quick extinction would intensely contrast the avoidance of Hellenization at least by Albanian till the present, possibly with the help of isolated mountainous areas.

Another author considers that the interior of Thrace have never been Romanized or Hellenized (Trever, 1939).[30] This was followed also by Slavonization. According to Weithmann (1978) when the Slavs migrated, they encountered only a very superficially Romanized Thracian and Dacian population, which had not strongly identified itself with Imperial Rome, while Greek and Roman populations (mostly soldiers, officials, merchants) abandoned the land or were killed.[31] Because Pulpudeva survived as Plovdiv in Slavic languages, not under Philippopolis, some authors suggest that Thracian was not completely obliterated in the 7th century.[32]

See also

References

  1. Thracian at MultiTree on the Linguist List
  2. Arnold Joseph Toynbee, Some problems of Greek history, Oxford University Press, 1969, p. 56: In the late sixth century there were still Bessian-speaking monks in the monastery at the foot of Mount Sinai (see P. Geyer Itinera Hierosolymitana, Vienna 1898, Templaky, pp. 184; 213.)
  3. Oliver Nicholson as ed., The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity; Oxford University Press, 2018; ISBN 0192562460, p. 234:...The "Piacenza Pilgrim (56) mentioned Bessian-speaking monks on the Sinai Peninsula. ABA J. J. Wilkes, The Illyrians (1992)...
  4. J. P. Mallory, Douglas Q. Adams as ed., Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture; Taylor & Francis, 1997; ISBN 1884964982, p. 576: The most recently attested Thracian personal names are found in two monasteries in the Near East (the Bessi of Mt Sinai) dating to the sixth century AD.
  5. Bessian is the language of the Bessi, one of the most prominent Thracian tribes. The origin of the monasteries is explained in a mediaeval hagiography written by Symeon the Metaphrast in Vita Sancti Theodosii Coenobiarchae in which he wrote that Saint Theodosius founded on the shore of the Dead Sea a monastery with four churches, in each being spoken a different language, among which Bessian was found. The place at which the monasteries were founded was called "Cutila", which may be a Thracian name.
  6. Harvey E. Mayer. DACIAN AND THRACIAN AS SOUTHERN BALTOIDIC LITUANUS. LITHUANIAN QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. Volume 38, No.2 – Summer 1992. Editor of this issue: Antanas Klimas, University of Rochester . ISSN 0024-5089. 1992 LITUANUS Foundation, Inc.
  7. 1994 Gottfried Schramm: A New Approach to Albanian History
  8. Encyclopedia of European peoples, Carl Waldman, Catherine Mason, Infobase Publishing, 2006, ISBN 0-8160-4964-5, p. 205.
  9. Archaeology and language: the puzzle of Indo-European origins, Colin Renfrew, CUP Archive, 1990, ISBN 0-521-38675-6, p. 71.
  10. Olteanu et al.
  11. Duridanov, Ivan. "The Language of the Thracians". Retrieved 2007-01-14.
  12. Duridanov, I. (1976). The Language of the Thracians (An abridged translation of Ezikyt na trakite, Ivan Duridanov, Nauka i izkustvo, Sofia, 1976. (c) Ivan Duridanov).
  13. Olteanu hypothesizes that the Thracian toponym Basibounon may contain bouno(n), a Greek word for "hill" that may also be a Thracian word
  14. In Old Church Slavonic is found ehu, which may be a loan from Germanic ; otherwise the Slavic word for horse from ekwo- was lost, due perhaps to the lack of equestrianism among the early Slavs
  15. Georgiev, Olteanu et al.
  16. "Golden ring with Thracian inscription. NAIM-Sofia exhibition". National Archaeological Institute with Museum, Sofia.
  17. Duridanov, Ivan (1985). Die Sprache der Thraker. Bulgarische Sammlung (in German). 5. Hieronymus Verlag. ISBN 3-88893-031-6. Ich bin Rolisteneas, Sprößling des Nereneas; Tilezypta, Arazerin nach ihrer Heimat, hat mich der Erde übergeben (d.h. begraben).
  18. Russu, Ion I. (1969). Die Sprache der Thrako-Daker (in German). Ed. Ştiinţificā.
  19. Dimitrov, Peter A. (2009). "The Kyolmen Stone Inscription". Thracian Language and Greek and Thracian Epigraphy. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 5. ISBN 978-1-4438-1325-9.
  20. Written from right to left.
  21. Written from left to right.
  22. See C. Brixhe – Ancient languages of Asia Minor, Cambridge University Press, 2008
    We will dismiss, at least temporarily, the idea of a Thraco-Phrygian unity. Thraco-Dacian (or Thracian and Daco-Mysian) seems to belong to the eastern (satem) group of Indo-European languages and its (their) phonetic system is far less conservative than that of Phrygian (see Brixhe and Panayotou 1994, §§ 3ff.)
  23. Georgiev 1977, p. 63, 128, 282.
  24. Duridanov, 1985 & ch. VIII.
  25. Holst (2009):66.
  26. (Duridanov 1978: с. 128)
  27. Daskalov, Roumen; Vezenkov, Alexander (13 March 2015). Entangled Histories of the Balkans – Volume Three: Shared Pasts, Disputed Legacies. BRILL. p. 51. ISBN 9789004290365.
  28. R.J. Crampton (1997). A Concise History of Bulgaria. Cambridge University Press. p. 4. ISBN 0-521-56719-X.
  29. Daskalov, Roumen; Vezenkov, Alexander (13 March 2015). Entangled Histories of the Balkans – Volume Three: Shared Pasts, Disputed Legacies. BRILL. p. 10. ISBN 9789004290365.
  30. Trever, Albert Augustus. History of Ancient Civilization. Harcourt, Brace. p. 571
  31. Michael W. Weithmann, Die slawische Bevolkerung auf der griechischen Halbinsel (Munich 1978)
  32. Mallory, J. P.; Adams, Douglas Q. (1997). Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture. Taylor & Francis. p. 576. ISBN 978-1-884964-98-5.

Further reading

  • V.I. Georgiev, Introduction to the History of the Indo-European Languages, Sofia (1981).
  • V.I. Georgiev, The Genesis of the Balkan Peoples, in: The Slavonic and East European Review, Vol. 44, No. 103 (Jul., 1966)
  • I.I. Russu, Limba Traco-Dacilor / Die Sprache der Thrako-Daker, Bucharest (1967, 1969).
  • Paul Kretschmer, "Glotta", in: Zeitschrift für griechische und lateinische Sprache 7 (1915).
  • J.H. Holst, "Armenische Studien", Wiesbaden (2009).
  • Dana, Dan. "Sur Quelques Noms Fantômes Thraces Et Daces". In: Zeitschrift Für Papyrologie Und Epigraphik 154 (2005): 293-98. http://www.jstor.org/stable/20191011.
  • Dana, Dan. "Un lexique des noms thraces: prolégomènes critiques". In: Revue de philologie, de littérature et d'histoire anciennes 2012/1 (Tome LXXXVI) (2012): 17-42. https://doi.org/10.3917/phil.861.0017
  • Dana, Dan. "Onomasticon Thracicum (Onom Thrac). Répertoire des noms indigènes de Thrace, Macédoine Orientale, Mésies, Dacie et Bithynie", Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia 17, 1 (2011): 25-45, doi: https://doi.org/10.1163/092907711X575313
  • Duridanov, Ivan (1969). Die Thrakisch- und Dakisch-Baltischen Sprachbeziehungen [Thracian and Dacian Baltic Language Contacts]. Other. Verlag der Bulgarischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Sofia.
  • Marius-Tiberius, Alexianu. "Une catégorie d'esclaves thraces: les halônetoi". In: La fin du statut servile? Affranchissement, libération, abolition. Volume II. Besançon 15-17 décembre 2005. Besançon : Presses Universitaires de Franche-Comté, 2008. pp. 487–492. (Actes des colloques du Groupe de recherche sur l'esclavage dans l'antiquité, 30-2) [www.persee.fr/doc/girea_0000-0000_2008_act_30_2_1057]
  • Orel, Vladimir E. "The Inscription from Kjolmen". In: Mediterranean Language Review 9 (1997): 77-82. http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.13173/medilangrevi.9.1997.0077.
  • Paliga, Sorin. "Thracian Terms for 'Township' and 'Fortress', and Related Place-Names." World Archaeology 19, no. 1 (1987): 23-29. Accessed October 16, 2020. http://www.jstor.org/stable/124496.
  • Sotiroff, George. (1963). "A tentative glossary of Thracian words". In: Canadian Journal of Linguistics/Revue canadienne de linguistique 8: 97-110. 10.1017/S000841310000520X.
  • Sowa, Wojciech. "Thracian". In: Palaeohispanica: revista sobre lenguas y culturas de la Hispania antigua n. 20 (2020): pp. 787–817. ISSN 1578-5386 DOI: 10.36707/palaeohispanica.v0i20.377
  • Witczak, Krzysztof Tomasz. "Studies in Thracian vocabulary (I-VII)". In: Studia Indogermanica Lodziensia VII (2012). pp. 153–168.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.