Tokaido Shinkansen

The Tokaido Shinkansen (Japanese: 東海道新幹線, Hepburn: Tōkaidō Shinkansen, lit. 'East Sea Route New Trunk Line') is a Japanese high-speed rail line that is part of the nationwide Shinkansen network. Along with the Sanyo Shinkansen, it forms a continuous high-speed railway through the Taiheiyō Belt, also known as the Tokaido corridor. Upon its opening in 1964 between Tokyo and Shin-Ōsaka, it was heralded as the first high speed rail line in the world.[1] Since 1987 it has been operated by the Central Japan Railway Company (JR Central), prior to that by Japanese National Railways (JNR). Along with being the oldest HSR line, it is also one of the most heavily used.[2][3]

Tokaido Shinkansen
A JR West N700 series train passing Maibara Station, January 2011
Overview
Native name東海道新幹線
Owner JR Central
LocaleTokyo; Kanagawa, Shizuoka, Aichi, Gifu, Shiga, Kyoto, and Osaka Prefectures
TerminiTokyo
Shin-Ōsaka
Stations17
Service
TypeShinkansen
Operator(s) JR Central
Depot(s)Tokyo, Mishima, Nagoya, Osaka
Rolling stockN700A series
N700S series
History
OpenedOctober 1, 1964
Technical
Line length515.4 km (320.3 mi)
Track gauge1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) standard gauge
Electrification25 kV AC, 60 Hz, overhead catenary
Operating speed285 km/h (175 mph)
Route map
( Tōhoku Shinkansen)
0:00 Tokyo
 0:07 Shinagawa
Tama River
 0:18 Shin-Yokohama
Sagami River
 0:35 Odawara
 0:44 Atami
 0:54 Mishima
 1:08 Shin-Fuji
Fuji River
 1:08 Shizuoka
Abe River
Ooi River
 1:39 Kakegawa
Tenryū River
 1:34 Hamamatsu
Lake Hamana
 1:24 Toyohashi
 1:30 Mikawa-Anjō
 1:35 Nagoya
 1:59 Gifu-Hashima
 2:18 Maibara
 2:09 Kyōto
 2:24 Shin-Ōsaka
( San'yō Shinkansen)

Times shown are fastest timetabled journey from Tokyo (HH:MM).

There are three types of services on the line: from fastest to slowest, they are the limited-stop Nozomi, the semi-fast Hikari, and the all-stop Kodama. Many Nozomi and Hikari trains continue onward to the San'yō Shinkansen, going as far as Fukuoka's Hakata Station.

The line was named a joint Historic Mechanical Engineering Landmark and IEEE Milestone by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers and the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers in 2000.[4][5]

History
The back cover of the first English-language timetable with the Tokaido Line Shinkansen service which launched on October 1, 1964.

The predecessor for the Tokaido and Sanyo Shinkansen lines was originally conceived at the end of the 1930s as a standard-gauge dangan ressha (bullet train) between Tokyo and Shimonoseki, which would taken nine hours to cover the nearly 1,000 kilometer distance between the two cities. This project was planned as the first part of an East Asian rail network serving Japan's overseas territories. The beginning of World War II stalled the project in its early planning stages, although three tunnels were dug that were later used in the Shinkansen route.[6]

By 1955, the original Tokaido line between Tokyo and Osaka was congested. Even after its electrification the next year, the line was still the busiest in Japan's railway network by a long margin, and demand was more than double the current capacity.[7] In 1957, a public forum was organized to discuss “The Possibility of a Three-hour Rail Trip Between Tokyo and Osaka.”[6] After substantial debate, the Japanese National Railways (JNR) decided to build a new standard gauge line alongside the original narrow gauge one to supplement it.[7] The president of JNR at the time, Shinji Sogō, started attempting to persuade politicians to back the project. Realizing the high expenses of the project early on due to the use of new, unfamiliar technologies and the high concentration of tunnels and viaducts, Sogō settled for less government funding than what was needed.[6][7]

The Diet approved the plan in December 1958, agreeing to fund ¥194.8 billion out of the ¥300 billion required over a five-year construction period. Then-finance minister Eisaku Satō recommended that the rest of the funds should be taken from non-governmental sources so that political changes would not cause funding issues.[7] Construction of the line began on 20 April 1959 under Sogō and chief engineer Hideo Shima. In 1960, Shima and Sogō were sent to the United States to borrow money from the World Bank. Although the original request was for US$200 million, they came back with only $80 million, which was still enough to fund 15% of the project, and could not use the loan for "experimental technology".[6][7] Severe cost overruns during construction forced both of them to resign.[8] The opening was timed to coincide with the 1964 Summer Olympics in Tokyo, which had already brought international attention to the country. Originally, the line was called the New Tokaido Line in English. Just like the original railway line, it is named after the Tokaido road that has been used for centuries.

Initially, there were two services: the faster Hikari (also called the Super Express) made the journey between Tokyo and Shin-Osaka in four hours, while the slower Kodama (or the limited express) made more stops and took five hours to travel the same route.[9] A test run was conducted August 25, 1964, simulating a Hikari service. The run, which was deemed "very successful" by then-JNR president Reisuke Ishida, was also broadcast on television by NHK.[10] On October 1 that same year, the line was officially opened, with the first train, Hikari 1, traveling from Tokyo to Shin-Osaka with a top speed of 210 km/h (130 mph).[11] In November 1965, both services were sped up by an hour to achieve their current times of 3 hours for the Hikari and 4 hours for the Kodama.[12]

In 1988, one year after the privatization of JNR, the new operating company, JR Central, initiated a project to increase operating speeds through infrastructure improvement and a new train design. This resulted in the debut of the 300 Series and the Nozomi, the line's fastest service which took two and a half hours to traverse the route with a top speed of 270 km/h (170 mph), on March 14, 1992.[13][14][15]

A new Shinkansen stop at Shinagawa Station opened in October 2003, accompanied by a major timetable change which increased the number of daily Nozomi services.[16] Initially, certain Nozomi and Hikari services did not stop at the station, with some skipping either Shinagawa or Shin-Yokohama, and the plurality of services stopping at both. From March 2008 onward, all services stop at both stations.[17][18] Another station was planned to open in 2012 to serve Rittō, a city between Maibara and Kyoto. Construction started in May 2006, but the project was cancelled the next year due to political opposition from the government of the surrounding Shiga Prefecture and the Supreme Court of Japan ruling the ¥4.35 billion bond that the city had issued to fund construction was illegal and had to be cancelled.[19]

The next speedup, which raised the top speed to its current 285 km/h (177 mph) through the use of improved braking technology, was announced in 2014 and implemented March 14, 2015 - the 23rd anniversary of the last speed raise.[20][21] Initially, just one service per hour would run at this new speed.[22] After the replacement of the older, slower 700 series with the N700 series in March 2020, a new timetable taking advantage of the speed increase with more services was planned.[23][24] However, the COVID-19 pandemic further delayed these plans as service was temporarily cut.[25]

Stations and service patterns
N700 Series Shinkansen arriving at Kyoto Station
Mt. Ibuki and the Tokaido Shinkansen

Legend:

● All trains stop
｜ All trains pass
▲ Some trains stop
Station Distance (km) Service Transfers Location
English Japanese Nozomi Hikari Kodama
Tokyo 東京 0.0 ● ● ●
Chiyoda Tokyo
Shinagawa 品川 6.8 ● ● ●
  • JY Yamanote Line (JY25)
  • JK Keihin-Tōhoku Line (JK20)
  • JT Tōkaidō Main Line (JT03)
  • JO Yokosuka Line (JO17)
  • Keikyū Main Line (KK01)
 Minato
Shin-Yokohama 新横浜 25.5 ● ● ●
Kōhoku-ku, Yokohama Kanagawa Prefecture
Odawara 小田原 76.7 ｜ ▲ ●
Odawara
Atami 熱海 95.4 ｜ ▲ ●
  • JT Tōkaidō Main Line (JT21,CA00)
  • JT Itō Line (JT21)
 Atami Shizuoka Prefecture
Mishima 三島 111.3 ｜ ▲ ●
  • Tōkaidō Main Line (CA02)
  • ■ Izuhakone Railway Sunzu Line (IS01)
 Mishima
Shin-Fuji 新富士 135.0 ｜ ｜ ●   Fuji
Shizuoka 静岡 167.4 ｜ ▲ ●
Aoi-ku, Shizuoka
Kakegawa 掛川 211.3 ｜ ｜ ●
Kakegawa
Hamamatsu 浜松 238.9 ｜ ▲ ●
Naka-ku, Hamamatsu
Toyohashi 豊橋 274.2 ｜ ▲ ●
Toyohashi Aichi Prefecture
Mikawa-Anjō 三河安城 312.8 ｜ ｜ ● Tōkaidō Main Line (CA55) Anjō
Nagoya 名古屋 342.0 ● ● ●
Nakamura-ku, Nagoya
Gifu-Hashima 岐阜羽島 367.1 ｜ ▲ ●  TH  Meitetsu Hashima Line (Shin-Hashima Station,TH09) Hashima Gifu Prefecture
Maibara 米原 408.2 ｜ ▲ ●
Maibara Shiga Prefecture
Kyōto 京都 476.3 ● ● ●
Shimogyo-ku, Kyoto Kyoto Prefecture
Shin-Ōsaka 新大阪 515.4 ● ● ●
Yodogawa-ku, Osaka Osaka Prefecture
Through service to Hakata on the Sanyo Shinkansen


Rolling stock
  • N700A series 16-car sets, since 1 July 2007 (owned by JR Central and JR West, modified from original N700 series sets)
  • N700A series 16-car sets, since 8 February 2013 (owned by JR Central and JR West)
  • N700S series 16-car sets, since 1 July 2020 (owned by JR Central) [26]

The last services operated by 700 series sets took place on March 1, 2020, after which all Tokaido Shinkansen services are scheduled to be operated by N700A series or N700A series sets.[27] N700S series sets were then introduced on Tokaido Shinkansen services from July 1, 2020.

  • JR Central N700 series

Past rolling stock
  • 0 series 12/16-car sets, October 1, 1964 to September 18, 1999 (owned by JR Central and JR West)
  • 100 series 16-car sets, October 1, 1985 to September 2003 (owned by JR Central and JR West)
  • 300 series 16-car sets, March 1992 to March 16, 2012 (owned by JR Central and JR West)
  • 500 series 16-car sets, November 1997 to February 2010 (owned by JR West)
  • 700 series 16-car sets, March 1999 to March 2020 (owned by JR Central and JR West)
  • 0 series, May 1967
  • JR Central 100 series, May 2003
  • JR Central 300 series, February 2011
  • 500 series, May 2008
  • JR Central 700 series

Timeline
0 series
100 series
300 series
500 series
700 series
N700/N700A series
N700A series
N700S series
│
1960
│
1965
│
1970
│
1975
│
1980
│
1985
│
1990
│
1995
│
2000
│
2005
│
2010
│
2015
│
2020
│
2025
Rolling stock transitions

Ridership

From 1964 to 2012, the Tokaido Shinkansen line alone carried some 5.3 billion passengers.[3] Ridership increased from 61,000 per day in 1964[28] to 391,000 per day in 2012.[3] By 2016, the route was carrying 452,000 passengers per day on 365 daily services making it one of the busiest high speed lines in the world.[29]

Tokaido Line Cumulative Ridership figures (millions of passengers)
Year196719762004Mar 2007Nov 20102012
Ridership (Cumulative) 100 1,000 4,160[30] 4,500[31] 4,900[2] 5,300[3]
Tokaido Line Ridership figures (per year, millions of passengers)
Year1967April 1987April 2007April 2008April 2009April 2010April 2011April 2012
Ridership 22[28] 102[28] 151[28] 149[28] 138[28] 141[28] 149[28] 143[3]

Future developments

It was announced in June 2010 that a new shinkansen station in Samukawa, Kanagawa Prefecture was under consideration by JR Central. If constructed, the station would open after the new maglev service begins operations.[32]

Shizuoka Prefecture has long lobbied JR Central for the construction of a station at Shizuoka Airport, which the line passes directly beneath. The railway has so far refused, citing the close distance to the neighbouring Shin-Fuji and Shizuoka stations. If constructed, travel time from the center of Tokyo to the airport would be comparable to that for Tokyo Narita Airport, enabling it to act as a third hub airport for the capital.[33] As the station would be built underneath an active airport, it is expected to open after the new maglev line.[34]

References
  1. "Shinkansen – Bullet Trains in Japan". Trainspread.com. 2020. Archived from the original on March 21, 2020.
  2. "Bullet Train & Maglev System to Cross the Pacific" Archived 24 July 2012 at the Wayback Machine, Saturday, 4 September 2010 09:55, by Yoshiyuki Kasai, Chairman of JR-C
  3. Central Japan Railway Company Annual Report 2012. Retrieved 3 June 2013].
  4. "Tokaido Shinkansen (1964)". Landmarks. American Society of Mechanical Engineers. Retrieved June 3, 2013.
  5. "Milestones:Tokaido Shinkansen (Bullet Train), 1964". IEEE Global History Network. IEEE. Retrieved August 4, 2011.
  6. Schreiber, Mark (September 27, 2014). "Shinkansen at 50: fast track to the future". The Japan Times. Retrieved July 22, 2020.
  7. Shima, Hideo (October 1994). "Birth of The Shinkansen — A Memoir" (PDF). Japan Railway & Transport Review. Tokyo: East Japan Railway Culture Foundation. Retrieved July 22, 2020.
  8. Glancey, Jonathan. "Japan's Shinkansen: Revolutionary design at 50". www.bbc.com. Retrieved July 18, 2020.
  9. "New Tokaido Trunk Line Opened". Japan Report. Vol. 10 no. 19. New York City: Japan Information Service, Consulate-General of Japan. October 15, 1964. p. 5. Retrieved July 18, 2020.
  10. "HIGH‐SPEED TRAIN TESTED IN JAPAN; Covers Tokyo‐Osaka Route at Average of 80 m.p.h." The New York Times. August 26, 1964. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved October 5, 2020.
  11. Premack, Rachel; Meisenzahl, Mary. "Japan's bullet train has a new model that can run even during an earthquake. Here's the history of the country's iconic high-speed railway". Business Insider. Retrieved July 19, 2020.
  12. "New Tokaido Line to Speed-Up Tokyo-Osaka Run". Japan Report. Vol. 11 no. 19. New York City: Japan Information Service, Consulate-General of Japan. October 15, 1965. p. 9. Retrieved July 18, 2020.
  13. Morimura, T.; Seki, M. (2005). "The course of achieving 270 km/h operation for Tokaido Shinkansen - Part 1: Technology and operations overview". Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part F: Journal of Rail and Rapid Transit. 219 (1): 21–26. doi:10.1243/095440905X8781. ISSN 0954-4097. S2CID 108811723.
  14. "Japan's Fastest Bullet Train Starts Service". AP NEWS. Retrieved July 19, 2020.
  15. "1992000005". www.mlit.go.jp. Retrieved July 19, 2020.
  16. Kajimoto, Tetsushi (October 1, 2003). "Tokaido bullet trains to stop at Shinagawa". The Japan Times. Retrieved July 22, 2020.
  17. FY2007 Financial Results (PDF) (Report). JR Central. Retrieved November 8, 2020.
  18. "Railway News - Spring 2008". www.japan-guide.com. Retrieved July 24, 2020.
  19. "Shinkansen station in Shiga canceled". The Japan Times. October 29, 2007. Retrieved June 3, 2013.
  20. "Top speed of Nozomi bullet trains to hit 285 kph". The Japan Times. December 20, 2014. Retrieved October 3, 2020.
  21. 2015-03-19T05:00:00+00:00. "Speed increase on the Tokaido Shinkansen". Railway Gazette International. Retrieved October 3, 2020.
  22. 東海道新幹線の速度向上について [Tokaido Shinkansen speed increase]. News release (in Japanese). Japan: Central Japan Railway Company. February 27, 2014. Retrieved February 27, 2014.
  23. "Japan's fastest bullet train to squeeze out trip every 5 minutes". Nikkei Asia. Retrieved October 3, 2020.
  24. "Faster cleaning helped Japan railway boost shinkansen train operations". Mainichi Daily News. August 7, 2020. Retrieved October 3, 2020.
  25. "Tokyo-Osaka bullet train to resume near-full service in summer". Nikkei Asia. Retrieved October 3, 2020.
  26. ＪＲ東海 次期新幹線はＮ７００Ｓ ２０１８年導入 [JR Central to introduced next-generation N700S shinkansen in 2018]. Mainichi Shimbun (in Japanese). Japan: The Mainichi Newspapers. June 24, 2016. Archived from the original on June 24, 2016. Retrieved June 25, 2016.
  27. Ｎ７００Ａの追加投入について 全ての東海道新幹線が「Ｎ７００Ａタイプ」になります [Details of additional N700A introductions – All Tokaido Shinkansen services to become N700A type] (PDF). News release (in Japanese). Japan: Central Japan Railway Company. October 22, 2015. Retrieved October 22, 2015.
  28. Central Japan Railway Company Annual Report 2011. Retrieved 3 June 2013.
  29. MATSUMOTO, R.; OKUDA, D.; FUKASAWA, N. (September 1, 2018). "Method for Forecasting Fluctuation in Railway Passenger Demand for High-speed Rail Services". Quarterly Report of RTRI. 59 (3): 194–200. doi:10.2219/rtriqr.59.3_194.
  30. http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2004/10/02/business/tokaido-shinkansen-line-fetes-40-years/#.Ua0NG0DVDzw Japan Times Tokaido Shinkansen Line fetes 40 years Saturday, 2 October 2004
  31. Central Japan Railway Company Annual Report 2007. Retrieved on 28 April 2009.
  32. "New Shinkansen station considered for Kanagawa". Japan Today. June 7, 2010. Retrieved June 15, 2010.
  33. 小川裕夫. "JR新幹線、「静岡空港駅」設置が現実味…「首都圏第3空港」構想". ビジネスジャーナル/Business Journal | ビジネスの本音に迫る. Retrieved September 22, 2019.
  34. "リニアでJR東海と対立､静岡県の｢本当の狙い｣ | 新幹線". 東洋経済オンライン (in Japanese). July 8, 2019. Retrieved September 22, 2019.
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