Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of the Caucasus

Various Y-DNA haplogroups have differing frequencies within each ethnolinguistic group in the Caucasus region.

Table

The table below lists the frequencies – identified by major studies – of various haplogroups amongst selected ethnic groups from the Caucasus. The first two columns list the ethnic and linguistic affiliations of the individuals studied, the third column gives the sample size studied, and the other columns give the percentage of the particular haplogroup.

Language family abbreviations: IE Indo-European; NEC Northeast Caucasian, NWC Northwest Caucasian.

Population Language n E1b1b G I J1 J2 L R1a R1b R2a T Others Reference
Abaza (Abazins/Abazinians) NWC (Abkhaz-Ubykh) 14 0 29 0 See "Others". 7 See "Others". 14 0 0 See "Others". K[xP]=14 (possible
L or T)[1]
C*=7 (1/14)
F[xI,G,J2,K]=29 (possible J1)
Nasidze 2004a[2]
Abaza (Abazins/Abazinians) NWC (Abkhaz-Ubykh) 88 4.5 40.9 I2*=1.1
I2a=2.3
J1*=2.3
J1e=3.4
M67=1.1
other=10.2
2.3=L2 23.9 3.4 1.1 0.0 3.4=Q Yunusbayev 2012[3]
Abkhaz NWC (Abkhaz-Ubykh) 12 0 0 33 0 25 0 33.0 8 0 0 Nasidze 2004a[2]
Abkhaz NWC (Abkhaz-Abaza) 58 1.7 56.9[4] 0 0 J2*=5.2
J2-M67=8.6
3.4=L2 10.3 12.1 1.7 Balanovsky 2011[5]
Abkhaz NWC (Abkhaz-Abaza) 162 0.6 47.5 3.1 (P37.2=0.6, M223=1.9) 3.1 (P58=1.2) 26.5 (M67=11.1) 2.5 13.0 7.4 0 0 N=0.6 Yunusbaev2012[6]
Adygei (Kabardin) NWC (Adigei) 59 0 28.8 10.2 See "Others". 11.9 See "Others". 1.7 1.7 0 See "Others". F[xG,I,J2,K]=23.7 (possible J1)
K[xP]=15.3 (possible L)
P[xR1,R2]=6.8
Nasidze 2004a[2]
Adygei (Kabardin) NWC (Adygei) 140 2.1 43.6 I1=1.4
I2*=0.7
I2a=2.1
J1e=2.8
J1*=6.4
M67=5.7
J2a*=9.3
J2b=0.7
0.7=L3 15.0 3.6 0.0 0.7 C=2.1, H=0.7
N1c=1.4, Q=0.7
Yunusbayev 2012[3]
Adygei/
"Circassians"[lower-alpha 1]
NWC (Adygei) 0.0[7] 31.3[8] I*=1.4
I2a=2.9[9]
various
Adygei/
("Adygea")
NWC (Adygei) 154 0.6 47.4 I2*=1.3
I2a=3.2
J1e=1.3
J1*=1.9
M67=3.2
J2a*=5.8
J2b=1.9
L2=1.9
L1=0.6
14.3 7.1 0.0 0.0 C=2.6
N=0.6
Yunusbayev 2012[3]
Adygei (Shapsugs) NWC (Adygei) 106 81.1 Dibirova 2009[8]
Adygei (Shapsugs) NWC (Adygei) 100 1.0 87.0[10] 0 0 6.0 2.0=L* 4.0 0 0 Balanovsky 2011[5]
Adygei
("Cherkess")[lower-alpha 2]
NWC (Adygei) 142 1.4 39.8[11] 0.7=I* J1e=0.7
J1*=4.9
J2-M67=7.7
J2b=0.7
other=13.4
0.7=L1 19.7 4.9 0.7 N1*=1.4
N1c1=2.1
Q=0.7
Balanovsky 2011[5]
Adygei
("Cherkess")
NWC (Adygei) 126 0.8 45.2 I1=0.8
I2b=0.8
J1e=4.0
J1*=0.8
M67=13.5
other=11.1
0.0 15.1 1.6 0.8 0.0 C=0.8, K*=1.6
N1c1=2.4, Q=0.8
Yunusbayev 2012[3]
Andis NEC (Avar-Andic, Andic) 49 2.0 6.1 I1=2.0
I2a=24.5
J1*=36.7 M67=14.3
other=4.1
0.0 2.0 6.1 0.0 2.0 Yunusbayev 2012[3]
Armenians IE (Armenian) 89 3.4 29.2 5.6 24.7 3.4 Rosser 2000[12]
Armenians IE (Armenian) 47 4.3 F* 4.3 F* 21.3 4.3 8.5 36.2 0 6.4 F[xI,J2,K]=12.8
N=2
Wells 2001[13]
Armenians IE (Armenian) 100 6.0 11.0 5.0 See "Others". 24.0 See "Others". 6.0 19.0 2.0 4.0[1] F[xI,G,J2,K]=18.0 (possible J1)
K[xT,P]=3.0 (possible L)[1]
P[xR1a,R1b,R2]=2.0
Nasidze 2004a[2]
Armenians IE (Armenian) 734 5.4 5.3 32.4 1.6 Weale 2001[14]
Armenians
(TOTAL)
IE (Armenian) 413 5.1 P16= 0.5
G2a*= 8.2
G1=0.7
I2= 3.6 J1e= 4.4
J*=6.3
M67= 10.7
J2a* = 13.3
J2b= 1.5
1.9 1.7 29.1 4.6 8.5 N=0.2
Q=0.2
Herrara2012
Armenians
(Ararat Valley)
IE (Armenian) 110 5.5 P16=0
G2a*=9.1
G1=1.8
I2=2.7 J1e=6.4
J1*=8.2
M67=12.7
J2a*=10.0
J2b=0.9
0.9 0.9 37.3 0.0 3.6 0.0 Herrara2012
Armenians (Sason) IE (Armenian) 104 2.9 P16= 1.9
G2a*=10.6
0.0 J1e= 2.9
J1* = 6.7
M67= 7.7
J2a* = 9.6
J2b = 0
3.8 1.0 15.4 17.3 20.2 Herrara2012
Avars NEC (Avar-Andic, Avar) 42 7.1 0.0 0.0 66.7 4.8 9.5 2.4 2.4 2.4 4.8 Yunusbayev 2012[3]
Avars NEC (Avar-Andic, Avar) 115 0.0 P18=0.9
P303=9.6
I*=.9
I2a=.9
J1e=.9
J1*=58.3
M67=.9
other=5.2
L2=2.6 1.7 14.8 0.9 0.0 N=1.7 Balanovsky 2011[5]
Avars
(West)[lower-alpha 3]
NEC (Avar-Andic) 20 0 G[xG1,G2a,
G2b]=5
0 J1*=60
J1e=20
10 0 0 5 Caciagli 2009[15]
Azeris
(Azerbaijan)
Turkic 72 5.6 18.1 2.8 F 30.6 6.9[1] 6.9 11.1 2.8 4.2[1] F[xG,I,J2,K]=11 Nasidze 2004a[2]
Azerbaijanis Turkic v 4.1[7] 15.2[16] 23.9[16] various
Bagvalins NEC (Avar-Andic, Andic) 28 0.0 0.0 I2b1=7.1 21.4 0.0 0.0 3.6 67.9 0.0 0.0 Yunusbayev 2012[3]
Balkars Turkic 38 2.6 28.9 I2*=2.6 0 M67=5.3
J2b=2.6
other=15.8
L2=5.3 13.2 13.2 7.9 0.0 H=2.6 Battaglia 2009[17]
Balkars Turkic 135 0 32.6 3.0 (all P37.2) 3.7 (P58=0.0) 15.6 (M67=9.6) 0 28.1 13.3 0 0 Q=3.7%, no others. Yunusbaev 2012[6]
Chamalins NEC (Avar-Andic, Andic) 27 0.0 18.5 0.0 66.7 3.7 3.7 7.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 Yunusbayev 2012[3]
Chechens
(East Chechnya)
NEC (Nakh) 19 0 5 0 26 5 5 0 16 5[1] F[xG,I,J2,K]=32 Nasidze 2004a[2]
Akki Chechens[lower-alpha 4] NEC (Nakh) 20 0 5 0 60 25 10 0 0 0 Caciagli 2009[15]
Chechens Total[lower-alpha 5] NEC (Nakh) 330 0.0 5.4 [18] I2=.3 J1*=20.9 M67=55.2
J2b=.3
other=1.2
L3=7.0 3.9 1.8 3.3 0.0 Balanovsky 2011[5]
Chechens (Achxoi-Martan, Chechnya) NEC (Nakh) 118 0 0.8 (P303) I2=0.8 J1*=24.6 M67=56.8
other=0.8
L3=6.8 2.5 3.4 3.4 0 Balanovsky 2011[5]
Chechens
(Malgobek, Ingushetia)
NEC (Nakh) 112 0 9.0 [19] 0 21.4 M67=50.9
J2b=0.9
other=1.8
L3=0.9 8.0 0.9 6.3 0 Balanovsky 2011[5]
Chechens
(mainly Akkis, in Dagestan)
NEC (Nakh) 100 0 7.0 [20] 0 16.0 M67=58.0
other=1.0
L3=14.0 1.0 1.0 0 0 N=2.0 Balanovsky 2011[5]
Chechens NEC (Nakh) 165 1.2 1.8 0.0 24.2
P58=0.0
48.5
M67=46.7
17.6 0.6 0.6 0.0 0.0 N=0.6
Q=4.8
Yunusbaev 2012[6]
Dargins NEC (Dargin) 68 0 2.9 0 91.2 2.9 0.0 0.0 2.9 0.0 0.0 Yunusbayev 2012[3]
Dargins NEC (Dargin) 26 4 4 58 See "Others". 4 0 0 4 0 0 F[xG,I,J2,K]=27 Nasidze 2004a[2]
Dargins (Dargwa) NEC (Dargin) 101 0 P303=1.0
other=1
0 J1*=69.3
J1e=1
M67=1.0 0 21.8 2.0 0 0 O3=3 Balanovsky 2011[5]
Dargins (Kaitaks) NEC (Dargin) 33 0 0 0 J1*=84.8 3.3 0 3.3 6.7 3.3 0 Balanovsky 2011[5]
Dargins (Kubachis) NEC (Dargin) 65 0 0 I2a=1.5 J1*=98.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 Balanovsky 2011[5]
Georgians SC (Karto-Zan) 63 2.0 30.1 0.0 J=36.5 1.6 7.9 14.3 6.3 1.6 Semino 2000[21]
Georgians SC (Karto-Zan) 66 3.0 31.8 I1*=1.5 4.5 M67=18.2
other=13.6
L3=1.6 10.6 9.1 4.5 1.6 Battaglia 2009[17]
Georgians SC (Karto-Zan) 77 2.6 31.2 3.9 F 20.8 2.6[1] 10.4 10.4 1.3 2.6[1] K[xP]=2.6
P[xR1,R2]=2.6
F[xG,I,J2,K]=14.3
Nasidze 2004a[2]
Svans SC (Svan) 25 0 F* 0 F* 0 0 8 0 0 0 F[xG,I,J2,K]= 92% Wells 2001[13]
Georgians (Kazbegis) SC (Karto-Zan)[lower-alpha 6] 25 0 F 4 F 72 0 4 8 0 0 F[xG,I,J2,K]=12 Wells 2001[13]
Ingush NEC (Nakh) 143 0 P18=1.4 0.7 2.8 M67=87.4
other=1.4
L3=2.8 3.5 0 0 Balanovsky 2011[5]
Ingush NEC (Nakh) 22 0 5.0 5 0 32 5 0 0 0 0 F[xG,I,J2,K]=27
P[xR1,R2]=4.5(1/22)
Nasidze 2004a[2]
Ingush NEC (Nakh) 105 0.0 4.8 0.0 1.9 81.9 (all M67) 8.6 2.9 0 0 0 Yunusbaev 2012 [6]
Juhurim AA (Semitic); IE (Iranian) 10 0 0 0 30 (all P58) 50 (M67=10%) 20 0 0 0 0 Yunusbaev 2012[6]
Karachays Turkic 69 0 31.9 8.7 (P37.2=7.2,
M223=1.5)
7.2
(P58=2.9)
11.6
(M67=5.8)
0 27.5 10.1 0 2.9 0.0 Yunusbaev 2012[6]
Kumyks Turkic 76 2.6 11.8 0.0 21.1 25.0 0.0 13.2 19.7 3.9 1.3 J*=1.3
O=1.3
Yunusbaev 2012[6]
Laks NEC (Lak) 21 9.5 4.8 14.3 42.9 14.3 0.0 9.5 4.8 0.0 0.0 Caciagli 2009[15]
Lezgins (Azerbaijan) NEC (Lezgic) 12 17 0 See "Others". 0 8 17 0 F[xI,J2,K]=58 Wells 2001[13]
Lezgins (Dagestan) NEC (Lezgic) 25 0 36 0 See "Others". 0 0 4 0 See "Others". F[xI,G,J2,K]=32 (possible J1)
K[xR]=28
Nasidze 2003[1]
Lezgins NEC (Lezgic) 31 6.5 9.7 9.7 58.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 16.1 0.0 0.0 Yunusbaev 2012[6]
Lezgins (Axtynskiy District) NEC (Lezgic) 81 1.2 13.5
(P18=1.2%)
0 44.4 J1* 2.5 1.2 L2 3.7 29.6 0 2.5 1.2 N1c1 Balanovsky 2011[5]
Kara Nogai Turkic 76 0 1.3 13.2 I-P37.2 2.6 J* 10.5
(M67 = 1.3%)
0 17.1 18.4 0 0 C=10.5
D=5.3
N=14.5
O=5.3
Q=1.3
Yunusbayev 2012[3]
Kuban Nogai Turkic 87} 0 13.8 0 21.8 16.1
M67=3.4%
0 12.6 17.2 0 1.1 C=8.0%
D=1.1%
N=4.6%
O=3.4%
Q=0.0%
Yunusbayev 2012[3]
Ossetes IE (Iranian, NE) 47 6.4 J=34.0 2.1 42.6 Rosser 2000[12]
North Ossetians IE (Iranian, NE) 129 0 57.4 10.1 See "Others". 14.0 0.8 0.8 1.6 See "Others". F[xI,G,J2,K]=3.9 (possible J1)
K[xP]=9.3 (possible L)
P[xR1,R2]=2.3
Nasidze 2004b[22]
North Ossetians (Iron) IE (Iranian, NE) 230 0.4 74.3 [23] 0 1.3 M67=11.3
other=7.0
L2=0.9 0.4 3.0 0 N=0.4
Q=0.9
Balanovsky 2011[5]
North Ossetians (Digor) IE (Iranian, NE) 127 0.8 60.6 [24] 0 3.9 M67=5.5
other=6.3
L1=0.8 0.8 16.5 0.8 Q=3.9 Balanovsky 2011[5]
North Ossetians IE (Iranian, NE) 132 1.5 69.7 0.0 3.8 18.2 (M67=9.8) 0.8 0.8 4.5 0 0 Q = 0.8 Yunusbaev 2012[6]
Russians (Adygea) IE (Slavic, East) 78 24.4 Rootsi 2004[9]
Rutuls NEC (Lezgic) 24 0.0 37.5 0.0 F 4.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 F[xG,I,J2,K]=58 Nasidze 2004a[2]
Tabassarans NEC (Lezgic) 43 0.0 0.0 0.0 48.8 2.3 0.0 2.3 39.5 0.0 0.0 C=7.0 Yunusbaev 2012[6]

Other studies

A genetic study in 2020 analysing samples from Klin-Yar communities, including the Koban culture, found that the ancient population had a high frequency of paternal Haplogroup D-M55 (D1a2a1), which is surprising as this lineage is associated with the ancient Jōmon people and the modern Ainu people. Other haplogroups were Haplogroup J1 and Haplogroup G-M285.[25]

See also

Notes

  1. despite the fact that Shapsugs were also technically "Circassian", Dibirova labels this population "Circassians". In Rootsi, they are called "Adygei", or some variation of the word.
  2. These are labeled "Circassians" (at least in the English version), but the sample was taken from the Karacheyo-Cherkess Republic, so they are labeled "Cherkess" here.
  3. This is significant, as in Western Avaria, where the population was sampled, there are large number of non-Avars- Andic and Dido peoples- who are in fact ethnically misclassified as Avars by the Dagestani census.
  4. Dagestani Chechens; Caciagli's study[15] may not be authoritative for this population because she took it from a highly multiethnic region of Dagestan, with Laks, Chechens, Kumyks and Avars all mixed together at high densities, possibly accounting for the high J1 value.
  5. Made by combining the Malgobek, Achkoi-Martan and Khasavyurt Chechen populations
  6. Although the Kazbegi Georgians speak Georgian, and have most likely done so for centuries, it is theorized by some that their (possible) ancestors, the Tzanars, who inhabited the region in Medieval and Ancient times, were a Nakh-speaking people, like Chechens and Ingush, possibly accounting for their large frequencies of J2

References

  1. Nasidze 2003
  2. Nasidze 2004a
  3. Yunusbayev 2012
  4. P18=12.1
    P303=20.7
    other=24.1
  5. Balanovsky 2011
  6. CITEREFYunusbayev2012
  7. Cruciani 2004
  8. Dibirova 2009
  9. Rootsi 2004
  10. P303=86.0; other G =1.0
  11. P16=9.2
    P303=29.6; other=1.4.
  12. Rosser 2000
  13. Wells 2001
  14. Weale 2001
  15. Caciagli 2009
  16. Di Giacomo 2004
  17. Battaglia 2009
  18. P18=3.0
    P303=2.4
  19. P18=3.6
    P303=5.4
  20. P18=6.0
    P303=1.0
  21. Semino 2000
  22. Nasidze 2004b
  23. P16=73.0
    P303=1.3
  24. P16=55.9
    P303=4.7
  25. Boulygina, Eugenia; Tsygankova, Svetlana; Sharko, Fedor; Slobodova, Natalia; Gruzdeva, Natalia; Rastorguev, Sergey; Belinsky, Andrej; Härke, Heinrich; Kadieva, Anna; Demidenko, Sergej; Shvedchikova, Tatiana (2020-06-01). "Mitochondrial and Y-chromosome diversity of the prehistoric Koban culture of the North Caucasus". Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports. 31: 102357. doi:10.1016/j.jasrep.2020.102357. ISSN 2352-409X.

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