United Parcel Service

United Parcel Service (shortened in initials as UPS; stylized in all lowercase) is an American multinational package delivery and supply chain management company.[7]

This article is about the courier company. For other uses, see UPS.

United Parcel Service, Inc.
TypePublic
IndustryCourier
FoundedAugust 28, 1907 (1907-08-28)
Seattle, Washington, U.S. as The American Messenger Company
FounderJames E. Casey
HeadquartersSandy Springs, Georgia, U.S.
Area served
Worldwide
Key people
Carol Tomé
(CEO)
ProductsCourier express services
Freight forwarding services
Logistics services
ServicesUPS Ground
Revenue US$71.861 billion (2018)[1]
US$7.024 billion (2018)[1]
US$4.791 billion (2018)[1]
Total assets US$50.016 billion (2018)[1]
Total equity US$3.021 billion (2018)[1]
Number of employees
481,000 (2018)[2]
SubsidiariesNightline Group[3][4]
Marken[5][6]
UPS Logistics
UPS Mail Innovations
UPS Professional Solutions
UPS i-parcel
Websitewww.ups.com

Along with the central package delivery operation, the UPS brand name (in a fashion similar to that of competitor FedEx) is used to denote many of its divisions and subsidiaries, including its cargo airline (UPS Airlines), freight-based trucking operation (UPS Freight, formerly Overnite Transportation), and its delivery drone airline (UPS Flight Forward).[8][9] The global logistics company is headquartered in the U.S. city of Sandy Springs, Georgia, which is a part of the Greater Atlanta metropolitan area.

History

Foundation
Merchants Parcel Delivery delivery vehicles in 1916

On August 28, 1907, James Casey founded the American Messenger Company with Claude Ryan[10] in Seattle, Washington,[11] capitalized with $100 in debt.[12] Most deliveries at this time were made on foot and bicycles were used for longer trips.

The American Messenger Company focused primarily on package delivery to retail stores with special delivery mail delivered for its largest client the U.S. Post Office. In 1913, the company acquired a Model T Ford as its first delivery vehicle. Casey and Ryan merged with a competitor, Evert McCabe, and formed Merchants Parcel Delivery. Consolidated delivery was also introduced, combining packages addressed to a certain neighborhood onto one delivery vehicle.[12] In 1916, Charlie Soderstrom joined Merchants Parcel Delivery bringing in more vehicles for the growing delivery business. In 1919, the company expanded for the first time outside of Seattle to Oakland, California, and changed its name to United Parcel Service. The name change to United Parcel Service was to remind the company that expansion operations were still United under the same organization and Parcel identified the type of business offered as part of its Service. Common carrier service was acquired in 1922 from a company in Los Angeles, California. UPS became one of the only companies in the United States to offer common carrier service. At first common carrier was only limited to a small area around Los Angeles but by 1927 expanded to areas up to 125 miles outside the city. In 1924, a conveyor belt system was debuted for the handling of packages for UPS operations.[13]

In 1930, a consolidated service began in New York City, and soon after in other major cities in the East and the Midwest.[2] The use of common carrier for delivery between all customers placed UPS in direct competition with USPS and the Interstate Commerce Commission. The common carrier service was applied in cities where UPS could use the service without the authority of the ICC and state commerce commissions. The first city for UPS to use common carrier status outside California was Chicago, Illinois, in 1953.[14]

Ford Model T UPS delivery vehicle in 1921

Air service through UPS was first used in 1929 through private airlines. However, The Great Depression and a lack of volume ended the air service. In 1953, UPS resumed air service called UPS Blue Label Air with two-day service to major cities along the East Coast and West Coast.[15]

Expansion and diversification

In 1975, UPS moved its headquarters to Greenwich, Connecticut, and began serving all of the 48 contiguous states of the United States. This expansion of operations made UPS the first package delivery company to serve every address in the contiguous United States. Additionally in 1975, UPS went international by establishing operations in Canada. On February 28, UPS Ltd. (later changed to UPS Canada Ltd.) began operations in Toronto, Ontario and today UPS Canada's head office is located in Burlington, Ontario. [16] In 1976, UPS established a domestic operation in West Germany.[17]

UPS Next Day Air Service was launched in 1985 for all 48 contiguous states plus Puerto Rico. In 1988, UPS Airlines was launched with authorization from the Federal Aviation Administration and became the fastest-growing airline in FAA history- currently the 10th largest airline in the United States.[18] Domestic air service was added to Germany in 1989.[19] In 1991, UPS relocated its headquarters to Sandy Springs, Georgia, a suburb of Atlanta. Following this in 1992, UPS acquired both Haulfast and Carryfast and rebranded them UPS Supply Chain Solutions. Haulfast provided the pallet haulage and trucking network for the CarryFast group of companies. By 1993, UPS was delivering up to 11.5 million packages and documents per day.

In order for the company to service the large volume of customers in the 1990s, UPS to develop technologies to improve efficiency. A handheld device called Delivery Information Acquisition Device (DIAD) was created to record and upload delivery information to the UPS network immediately upon pickup by every UPS driver. In 1992, UPS began tracking all ground shipments electronically. In 1994, UPS.com debuted, and provided an interface to make what was primarily internal operational information available for customer access. In 1995, UPS acquired SonicAir to offer service parts logistics and compete with Choice Logistics. In the same year, UPS launched UPS Logistics Group to facilitate global supply chain management services and consulting for customer needs. In 1997, a walkout by the 185,000 members of the Teamsters shut down UPS for 16 days.[20] In 1998, UPS Capital was established to enable companies to grow their business through a comprehensive menu of integrated financial services through UPS.[21] UPS acquired Challenge Air in 1999 to expand its operations in Latin America.[22]

Mail Boxes Etc., Inc. was re-branded as The UPS Store in 2001.
UPS Access Point in a New York City street

On November 10, 1999, UPS became a public company[23] in the largest initial public offering of the century.[24]

21st century

In 2001, UPS acquired Mail Boxes Etc., Inc.[25] In 2003, approximately 3,000 Mail Boxes Etc., Inc. were rebranded as The UPS Store.

In 2004, UPS entered the heavy freight business with purchase of Menlo Worldwide Forwarding, a former subsidiary of Menlo Worldwide. UPS rebranded it as UPS Supply Chain Solutions. The purchase price was US$150 million and the assumption of US$110 million in long-term debt. On August 5, 2005, UPS announced that it has completed its acquisition of less-than-truckload (LTL) trucking company Overnite Transportation for US$1.25 billion.[26] This was approved by the FTC and Overnite shareholders on August 4, 2005. In 2005, UPS offered non-stop delivery service between Guangzhou and the United States.[27] On April 28, 2006, Overnite officially became UPS Freight. On October 3, 2005, UPS completed the purchase of Lynx Express, one of the largest independent parcel carriers in the United Kingdom, for £55.5 million (US$97.1 million) after receiving approval for the transaction from the European Commission. The first joint package car center operation in Dartford, Kent, was opened in 2006.

On August 28, 2007, United Parcel Service celebrated its 100th anniversary.[28] All Nippon Airways, a Star Alliance member, and UPS formed a cargo alliance and code-share to transport member cargo in 2008, similarly to an airline alliance.[29] On March 19, 2012, UPS announced that it intended to acquire TNT Express for $6.8 billion, in a move to help expand its presence in European and Asian markets.[30] However, the deal fell through in January 2013, after it was announced that UPS had failed to obtain permission from the European Commission and as such had been blocked on competition grounds.[31] In February 2012, UPS acquired Brussels-based company Kiala that provides e-commerce retailers the option to have goods delivered to a conventional retail location.[32]

In 2018, The Wall Street Journal reported that UPS's operations were hampered by its outdated 20th-century technology, lagging behind its competitors.[33]

In May 2019, UPS launched a partnership with autonomous trucking startup, TuSimple to carry cargo across Phoenix, Arizona, and Tucson, Arizona.[34]

In October 2019, UPS won the approval of the Federal Aviation Administration to fly drones.[35] The certification will allow UPS to deliver health care supplies using a fleet of drones.[36]

On January 29, 2020, UPS announced it was investing in UK start-up Arrival and ordering 10,000 Generation 2 electric vehicles as a step towards a cleaner, more high-tech fleet. The deal runs from 2020 until 2024 and was reported to be worth more than $400 million.[37]

In March 2020, the company has appointed Carol Tomé to succeed David Abney as its chief executive officer. It was viewed as a move to steer the parcel delivery company through the turbulence of trade wars, technological disruption and the risk of a pandemic-induced recession.[38]

In March 2020, UPS expands its autonomous trips with TuSimple by adding an extra route between Phoenix and El Paso, Texas.[39]

In 2021, following the company's shift to target smaller customers to boost profits during the COVID-19 pandemic, UPS a 21% jump in their fourth quarter sales to $24.9 billion. CEO Carol Tomé reported that Amazon paid UPS $11.3 billion in shipping in 2020, accounting for 13.3% of the company's revenue.[40]

Finances

For the fiscal year 2019, UPS reported earnings of US$4.440 billion, with an annual revenue of US$74.094 billion, an increase of 3.1% over the previous fiscal cycle.[41] UPS ranked No. 41 on the 2019 Fortune 500 list of the largest United States corporations by total revenue.[42]

Year Revenue
in mil. USD		 Net income
in mil. USD		 Total Assets
in mil. USD		 Employees
2005 42,581 3,870 34,947 407,000
2006 47,547 4,202 33,210 428,000
2007 49,692 382 39,042 425,300
2008 51,486 3,003 31,879 426,000
2009 45,297 1,968 31,883 408,000
2010 49,545 3,338 33,597 400,600
2011 53,105 3,804 34,701 398,000
2012 54,127 807 38,863 399,000
2013 55,438 4,372 36,212 395,000
2014 58,232 3,032 35,440 435,000
2015 58,363 4,844 38,311 444,000
2016 60,906 3,431 40,377 434,000
2017 65,872 4,910 45,403 454,000
2018 71,861 4,791 50,016 481,000
2019 74,094 4,440 57,857 495,000
2020[43] 84,628 1,427

Operations

UPS's primary business is the time-definite delivery of packages and documents worldwide. In recent years, UPS has extended its service portfolio to include less than truckload (LTL) transportation (primarily in the U.S.) and supply chain services. UPS reports its operations in three segments: U.S. Domestic Package operations, International Package operations, and Supply Chain & Freight operations.

U.S. Domestic Package

U.S. Domestic Package operations include the time-definite delivery of letters, documents, and packages throughout the United States.

UPS delivery van with packages in 2013

International Package
UPS has service worldwide, including at Israel's Ben Gurion International Airport (pictured above).

International Package operations include delivery to more than 220 countries and territories worldwide,[44] including shipments wholly outside the United States, as well as shipments with either origin or distribution outside the United States.

Supply Chain & Freight

Supply Chain & Freight (UPS-SCS for UPS Supply Chain Solutions) includes UPS' forwarding and contract logistics operations, UPS Freight, and other related business units. UPS' forwarding and logistics business provides services in more than 175 countries and territories worldwide and includes worldwide supply chain design, execution and management, freight forwarding and distribution, customs brokerage, mail and consulting services. UPS Freight offers a variety of less than truckload ("LTL") and truckload ("TL") services to customers in North America.

Other business units within this segment include The UPS Store and UPS Capital.[45]

Personnel structure

UPS employs approximately 444,000 staff: 362,000 in the U.S. and 82,000 internationally.[47] Approximately 240,000 UPS drivers, package handlers and clerks are represented by the International Brotherhood of Teamsters. During the United Parcel Service strike of 1997, the company's only nationwide strike in its history, which lasted 16 days, Teamster President Ron Carey negotiated a new contract for workers.[48]

Chief executives

Competitors

Major competitors in the United States include the United States Postal Service (USPS) and FedEx, along with regional carriers such as OnTrac, and LSO (formerly Lonestar Overnight). In addition to these domestic carriers, UPS competes with a variety of international operators, including Canada Post (and its subsidiary Purolator), TransForce, Deutsche Post (and its subsidiary DHL), Royal Mail, Japan Post Service, India Post and many other regional carriers, national postal services and air cargo handlers (see Package delivery and Mail pages).

Historically, the bulk of competition for UPS came from inexpensive ground-based delivery services, such as Parcel Post (USPS) or Choice Logistics. In 1998, FedEx expanded into ground parcel delivery through its acquisition of RPS (formerly Roadway Package System), rebranding it as FedEx Ground in 2000. In 2003, DHL acquired Airborne Express, expanding its operations in the United States.

In response to the expansion of FedEx and DHL, UPS partnered with the US Postal Service to offer UPS Mail Innovations,[50] a program that allows UPS to pick up mail & packages weighing under one pound separately from the main ground network and transfer them to a USPS center, or destination delivery unit (DDU),[51] for final distribution. This process is also known as zone skipping,[52] long used by Parcel Consolidators.[53] UPS also has a separate product called "SurePost" which uses the UPS Ground network to deliver packages weighing under 10 pounds to the nearest UPS Package Center, which transfers them to the USPS DDU for "final mile" delivery.[54]

More recently, the continued growth of online shopping, combined with increasing awareness of the role of transportation (including package delivery) on the environment, has contributed to the rise of emerging competition from niche carriers or rebranded incumbents. For instance, the US Postal Service claims "greener delivery" of parcels on the assumption that USPS letter carriers deliver to each US address, six days a week anyway, and therefore offer the industry's lowest fuel consumption per delivery. Other carriers, like ParcelPool.com,[55] which specializes in residential package delivery to APO/FPO addresses, Hawaii, Alaska, Puerto Rico, and other US Territories, arose in response to increased demand from catalog retailers and online e-tailers for low-cost residential delivery services closely matching service standards normally associated with more expensive expedited parcel delivery.

In 2019, UPS sued in an attempt to force USPS to raise their prices, but was rejected by the Supreme Court.[56]

Transportation

UPS operates over 119,000 delivery vehicles worldwide, ranging from bicycles to tractor-trailer trucks.[57] In a long-running company policy to avoid advertisement or endorsement of a vehicle manufacturer, all external manufacturer emblems and badging are removed when a vehicle enters service (whenever possible).

The typical lifespan of a UPS ground vehicle is 20–25 years (or more), lasting until the structural integrity is compromised. The company does not re-sell any of its ground vehicles, so retired vehicles are almost always stripped of reusable parts before being sent to be crushed/broken up. Prior to scrapping, UPS trucks and trailers have all company branding painted over and are assigned an ADA (Automotive Destruction Authorization) number and must be crushed under the supervision of UPS Automotive personnel, which records the vehicle's destruction. The only exception to this policy are vehicles taken off the road for internal use; package cars (repainted white) are used for various purposes (typically at large hubs); older semi tractors sometimes see use as terminal tractors.

Delivery vans

UPS refers to its delivery van as a "package car". Several designs and sizes are used by the company, dependent on routes and package volume.

Morgan Olson (Grumman Olson), Union City Body, and Utilimaster manufacture the bodies for UPS delivery vans. While older vehicles were based on Ford or General Motors P-chassis, vehicles manufactured since the 1990s are based on Navistar, Freightliner, or Workhorse chassis. Originally, UPS delivery vehicles were equipped with manual transmissions and steering, although many newer vehicles are updated with automatic transmissions.

For lower-volume delivery routes, UPS utilizes production-based vehicles, including minivans (including the Ford Transit Connect and Dodge Grand Caravan C/V) and Mercedes-Benz (Dodge/Freightliner) Sprinter box vans. UPS has ordered Modec electric vans for its UK and German fleets. Energy costs play a huge part in the potential profitability of package delivery companies.[58]

  • 1990s Grumman Olson/Navistar package car, showing 1965-design rounded nose and upper fascia
  • 2000s propane-fueled package car in Montreal, Quebec.
  • Early 2010s package car in Ontario
  • Utilimaster-body package car on Isuzu Reach chassis in New York City
  • Ram ProMaster package car
  • Modec electric-powered van in Germany
  • Iveco Daily package car in Leamington Spa, United Kingdom

Most package cars have no air conditioning, with the exception of tractor-trailers. This has been considered to be a contributing factor to heatstroke and other heat-related health problems in drivers who work in these vehicles for the entire shift.[59][60][61]

On January 29, 2020, UPS invested in Arrival (company) and ordered 10,000 Generation 2 Electric Vehicles.[62]

Tractor-trailers

UPS commonly refers to its ground package tractor-trailers as "feeders"; these vehicles are distinct from the UPS Freight fleet. In line with its delivery vehicles, nearly all UPS tractor units are painted in a Pullman brown livery. Prior to the 1990s, many tractors were of cabover configuration; as trailer-length laws were revised in the United States, the company transitioned towards the use of conventional-style semitractor. As of 2018, nearly the entire UPS semitractor fleet consists of conventional-cab trucks.

In North America, UPS utilizes a fleet of trucks from several manufacturers, including Mack Trucks (Pinnacle and Vision) and Navistar (International ProStar+ and 9900i), along with PACCAR vehicles (Kenworth T800, T660 and T680). Older vehicles in the fleet include Ford/Sterling tractors (Aeromax/A-Line), Freightliner (Argosy, the final cabover truck used by UPS); Mack CH and International 8100 tractors are in the process of being phased out.

Previous trucks used by UPS include the Ford L9000, Ford Aeromax, International 8100/8200, International 9670, GMC Astro, Peterbilt 362, Ford L9000, Ford Aeromax, WhiteGMC High Cabover/Road Commander II, Mack CH, Mack MH UltraLiner, Mack F, and Diamond T/Diamond Reo cabovers. At one time, UPS used electric-powered trucks (made by White Motors) for deliveries in Manhattan, NYC. There were only a few hundred of them, but they were notable for their "spooky silence" when running.

Painted a light gray, company-owned semitrailers are distinguished by a large UPS emblem on the forward portion of the trailer sides; newer trailers are distinguished by the fitment of trailer skirts. Designed in several configurations, UPS uses several lengths of trailers (28, 45, 48, and 53 feet). Along with standard flat-bottom van trailers, there are drop-frame trailers (largely phased out of the fleet) and trailer-on-flatcar trailers (TOFC); the latter are trailers designed for transport on railroad cars.

Dependent on state and provincial regulations, many UPS short trailers are towed in tandem.

  • UPS 1990 Ford LN8000 in Seattle, Washington.
  • 2017 Ford F-650 in New York City
  • UPS International 9000 towing triple trailers in Beatty, Nevada.
  • UPS DAF LF cabover straight truck in Plymouth, United Kingdom
  • UPS MAN TGL truck in Denmark

Bicycles

In 2008, UPS started hiring bicycle delivery personnel in Vancouver, Washington, and in several cities in Oregon (Portland, Salem, Corvallis, Eugene, and Medford).[63] In fall of 2018, UPS announced a new program in Seattle, Washington using pedal-assist electric cargo bikes (made by Portland-based Truck Trike) around Pike Place and other congested downtown areas.[64][65] In Amsterdam UPS also uses Urban Arrow delivery bicycles for delivery via a granted concession.[66]

  • UPS e-drive electric-assisted cargo tricycle in Hamburg, Germany
  • UPS e-drive electric-assisted cargo tricycle in Cologne, Germany

Trains

UPS contracts with several railroad companies in the United States to provide intermodal transport for its cargo.

Cargo airline
Main article: UPS Airlines
UPS Boeing 747-400BCF landing at Hong Kong International Airport in 2014

The fourth-largest cargo airline worldwide, UPS Airlines flies to over 800 destinations worldwide (the most of any airline, cargo or passenger). Formed in 1988, the airline is headquartered in Louisville, Kentucky (home to Worldport, its worldwide air hub) with additional hubs in the United States located in Ontario, California, Dallas, Texas, Rockford, Illinois and Philadelphia.[57] Outside of North America, a hub in Cologne, Germany services Europe;[67] in Asia, UPS Airlines operates a facility in Hong Kong and two hubs in mainland China.[57][68]

Consisting of a fleet of over 260 aircraft,[68] the airline competes directly against FedEx Express, facilitating air shipments by the company in over 200 countries and territories worldwide.[67]

Cargo drone airline
Main article: UPS Flight Forward

UPS Flight Forward is a subsidiary which was formed in July 2019[69] and approved by FAA for Part 135 Standard certification, first ever to receive this specific type of certification. The FAA's Part 135 Standard certification allows company to operate an unlimited number of drones of any size (even allowing the cargo to exceed 55 pounds) even at with an unlimited number of remote operators in command.[70]

Company brand
Versions of the UPS shield logo (left to right), the c. 1937 logo, Paul Rand's 1961 version, and the modern 2003 rendering

Brown

The brown color that UPS uses on its vehicles and uniforms is called Pullman brown. Company founder James E. Casey originally wanted company vehicles to use a yellow paint scheme, but one of his partners, Charlie Soderstrom, stated that a yellow vehicle would be hard to keep clean and that Pullman railroad cars were brown for just that reason.[10]

During the 2000s, the company used the familiarity of its color scheme in an advertising slogan: "What can Brown do for you?"[71]

Font

UPS commissioned brand consultancy FutureBrand to develop its own font, UPS Sans, for use in marketing and communication material. UPS Sans was created by slightly altering certain parts of FSI FontShop International's font FF Dax without permission. This has resulted in an agreement between FSI FontShop International and FutureBrand to avoid litigation.[72]

Environmental record

As of 2013, UPS has over 104,900 vehicles in operation worldwide including nearly 7,000 alternative-fuel vehicles.[1] In May 2008, UPS placed an order for 200 hybrid electric vehicles (adding to the 50 it had at that point) and 300 compressed natural gas (which are 20% more fuel efficient, and add to the 800 it already has) vehicles from Daimler Trucks North America.[73][74][75] The company added 200 hybrid electric vehicles to its fleet in 2016.[76]

UPS received a "striding" rating of 80 points out of 100 totals on the environmental scorecard by the Climate Counts Group for its efforts to lessen the company's impact on the environment.[77] UPS has also been awarded the Clean Air Excellence Award by the United States Environmental Protection Agency because of the alternative fuel program it has developed.[78]

In October 2009, UPS became the first small-package carrier to offer customers the chance to buy carbon offsets to neutralize the greenhouse gas emissions generated by the transport of their packages. Although initially only available on ups.com and to high-volume shippers, they are now widely available through UPS shipping systems and UPS Ready third-party shipping systems.[79][80]

Controversies

On May 26, 2017, a federal judge ordered United Parcel Service to pay nearly $247 million in damages and penalties for illegally shipping large amounts of untaxed cigarettes in New York.[81]

UPS has been criticized for its treatment of its workforce, including providing inadequate protections and sick leave during the COVID-19 pandemic.[82]

The company has also been subject to perennial criticism for damaged, late, or otherwise mishandled packages.[83][84][85]

Safe streets activists have attacked UPS, along with other parcel delivery services, for frequently illegally parking their vehicles in bike lanes while making deliveries, a practice that endangers cyclists.[86][87][88] They were sued over it in New York in 2015,[89][90][91] and criticized alongside peers in a letter from Washington, D.C.'s transportation agency in 2018.[92]

See also

References
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Further reading
  • Allen, Joe (April 7, 2020). The Package King: A Rank-and-File History of UPS. Chicago, Illinois: Haymarket Books. ISBN 9781642592177.
  • Brewster, Mike and Frederick Dalzell. Driving Change: The UPS Approach to Business (2007) excerpt and text search
  • Thomas L. Friedman, "Insourcing," in The World Is Flat: A Brief History of the Twenty-First Century, New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, updated and expanded, 2006, pp. 167–176.
  • Minchin, Timothy J. "Shutting Down 'Big Brown': Reassessing the 1997 UPS Strike and the Fate of American Labor," Labor History, 53 (Nov. 2012), 541–60.
  • Niemann, Greg. Big Brown: The Untold Story of UPS. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 2007.

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