Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of the Caucasus

Various Y-DNA haplogroups have differing frequencies within each ethnolinguistic group in the Caucasus region.

Table

The table below lists the frequencies – identified by major studies – of various haplogroups amongst selected ethnic groups from the Caucasus. The first two columns list the ethnic and linguistic affiliations of the individuals studied, the third column gives the sample size studied, and the other columns give the percentage of the particular haplogroup.

Language family abbreviations: IE Indo-European; NEC Northeast Caucasian, NWC Northwest Caucasian.

Population	Language	n	E1b1b	G	I	J1	J2	L	R1a	R1b	R2a	T	Others	Reference
Abaza (Abazins/Abazinians)	NWC (Abkhaz-Ubykh)	14	0	29	0	See "Others".	7	See "Others".	14	0	0	See "Others".	K[xP]=14 (possible L or T)[1] C*=7 (1/14) F[xI,G,J2,K]=29 (possible J1)	Nasidze 2004a[2]
Abaza (Abazins/Abazinians)	NWC (Abkhaz-Ubykh)	88	4.5	40.9	I2*=1.1 I2a=2.3	J1*=2.3 J1e=3.4	M67=1.1 other=10.2	2.3=L2	23.9	3.4	1.1	0.0	3.4=Q	Yunusbayev 2012[3]
Abkhaz	NWC (Abkhaz-Ubykh)	12	0	0	33	0	25	0	33.0	8	0	0		Nasidze 2004a[2]
Abkhaz	NWC (Abkhaz-Abaza)	58	1.7	56.9[4]	0	0	J2*=5.2 J2-M67=8.6	3.4=L2	10.3	12.1		1.7		Balanovsky 2011[5]
Abkhaz	NWC (Abkhaz-Abaza)	162	0.6	47.5	3.1 (P37.2=0.6, M223=1.9)	3.1 (P58=1.2)	26.5 (M67=11.1)	2.5	13.0	7.4	0	0	N=0.6	Yunusbaev2012[6]
Adygei (Kabardin)	NWC (Adigei)	59	0	28.8	10.2	See "Others".	11.9	See "Others".	1.7	1.7	0	See "Others".	F[xG,I,J2,K]=23.7 (possible J1) K[xP]=15.3 (possible L) P[xR1,R2]=6.8	Nasidze 2004a[2]
Adygei (Kabardin)	NWC (Adygei)	140	2.1	43.6	I1=1.4 I2*=0.7 I2a=2.1	J1e=2.8 J1*=6.4	M67=5.7 J2a*=9.3 J2b=0.7	0.7=L3	15.0	3.6	0.0	0.7	C=2.1, H=0.7 N1c=1.4, Q=0.7	Yunusbayev 2012[3]
Adygei/ "Circassians"[lower-alpha 1]	NWC (Adygei)		0.0[7]	31.3[8]	I*=1.4 I2a=2.9[9]									various
Adygei/ ("Adygea")	NWC (Adygei)	154	0.6	47.4	I2*=1.3 I2a=3.2	J1e=1.3 J1*=1.9	M67=3.2 J2a*=5.8 J2b=1.9	L2=1.9 L1=0.6	14.3	7.1	0.0	0.0	C=2.6 N=0.6	Yunusbayev 2012[3]
Adygei (Shapsugs)	NWC (Adygei)	106		81.1										Dibirova 2009[8]
Adygei (Shapsugs)	NWC (Adygei)	100	1.0	87.0[10]	0	0	6.0	2.0=L*	4.0	0		0		Balanovsky 2011[5]
Adygei ("Cherkess")[lower-alpha 2]	NWC (Adygei)	142	1.4	39.8[11]	0.7=I*	J1e=0.7 J1*=4.9	J2-M67=7.7 J2b=0.7 other=13.4	0.7=L1	19.7	4.9		0.7	N1*=1.4 N1c1=2.1 Q=0.7	Balanovsky 2011[5]
Adygei ("Cherkess")	NWC (Adygei)	126	0.8	45.2	I1=0.8 I2b=0.8	J1e=4.0 J1*=0.8	M67=13.5 other=11.1	0.0	15.1	1.6	0.8	0.0	C=0.8, K*=1.6 N1c1=2.4, Q=0.8	Yunusbayev 2012[3]
Andis	NEC (Avar-Andic, Andic)	49	2.0	6.1	I1=2.0 I2a=24.5	J1*=36.7	M67=14.3 other=4.1	0.0	2.0	6.1	0.0	2.0		Yunusbayev 2012[3]
Armenians	IE (Armenian)	89	3.4	29.2					5.6	24.7		3.4		Rosser 2000[12]
Armenians	IE (Armenian)	47	4.3	F*	4.3	F*	21.3	4.3	8.5	36.2	0	6.4	F[xI,J2,K]=12.8 N=2	Wells 2001[13]
Armenians	IE (Armenian)	100	6.0	11.0	5.0	See "Others".	24.0	See "Others".	6.0	19.0	2.0	4.0[1]	F[xI,G,J2,K]=18.0 (possible J1) K[xT,P]=3.0 (possible L)[1] P[xR1a,R1b,R2]=2.0	Nasidze 2004a[2]
Armenians	IE (Armenian)	734	5.4						5.3	32.4			1.6	Weale 2001[14]
Armenians (TOTAL)	IE (Armenian)	413	5.1	P16= 0.5 G2a*= 8.2 G1=0.7	I2= 3.6	J1e= 4.4 J*=6.3	M67= 10.7 J2a* = 13.3 J2b= 1.5	1.9	1.7	29.1	4.6	8.5	N=0.2 Q=0.2	Herrara2012
Armenians (Ararat Valley)	IE (Armenian)	110	5.5	P16=0 G2a*=9.1 G1=1.8	I2=2.7	J1e=6.4 J1*=8.2	M67=12.7 J2a*=10.0 J2b=0.9	0.9	0.9	37.3	0.0	3.6	0.0	Herrara2012
Armenians (Sason)	IE (Armenian)	104	2.9	P16= 1.9 G2a*=10.6	0.0	J1e= 2.9 J1* = 6.7	M67= 7.7 J2a* = 9.6 J2b = 0	3.8	1.0	15.4	17.3	20.2		Herrara2012
Avars	NEC (Avar-Andic, Avar)	42	7.1	0.0	0.0	66.7	4.8	9.5	2.4	2.4	2.4	4.8		Yunusbayev 2012[3]
Avars	NEC (Avar-Andic, Avar)	115	0.0	P18=0.9 P303=9.6	I*=.9 I2a=.9	J1e=.9 J1*=58.3	M67=.9 other=5.2	L2=2.6	1.7	14.8	0.9	0.0	N=1.7	Balanovsky 2011[5]
Avars (West)[lower-alpha 3]	NEC (Avar-Andic)	20	0	G[xG1,G2a, G2b]=5	0	J1*=60 J1e=20	10	0	0	5				Caciagli 2009[15]
Azeris (Azerbaijan)	Turkic	72	5.6	18.1	2.8	F	30.6	6.9[1]	6.9	11.1	2.8	4.2[1]	F[xG,I,J2,K]=11	Nasidze 2004a[2]
Azerbaijanis	Turkic	v	4.1[7]			15.2[16]	23.9[16]							various
Bagvalins	NEC (Avar-Andic, Andic)	28	0.0	0.0	I2b1=7.1	21.4	0.0	0.0	3.6	67.9	0.0	0.0		Yunusbayev 2012[3]
Balkars	Turkic	38	2.6	28.9	I2*=2.6	0	M67=5.3 J2b=2.6 other=15.8	L2=5.3	13.2	13.2	7.9	0.0	H=2.6	Battaglia 2009[17]
Balkars	Turkic	135	0	32.6	3.0 (all P37.2)	3.7 (P58=0.0)	15.6 (M67=9.6)	0	28.1	13.3	0	0	Q=3.7%, no others.	Yunusbaev 2012[6]
Chamalins	NEC (Avar-Andic, Andic)	27	0.0	18.5	0.0	66.7	3.7	3.7	7.4	0.0	0.0	0.0		Yunusbayev 2012[3]
Chechens (East Chechnya)	NEC (Nakh)	19	0	5	0		26	5	5	0	16	5[1]	F[xG,I,J2,K]=32	Nasidze 2004a[2]
Akki Chechens[lower-alpha 4]	NEC (Nakh)	20	0	5	0	60	25	10	0	0		0		Caciagli 2009[15]
Chechens Total[lower-alpha 5]	NEC (Nakh)	330	0.0	5.4 [18]	I2=.3	J1*=20.9	M67=55.2 J2b=.3 other=1.2	L3=7.0	3.9	1.8	3.3	0.0		Balanovsky 2011[5]
Chechens (Achxoi-Martan, Chechnya)	NEC (Nakh)	118	0	0.8 (P303)	I2=0.8	J1*=24.6	M67=56.8 other=0.8	L3=6.8	2.5	3.4	3.4	0		Balanovsky 2011[5]
Chechens (Malgobek, Ingushetia)	NEC (Nakh)	112	0	9.0 [19]	0	21.4	M67=50.9 J2b=0.9 other=1.8	L3=0.9	8.0	0.9	6.3	0		Balanovsky 2011[5]
Chechens (mainly Akkis, in Dagestan)	NEC (Nakh)	100	0	7.0 [20]	0	16.0	M67=58.0 other=1.0	L3=14.0	1.0	1.0	0	0	N=2.0	Balanovsky 2011[5]
Chechens	NEC (Nakh)	165	1.2	1.8	0.0	24.2 P58=0.0	48.5 M67=46.7	17.6	0.6	0.6	0.0	0.0	N=0.6 Q=4.8	Yunusbaev 2012[6]
Dargins	NEC (Dargin)	68	0	2.9	0	91.2	2.9	0.0	0.0	2.9	0.0	0.0		Yunusbayev 2012[3]
Dargins	NEC (Dargin)	26	4	4	58	See "Others".	4	0	0	4	0	0	F[xG,I,J2,K]=27	Nasidze 2004a[2]
Dargins (Dargwa)	NEC (Dargin)	101	0	P303=1.0 other=1	0	J1*=69.3 J1e=1	M67=1.0	0	21.8	2.0	0	0	O3=3	Balanovsky 2011[5]
Dargins (Kaitaks)	NEC (Dargin)	33	0	0	0	J1*=84.8	3.3	0	3.3	6.7	3.3	0		Balanovsky 2011[5]
Dargins (Kubachis)	NEC (Dargin)	65	0	0	I2a=1.5	J1*=98.5	0	0	0	0	0	0		Balanovsky 2011[5]
Georgians	SC (Karto-Zan)	63	2.0	30.1	0.0	J=36.5		1.6	7.9	14.3	6.3	1.6		Semino 2000[21]
Georgians	SC (Karto-Zan)	66	3.0	31.8	I1*=1.5	4.5	M67=18.2 other=13.6	L3=1.6	10.6	9.1	4.5	1.6		Battaglia 2009[17]
Georgians	SC (Karto-Zan)	77	2.6	31.2	3.9	F	20.8	2.6[1]	10.4	10.4	1.3	2.6[1]	K[xP]=2.6 P[xR1,R2]=2.6 F[xG,I,J2,K]=14.3	Nasidze 2004a[2]
Svans	SC (Svan)	25	0	F*	0	F*	0	0	8	0	0	0	F[xG,I,J2,K]= 92%	Wells 2001[13]
Georgians (Kazbegis)	SC (Karto-Zan)[lower-alpha 6]	25	0	F	4	F	72	0	4	8	0	0	F[xG,I,J2,K]=12	Wells 2001[13]
Ingush	NEC (Nakh)	143	0	P18=1.4	0.7	2.8	M67=87.4 other=1.4	L3=2.8	3.5	0		0		Balanovsky 2011[5]
Ingush	NEC (Nakh)	22	0	5.0	5	0	32	5	0	0	0	0	F[xG,I,J2,K]=27 P[xR1,R2]=4.5(1/22)	Nasidze 2004a[2]
Ingush	NEC (Nakh)	105	0.0	4.8	0.0	1.9	81.9 (all M67)	8.6	2.9	0	0	0		Yunusbaev 2012 [6]
Juhurim	AA (Semitic); IE (Iranian)	10	0	0	0	30 (all P58)	50 (M67=10%)	20	0	0	0	0		Yunusbaev 2012[6]
Karachays	Turkic	69	0	31.9	8.7 (P37.2=7.2, M223=1.5)	7.2 (P58=2.9)	11.6 (M67=5.8)	0	27.5	10.1	0	2.9	0.0	Yunusbaev 2012[6]
Kumyks	Turkic	76	2.6	11.8	0.0	21.1	25.0	0.0	13.2	19.7	3.9	1.3	J*=1.3 O=1.3	Yunusbaev 2012[6]
Laks	NEC (Lak)	21	9.5	4.8	14.3	42.9	14.3	0.0	9.5	4.8	0.0	0.0		Caciagli 2009[15]
Lezgins (Azerbaijan)	NEC (Lezgic)	12	17		0	See "Others".	0		8	17	0		F[xI,J2,K]=58	Wells 2001[13]
Lezgins (Dagestan)	NEC (Lezgic)	25	0	36	0	See "Others".	0		0	4	0	See "Others".	F[xI,G,J2,K]=32 (possible J1) K[xR]=28	Nasidze 2003[1]
Lezgins	NEC (Lezgic)	31	6.5	9.7	9.7	58.1	0.0	0.0	0.0	16.1	0.0	0.0		Yunusbaev 2012[6]
Lezgins (Axtynskiy District)	NEC (Lezgic)	81	1.2	13.5 (P18=1.2%)	0	44.4 J1*	2.5	1.2 L2	3.7	29.6	0	2.5	1.2 N1c1	Balanovsky 2011[5]
Kara Nogai	Turkic	76	0	1.3	13.2 I-P37.2	2.6 J*	10.5 (M67 = 1.3%)	0	17.1	18.4	0	0	C=10.5 D=5.3 N=14.5 O=5.3 Q=1.3	Yunusbayev 2012[3]
Kuban Nogai	Turkic	87}	0	13.8	0	21.8	16.1 M67=3.4%	0	12.6	17.2	0	1.1	C=8.0% D=1.1% N=4.6% O=3.4% Q=0.0%	Yunusbayev 2012[3]
Ossetes	IE (Iranian, NE)	47	6.4			J=34.0			2.1	42.6				Rosser 2000[12]
North Ossetians	IE (Iranian, NE)	129	0	57.4	10.1	See "Others".	14.0		0.8	0.8	1.6	See "Others".	F[xI,G,J2,K]=3.9 (possible J1) K[xP]=9.3 (possible L) P[xR1,R2]=2.3	Nasidze 2004b[22]
North Ossetians (Iron)	IE (Iranian, NE)	230	0.4	74.3 [23]	0	1.3	M67=11.3 other=7.0	L2=0.9	0.4	3.0		0	N=0.4 Q=0.9	Balanovsky 2011[5]
North Ossetians (Digor)	IE (Iranian, NE)	127	0.8	60.6 [24]	0	3.9	M67=5.5 other=6.3	L1=0.8	0.8	16.5		0.8	Q=3.9	Balanovsky 2011[5]
North Ossetians	IE (Iranian, NE)	132	1.5	69.7	0.0	3.8	18.2 (M67=9.8)	0.8	0.8	4.5	0	0	Q = 0.8	Yunusbaev 2012[6]
Russians (Adygea)	IE (Slavic, East)	78			24.4									Rootsi 2004[9]
Rutuls	NEC (Lezgic)	24	0.0	37.5	0.0	F	4.2	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	F[xG,I,J2,K]=58	Nasidze 2004a[2]
Tabassarans	NEC (Lezgic)	43	0.0	0.0	0.0	48.8	2.3	0.0	2.3	39.5	0.0	0.0	C=7.0	Yunusbaev 2012[6]

Other studies

A genetic study in 2020 analysing samples from Klin-Yar communities, including the Koban culture, found that the ancient population had a high frequency of paternal Haplogroup D-M55 (D1a2a1), which is surprising as this lineage is associated with the ancient Jōmon people and the modern Ainu people. Other haplogroups were Haplogroup J1 and Haplogroup G-M285.[25]

Notes

despite the fact that Shapsugs were also technically "Circassian", Dibirova labels this population "Circassians". In Rootsi, they are called "Adygei", or some variation of the word.
These are labeled "Circassians" (at least in the English version), but the sample was taken from the Karacheyo-Cherkess Republic, so they are labeled "Cherkess" here.
This is significant, as in Western Avaria, where the population was sampled, there are large number of non-Avars- Andic and Dido peoples- who are in fact ethnically misclassified as Avars by the Dagestani census.
Dagestani Chechens; Caciagli's study[15] may not be authoritative for this population because she took it from a highly multiethnic region of Dagestan, with Laks, Chechens, Kumyks and Avars all mixed together at high densities, possibly accounting for the high J1 value.
Made by combining the Malgobek, Achkoi-Martan and Khasavyurt Chechen populations
Although the Kazbegi Georgians speak Georgian, and have most likely done so for centuries, it is theorized by some that their (possible) ancestors, the Tzanars, who inhabited the region in Medieval and Ancient times, were a Nakh-speaking people, like Chechens and Ingush, possibly accounting for their large frequencies of J2

References

Nasidze 2003
Nasidze 2004a
Yunusbayev 2012
P18=12.1
P303=20.7
other=24.1
Balanovsky 2011
CITEREFYunusbayev2012
Cruciani 2004
Dibirova 2009
Rootsi 2004
P303=86.0; other G =1.0
P16=9.2
P303=29.6; other=1.4.
Rosser 2000
Wells 2001
Weale 2001
Caciagli 2009
Di Giacomo 2004
Battaglia 2009
P18=3.0
P303=2.4
P18=3.6
P303=5.4
P18=6.0
P303=1.0
Semino 2000
Nasidze 2004b
P16=73.0
P303=1.3
P16=55.9
P303=4.7
Boulygina, Eugenia; Tsygankova, Svetlana; Sharko, Fedor; Slobodova, Natalia; Gruzdeva, Natalia; Rastorguev, Sergey; Belinsky, Andrej; Härke, Heinrich; Kadieva, Anna; Demidenko, Sergej; Shvedchikova, Tatiana (2020-06-01). "Mitochondrial and Y-chromosome diversity of the prehistoric Koban culture of the North Caucasus". Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports. 31: 102357. doi:10.1016/j.jasrep.2020.102357. ISSN 2352-409X.

Sources

Balanovsky, O; Dibirova, K; Dybo, A; Mudrak, O; Frolova, S; Pocheshkhova, E; Haber, M; Platt, D; Schurr, T; Haak, W; Kuznetsova, M; Radzhabov, M; Balaganskaya, O; Romanov, A; Zakharova, T; Soria Hernanz, DF; Zalloua, P; Koshel, S; Ruhlen, M; Renfrew, C; Wells, RS; Tyler-Smith, C; Balanovska, E; The Genographic Consortium (2011). "Parallel Evolution of Genes and Languages in the Caucasus Region". Mol. Biol. Evol. 28 (10): 2905–2920. doi:10.1093/molbev/msr126. PMC 3355373. PMID 21571925.
Battaglia, V; Fornarino, S; Al-Zahery, N; Olivieri, A; Pala, M; Myres, NM; King, RJ; Rootsi, S; Marjanovic, D; Primorac, D; Hadziselimovic, R; Vidovic, S; Drobnic, K; Durmishi, Naser; Torroni, A; Santachiara-Benerecetti, AS; Underhill, PA; Semino, O (2009). "Y-chromosomal evidence of the cultural diffusion of agriculture in southeast Europe". Eur. J. Hum. Genet. 17 (6): 820–830. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2008.249. PMC 2947100. PMID 19107149.
Caciagli, L; Bulayeva, K; Bulayev, O; Bertoncini, S; Taglioli, L; Pagani, L; Paoli, G; Tofanelli, S (2009). "The key role of patrilineal inheritance in shaping the genetic variation of Dagestan highlanders". J. Hum. Genet. 54 (12): 689–694. doi:10.1038/jhg.2009.94. PMID 19911015.
Cruciani, F; La Fratta, R; Santolamazza, P; Sellitto, D; Pascone, R; Moral, P; Watson, E; Guida, V; Colomb, EB; Zaharova, B; Lavinha, J; Vona, G; Aman, R; Calì, F; Akar, N; Richards, M; Torroni, A; Novelletto, A; Scozzari, R (2004). "Phylogeographic Analysis of Haplogroup E3b (E-M215) Y Chromosomes Reveals Multiple Migratory Events Within and Out Of Africa". Am. J. Hum. Genet. 74 (5): 1014–1022. doi:10.1086/386294. PMC 1181964. PMID 15042509.
Di Giacomo, F; Luca, F; Popa, LO; Akar, N; Anagnou, N; Banyko, J; Brdicka, R; Barbujani, G; Papola, F; Ciavarella, G; Cucci, F; Di Stasi, L; Gavrila, L; Kerimova, MG; Kovatchev, D; Kozlov, AI; Loutradis, A; Mandarino, V; Mammì, C; Michalodimitrakis, EN; Paoli, G; Pappa, KI; Pedicini, G; Terrenato, L; Tofanelli, S; Malaspina, P; Novelletto, A (2004). "Y chromosomal haplogroup J as a signature of the post-neolithic colonization of Europe" (PDF). Hum. Genet. 115 (5): 357–371. doi:10.1007/s00439-004-1168-9. PMID 15322918. S2CID 18482536.
Nasidze, I; Schädlich, H; Stoneking, M (2003). "Haplotypes from the Caucasus, Turkey and Iran for nine Y-STR loci". Forensic Sci Int. 137 (1): 85–93. doi:10.1016/S0379-0738(03)00272-X. PMID 14550619.
Nasidze, I; Ling, EY; Quinque, D; Dupanloup, I; Cordaux, R; Rychkov, S; Naumova, O; Zhukova, O; Sarraf-Zadegan, N; Naderi, GA; Asgary, S; Sardas, S; Farhud, DD; Sarkisian, T; Asadov, C; Kerimov, A; Stoneking, M (2004a). "Mitochondrial DNA and Y-chromosome variation in the Caucasus". Ann Hum Genet. 68 (3): 205–221. doi:10.1046/j.1529-8817.2004.00092.x. PMID 15180701. S2CID 27204150.
Nasidze, I; Quinque, D; Dupanloup, I; Rychkov, S; Naumova, O; Zhukova, O; Stoneking, M (2004b). "Genetic Evidence Concerning the Origins of South and North Ossetians". Ann Hum Genet. 68 (6): 588–599. doi:10.1046/j.1529-8817.2004.00131.x. PMID 15598217. S2CID 1717933.
Rootsi, S; Magri, C; Kivisild, T; Benuzzi, G; Help, H; Bermisheva, M; Kutuev, I; Barać, L; Peričić, M; Balanovsky, O; Pshenichnov, A; Dion, D; Grobei, M; Zhivotovsky, LA; Battaglia, V; Achilli, A; Al-Zahery, N; Parik, J; King, R; Cinnioğlu, C; Khusnutdinova, E; Rudan, P; Balanovska, E; Scheffrahn, W; Simonescu, M; Brehm, A; Goncalves, R; Rosa, A; Moisan, J-P; Chaventre, A; Ferak, V; Füredi, S; Oefner, PJ; Shen, P; Beckman, L; Mikerezi, I; Terzić, R; Primorac, D; Cambon-Thomsen, A; Krumina, A; Torroni, A; Underhill, PA; Santachiara-Benerecetti, AS; Villems, R; Semino, O (2004). "Phylogeography of Y-Chromosome Haplogroup I Reveals Distinct Domains of Prehistoric Gene Flow in Europe" (PDF). Am. J. Hum. Genet. 75 (1): 128–137. doi:10.1086/422196. PMC 1181996. PMID 15162323.
Rosser, ZH; Zerjal, T; Hurles, ME; Adojaan, M; Alavantic, D; Amorim, A; Amos, W; Armenteros, M; Arroyo, E; Barbujani, G; Beckman, G; Beckman, L; Bertranpetit, J; Bosch, E; Bradley, DG; Brede, G; Cooper, G; Côrte-Real, HBSM; de Knijff, P; Decorte, R; Dubrova, YE; Evgrafov, O; Gilissen, A; Glisic, S; Gölge, M; Hill, EW; Jeziorowska, A; Kalaydjieva, L; Kayser, M; Kivisild, T; Kravchenko, SA; Krumina, A; Kučinskas, V; Lavinha, J; Livshits, LA; Malaspina, P; Maria, S; McElreavey, K; Meitinger, TA; Mikelsaar, A-V; Mitchell, RJ; Nafa, K; Nicholson, J; Nørby, S; Pandya, A; Parik, J; Patsalis, PC; Pereira, L; Peterlin, B; Pielberg, G; Prata, MJ; Previderé, C; Roewer, L; Rootsi, S; Rubinsztein, DC; Saillard, J; Santos, FR; Stefanescu, G; Sykes, BC; Tolun, A; Villems, R; Tyler-Smith, C; Jobling, MA (2000). "Y-chromosomal diversity in Europe is clinal and influenced primarily by geography, rather than by language". Am. J. Hum. Genet. 67 (6): 1526–1543. doi:10.1086/316890. PMC 1287948. PMID 11078479.
Semino, O; Passarino, G; Oefner, PJ; Lin, AA; Arbuzova, S; Beckman, LE; De Benedictis, G; Francalacci, P; Kouvatsi, A; Limborska, S; Marcikiæ, M; Mika, A; Mika, B; Primorac, D; Santachiara-Benerecetti, AS; Cavalli-Sforza, LL; Underhill, PA (10 Nov 2000). "The Genetic Legacy of Paleolithic Homo sapiens sapiens in Extant Europeans: A Y Chromosome Perspective". Science. 290 (5494): 1155–1159. doi:10.1126/science.290.5494.1155. PMID 11073453.
Weale, ME; Yepiskoposyan, L; Jager, RF; Hovhannisyan, N; Khudoyan, A; Burbage-Hall, O; Bradman, N; Thomas, MG (2001). "Armenian Y chromosome haplotypes reveal strong regional structure within a single ethno-national group". Hum. Genet. 109 (6): 659–674. doi:10.1007/s00439-001-0627-9. PMID 11810279. S2CID 23113666.
Wells, RS; Yuldasheva, N; Ruzibakiev, R; Underhill, PA; Evseeva, I; Blue-Smith, J; Jin, L; Su, B; Pitchappan, R; Shanmugalakshmi, S; Balakrishnan, K; Read, M; Pearson, NM; Zerjal, T; Webster, MT; Zholoshvili, I; Jamarjashvili, E; Gambarov, S; Nikbin, B; Dostiev, A; Aknazarov, O; Zalloua, P; Tsoy, I; Kitaev, M; Mirrakhimov, M; Chariev, A; Bodmer, WF (28 August 2001). "The Eurasian Heartland: A continental perspective on Y-chromosome diversity". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 98 (18): 10244–10249. doi:10.1073/pnas.171305098. PMC 56946. PMID 11526236.
Yunusbayev, B; Kutuev, I; Khusainova, R; Guseinov, G; Khusnutdinova, ĖK (2006). "Genetic Structure of Dagestan Populations: A Study of 11 Alu Insertion Polymorphisms". Hum. Biol. 78 (4): 465–476. doi:10.1353/hub.2006.0059. JSTOR 41466426. PMID 17278621. S2CID 25503148.
Yunusbayev, B; Metspalu, M; Järve, M; Kutuev, I; Rootsi, S; Metspalu, E; Behar, DM; Varendi, K; Sahakyan, H; Khusainova, R; Yepiskoposyan, L; Khusnutdinova, EK; Underhill, PA; Kivisild, T; Villems, R (2012). "The Caucasus as an asymmetric semipermeable barrier to ancient human migrations" (PDF). Mol. Biol. Evol. 29 (1): 359–365. doi:10.1093/molbev/msr221. PMID 21917723.

External links

Y-DNA Ethnographic and Genographic Atlas and Open-Source Data Compilation

This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

[7] spite the fact that Shapsugs were also technically "Circassian", Dibirova labels this population "Circassians". In Rootsi, they are called "Adygei", or some variation of the word.

[12] These are labeled "Circassians" (at least in the English version), but the sample was taken from the Karacheyo-Cherkess Republic, so they are labeled "Cherkess" here.

[17] This is significant, as in Western Avaria, where the population was sampled, there are large number of non-Avars- Andic and Dido peoples- who are in fact ethnically misclassified as Avars by the Dagestani census.

[21] Dagestani Chechens; Caciagli's study[15] may not be authoritative for this population because she took it from a highly multiethnic region of Dagestan, with Laks, Chechens, Kumyks and Avars all mixed together at high densities, possibly accounting for the high J1 value.

[22] Made by combining the Malgobek, Achkoi-Martan and Khasavyurt Chechen populations

[27] Although the Kazbegi Georgians speak Georgian, and have most likely done so for centuries, it is theorized by some that their (possible) ancestors, the Tzanars, who inhabited the region in Medieval and Ancient times, were a Nakh-speaking people, like Chechens and Ingush, possibly accounting for their large frequencies of J2

[Nasidze2003-1] Nasidze 2003

[Nasidze2004a-2] Nasidze 2004a

[Yunusbayev2012-3] Yunusbayev 2012

[4] P18=12.1
P303=20.7
other=24.1

[Balanovsky2011-5] Balanovsky 2011

[Yunusbaev2012-6] CITEREFYunusbayev2012

[Cruciani2004-8] Cruciani 2004

[Dib09-9] Dibirova 2009

[Rootsi2004-10] Rootsi 2004

[11] P303=86.0; other G =1.0

[13] P16=9.2
P303=29.6; other=1.4.

[Rosser2000-14] Rosser 2000

[Wells2001-15] Wells 2001

[Weale2001-16] Weale 2001

[Caciagli2009-18] Caciagli 2009

[digiacomo2004-19] Di Giacomo 2004

[Battaglia2009-20] Battaglia 2009

[23] P18=3.0
P303=2.4

[24] P18=3.6
P303=5.4

[25] P18=6.0
P303=1.0

[Semino2000-26] Semino 2000

[Nasidze2004b-28] Nasidze 2004b

[29] P16=73.0
P303=1.3

[30] P16=55.9
P303=4.7

[31] Boulygina, Eugenia; Tsygankova, Svetlana; Sharko, Fedor; Slobodova, Natalia; Gruzdeva, Natalia; Rastorguev, Sergey; Belinsky, Andrej; Härke, Heinrich; Kadieva, Anna; Demidenko, Sergej; Shvedchikova, Tatiana (2020-06-01). "Mitochondrial and Y-chromosome diversity of the prehistoric Koban culture of the North Caucasus". Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports. 31: 102357. doi:10.1016/j.jasrep.2020.102357. ISSN 2352-409X.