Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of Europe

Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of Europe are haplogroups of the male Y-chromosome found in European populations.

Frequencies in European ethnic groups

The table below shows the human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups, based on relevant studies, for various ethnic and other notable groups from Europe. The samples are taken from individuals identified with the ethnic and linguistic designations shown in the first two columns; the third column gives the sample size studied; and the other columns give the percentage for each particular haplogroup (ethnic groups from the North Caucasus, although technically located in Europe, are considered in their own article where they are placed alongside populations of the South Caucasus for the purpose of conserving space).

Note: The converted frequency of Haplogroup 2, including modern haplogroups I, G and sometimes J from some old studies conducted before 2004 may lead to unsubstantial frequencies below.

PopulationLanguage[1]nR1bR1aI E1b1bJGNTOthersReference
Albanians IE (Albanian) 51 17.6%
9/51		 9.8%
5/51		 19.6%
10/51		 21.57%
11/51		 23.53%
12/51		 2.0%
1/51		 0.0 0.0 Semino2000[2]
Albanians (Pristina) IE (Albanian) 114 21.10%
24/114		 4.42%
5/114		 7.96%
9/114		 47.40%
54/114		 16.7%
19/114		 0 0 0 1.77%
2/114		 Pericic2005[3]
Albanians (Tirana) IE (Albanian) 30 13.3%
4/30		 13.3%
4/30		 16.7%
5/30		 23.3%
7/30		 20.0%
6/30		 3.3%
1/30		 Bosch2006[4]
Albanians (Tirana) IE (Albanian) 55 18.2%
10/55		 9.1%
5/55		 21.8%
12/55		 25.4%
14/55		 23.5%
13/55		 1.8%
1/55		 0.0 0.0 Battaglia2008[5]
Albanians (Macedonia) IE (Albanian) 64 18.8%
12/64		 1.6%
1/64		 17.2%
11/64		 39.1%
25/64		 22%
14/64		 1.6%
1/64		 0.0 0.0 Battaglia2008[5]
Albanians (Tirana)
AND
Albanians (Macedonia)		 IE (Albanian) 55+64
119		 18.50%
22/119		 5.05%
6/119		 19.33%
23/119		 32.8%
39/119		 22.70%
27/119		 1.7%
2/119		 0.0 0.0 Battaglia2008[5]
Albanians IE (Albanian) 223 18.39%
41/223		 4.04%
9/223		 13%
29/223		 35.43%
79/223		 23.77%
53/223		 2.69%
6/223		 0 0.9%
2/223		 1.79%
4/223		 Sarno2015[6]
Arkhangelsk (Russia) IE (Slavic), Uralic 28 0 17.9 50.0 3.6 0 0 28.6 0 0 Mirabal2009[7]
Andalusians IE (Italic) 29 65.52%
19/29		 0.0 0.0 0.0 6.9 L=3.4 Semino2000[2]
Andalusians IE (Italic) 103 3.9 Rootsi2004[8]
Andalusians IE (Italic) 76 9.2 1.1 Semino2004[9]
Armenians IE (Armenian) 413 29.06%
120/413		 1.7%
7/413		 3.63%
15/413		 5.09%
21/413		 J1=10.65%
44/413
J2=25.42%
105/413		 9.44%
39/413		 0.24%
1/413		 8.48%
35/413		 Q=0.24%
1/413		 Herrara2012
Aromuns (Dukasi, Albania) IE (Italic) 39 2.56%
1/39		 2.56%
1/39		 17.95%
7/39		 17.95%
7/39		 48.72%
19/39		 10.26%
4/39		 0.0 0.0 Bosch2006[4]
Aromuns (Andon Poci, Albania) IE (Italic) 19 36.84%
7/19		 0.0 42.11%
8/19		 15.79%
3/19		 5.26%
1/19		 0.0 0.0 0.0 Bosch2006[4]
Aromuns (Kruševo, Macedonia) IE (Italic) 43 27.91%
12/43		 11.63%
5/43		 20.93%
9/43		 20.93%
9/43		 11.63%
5/43		 6.98%
3/43		 0.0 0.0 Bosch2006[4]
Aromuns (Štip, Macedonia) IE (Italic) 65 23.08%
15/65		 21.54%
14/65		 16.92%
11/65		 18.46%
12/65		 20.0
13/65		 0.0 0.0 0.0 Bosch2006[4]
Aromuns (Romania) IE (Italic) 42 23.81%
10/42		 2.38%
1/42		 19.05%
8/42		 7.14%
3/42		 33.33%
14/42		 0.0 Bosch2006[4]
Aromuns Balkan) IE (Italic) 39+
19+
43+
65+
42 =
208		 21.63%
45/208		 10.1%
21/208		 20.67%
43/208		 16.35%
34/208		 25%
52/208		 3.37%
7/208		 0.0 0.0 Bosch2006[4]
Ashkenazi Jews IE (Semitic) 79 12.7 22.8 43.04%
34/79		 Nebel2001[10]
Ashkenazi Jews IE (Semitic) 442 4.1 19.7 38.01%
168/442		 9.7 0.2 Behar2004[11]
Austrians IE (Germanic, West) 219 32 14
Bashkirs (Perm) Altaic (Turkic) 43 86.05%
37/86		 9.3%
4/43		 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.33%
1/43		 2.33%
1/43		 0.0 Lobov[12]
Basque Basque (Basque) 67 88.06%
59/67		 0.0 7.46%
5/67		 2.2
 1.0
 0.0 0.0 0.0 Semino2000[2]
Basque Basque (Basque) 109 92.66%
101/109		 0.92%
1/109		 3.67%
4/109		 0.92%
1/109		 Adams2008[13]
Bavarians IE (Germanic, West) 80 50.0%
40/80		 15.0%
12/80		 8.0%
/80		 5.0%
4/80		 0.0 0.0 Rosser2000[14]
Belgians IE (Germanic/Italic) 92 63.04%
58/92		 4.0 2.0 Rosser2000[14]
Belarusians IE (Slavic, East) 41 0.0 39.0 10.0 2.4 Rosser2000[14]
Belarusians IE (Slavic, East) 147 19.0 Rootsi2004[8]
Belarusians IE (Slavic, East) 68 4.4 45.6 25.0 4.4 1.5 8.8 Kharkov2005[15]
Belarusians IE (Slavic, East) 306 4.2 51.0 4.6 3.3 9.5 Behar2003[16]
Bearnais IE (Italic) 26 7.7 3.8 Semino2004[9]
Bearnais IE (Italic) 43 3.7 Rootsi2004[8]
Bosnians (Zenica) IE (Slavic, South) 69 1.4%
2/69		 24.6%
17/69		 I1a
1.45%
1/69

I1b*(xM26)
52.20%
36/69

53.65%
37/69		 10.14
7/69		 0.0 4.35%
3/69		 Pericic2005[3]
Bosniaks IE (Slavic, South) 85 4% 15% I2a
44%

I1=5%		 13% J2
10%

J1
2		 4% 4% Marjanovcic2006
British IE (Germanic, West) 32 68.75%
(22/32)		 9.38%
(3/32)		 Helgason2000[17]
Bulgarians IE (Slavic, South) 127 11.0 17.3 27.5 19.7 18.1 1.6 0.8 Karachanak2009[18]
Bulgarians IE (Slavic, South) 808 10.7 17.5 I*
0.4

I1
4.3

I2a
21.9		 E1b1b1a
19.6%

E1b1b1c
1.9%

other=0.6%		 J1=3.4%

J2=10.5%		 4.8% 0.5% 1.6% C=0.5
H=0.6
L=0.2
Q=0.4
R2a=0.1		 Karachanak2013[19]
Bulgarians IE (Slavic, South) 100 14.0 16.0 34.0 21.0 9.0 2.0 1.0 2.0 others H 1.0 Begoña Martinez-Cruz2012[20]
Bulgarians (Pomaks) IE (Slavic, South) 17 23 - I2a1=35
I1-18		 18 J2=6 - - - Family Tree DNA -
Bulgarian DNA Project.[21]
Catalans IE (Italic) 24 79.2 0.0 4.2 4.2 4.2 8.0 Rootsi2004[8]
Catalans IE (Italic) 33 6.1 3.6 Semino2004[9]
Cantabrians (Pasiegos) IE (Italic) 56 42.9 Cruciani2004[22]
Chuvashes Altaic (Turkic) 79 3.8 31.6 11.3 0 24.2 0 27.8 0 Tambets2004[23]
Croats (Bosnia) IE (Slavic, South) 90 R1b1b2
2.22%
2/90		 R1a1*
12.22%
11/90		 I2a1*
73.33%
66/90		 E-v13
E1b1b1a2
8.90%
8/90		 J2a1k
1.11%
1/90

J2b*
1.11%
1/90		 G2a*
1.11%
1/90		 Battaglia2008[5]
Croats (Osijek) IE (Slavic, South) 29 R1a1*
37.93%
11/29		 I2a1*
27.59%
8/29		 E-V13
E1b1b1a2
10.35%
3/29		 J2a1b*
3.45%
1/29

J2b*
3.45%
1/29
J2b2
3.45%
1/29		 G2a*
13.79%
4/29		 Battaglia2008[5]
Croats (Bosnia), +(Osijek) IE (Slavic, South) 90+29
119		 R1b1b2
1.68%
2/119		 R1a1*
18.49%
22/119		 I2a1*
62.19%
74/119		 E-V13
E1b1b1a2
9.24%
11/119		 J2a1b*
0.84%
1/119
J2a1k
0.84%
1/119

J2b*1.68%
2/119
J2b2
0.84%
1/119

4.2%
5/119		 G2a*
4.2%
5/119		 Battaglia2008[5]
Croats (Split) IE (Slavic, South) 26 Underhill 2009
Croats (Zabok, Zagreb, Delnice, Donji Miholjac, Pazin) IE (Slavic, South) 88 16%
14/88		 33%
29/88		 I2
36%
32/88

I1
3%
3/88		 V13
7%
6/88		 J2
2%
2/88		 1%
1/88		 Sarac2016[24]
Croats (Dubrovnik) IE (Slavic, South) 179 5%
9/179		 13%
23/179		 I2
54%
97/179

I1
9%
16/179		 V13
6%
11/179)		 J2
6%
11/179)

J1
1%
2/179		 2%
4/179		 2%
4/179		 Sarac2016[24]
Croats (Zadar) IE (Slavic, South) 25 0 4%
1/25		 I2
60%
15/25

I1
12%
3/25		 V13
8%
2/25		 J2
12%
3/25		 4%
1/25		 Sarac2016[24]
Croats (Žumberak) IE (Slavic, South) 44 11%
5/44		 34%
15/44		 I2
20%
9/44

I1
7%
3/44		 V13
18%
8/44		 J2
5%
2/44		 2%
1/44		 Sarac2016[24]
Croats IE (Slavic, South) 88+
179+
25+
44=
336		 8.33%
28/336		 20.24%
68/336		 I2
45.54%
153/336

I1
7.44%
25/336		 V13
8.04%
27/336		 J2
5.36%
18/336

J1=0.60%
2/336		 1.79%
6/336		 1.49%
5/336		 Sarac2016[24]
Croats IE (Slavic, South) 1100 7.91%
87/1100		 22.1%
243/1100		 I2a
38.18%
420/1100

I1
5.82%
64/1100		 10.73%
118/1100		 J2
6.27%
69/1100

J1
1.1%
12/1100		 2.73%
30/1100		 0.64%
7/1100		 0.64%
7/1100		 H
1.82%
20/1100

Q
0.73%
8/1100		 Mrsic2011[25]
Croats (Central proper) IE (Slavic, South) 220 31.82%
70/220		 23.64%
52/220		 I2a1
32.27%
71/220

others
6.82%
15/220		 11.82%
26/220		 8.64%
19/220		 3.64%
8/220		 Mrsic2011[25]
Croats (North of north proper) IE (Slavic, South) 220 29 I2a1=25
others=7		 Mrsic2011[25]
Croats (Slavonia) IE (Slavic, South) 220 19 I2a1=40
others=6		 Mrsic2011[25]
Croats (Dalmatia) IE (Slavic, South) 220 19 I2a1=55
others=5		 Mrsic2011[25]
Croats (Istria and south proper) IE (Slavic, South) 220 20 I2a1=37
others=9		 Mrsic2011[25]
Croats IE (Slavic, South) 119+
336+
1100=
1555		 7.52%
117/1555		 21.41%
333/1555		 I2a
41.61%
647/1555

I1
5.72%
89/1555		 10.03%
156/1555		 J2
5.92%
92/1555

J1
0.90%
14/1555		 2.63%
41/1555		 0.45%
7/1555		 0.45%
7/1555		 H
1.29%
20/1555

Q
0.51%
8/1555		 Battaglia2008[5]
Sarac2016[24]
Mrsic2011[25]
Croats (mainland) IE (Slavic, South) 189 38.1%
72/189		 Rootsi2004[8]
Czechs IE (Slavic, West) 257 34.2 18.3 5.8 4.7 5.1 1.6 Luca2007[26]
Czechs and Slovaks IE (Slavic, West) 45 35.6 26.7 2.2 Semino2000[2]
Czechs and Slovaks IE (Slavic, West) 198 13.6 Rootsi2004[8]
Danes IE (Germanic, North) 12 41.67%
5/12		 16.67%
2/12		 33.33%
4/12		 Helgason2000[17]
Danes IE (Germanic, North) 194 38.7 Rootsi2004[8]
Danes IE (Germanic, North) 35 2.9 Cruciani2004[22]
Dutch IE (Germanic, West) 27 70.4 3.7 Semino2000[2]
Dutch IE (Germanic, West) 410 50.2 3.3 32.9 2.9 5.1 4.1 0.2 Barjesteh2008[27]
English (Central) IE (Germanic, West) 215 61.9 5 25 Weale2002[28]
English IE (Germanic, West) 1830 U106=19
L21=12
U152=6
DF27=6
DF19=1
others=13		 4 I1=16
I2=9		 3 J2=3
J1=1		 5 FTDNA 2016[29]
Estonians Uralic (Finnic) 207 9.0 3.0 1.0 40.6 Rosser2000[14]
Estonians Uralic (Finnic) 118 37.3 Laitinen2002[30]
Estonians Uralic (Finnic) 210 18.6 Rootsi2004[8]
Finns Uralic (Finnic) 57 2.0 10.5 2.0 63.2 Rosser2000[14]
Finns Uralic (Finnic) 38 0.0 7.9 28.9 63.2 [23]
French IE (Italic) 23 52.2 0 17.4 8.7 4.3 0 0 0 Semino2000[2]
French IE (Italic) 40 8.0 Rosser2000[14]
Frisians IE (Germanic, West) 94 56.0 7.0 29.0 2.0 6.0 Wilson2001[31]
Frisians IE (Germanic, West) 94 55.3 7.4 34.0 2.1 1.4 Weale2002[28]
Gagauz (Kongaz) Altaic (Turkic) 48 10.4 12.5 31.3 16.7 8.3 10.4 4.2 6.3 Varzari2006[32]
Gagauz (Etulia) Altaic (Turkic) 41 14.6 26.8 24.4 9.8 7.3 17.1 0.0 0.0 Varzari2006[32]
Germans IE (Germanic, West) 48 47.9 8.1 22 Helgason2000[17]
Germans IE (Germanic, West) 16 50 16 22 6.2 0 0 0 0 Semino2000[2]
Germans IE (Germanic, West) 1215 38.9 17.9 23.6 6.2 4.0 1.6 7.7 Kayser2005[33]
Germans IE (Germanic, West) 3,000+ U106=18
L21=5
U152=9
DF27, DF19=9
others=3		 12 I1=13
I2=7		 V13=5 J2=5
J1=1		 5 1 Gabel 2013[34]
Greeks IE (Greek) 77 R1
11.7%
9/77		 R1a1
15.6%
12/77		 19.5%
15/77		 M35
1.3%
1/77

M78
16.9%
13/77

M123
2.6%
2/77

20.8%
16/77		 J1
1.3%
1/77

J2
15.6%
12/77

16.9%
13/77		 9.1%
7/77		 0.0 0.0% F
1.3%
1/77

H2
1.3%
1/77

K
1.3%
1/77
K2
2.6%
2/77

6.49%
5/77		 Firasat2007[35]
Greeks IE (Greek) 118 22.8 8.3 Helgason2000[17]
Greeks (continental) IE (Greek) 154 13%
20/154		 12%
18/154		 18%
28/154		 24%
37/154		 J2=18%
28/154, J1=2%
3/154		 5%
8/154		 8%
12/154		 Di Giacommo 2003[36]
Greeks (Agrinio) IE (Greek) 21 19.05%
4/21		 4.76%
1/21		 23.81%
5/21		 9.52%
2/21		 J2=23.81%
5/21
J1=4.76%
1/21		 4.76%
1/21		 9.52%
2/21		 Di Giacommo 2003[36]
Greeks (Ioannina) IE (Greek) 24 16.67%
4/24		 8.33%
2/24		 8.33%
2/24		 29.17%
7/24		 J2=16.67%
4/24
J1=4.17%
1/24		 4.17%
1/24		 12.5%
3/24		 Di Giacommo 2003[36]
Greeks (Patrai) IE (Greek) 18 11.11%
2/18		 5.56%
1/18		 11.11%
2/18		 44.44%
8/18		 J2=16.67%
3/18		 0 11.11%
2/18		 Di Giacommo 2003[36]
Greeks (Kardhitsa) IE (Greek) 25 8%
2/25		 20%
5/25		 12%
3/25		 28%
7/25		 J2=12%
3/25
J1=4%
1/25		 12%
3/25		 4%
1/25		 Di Giacommo 2003[36]
Greeks (Serrai) IE (Greek) 25 12%
3/25		 8%
2/25		 36%
9/25		 24%
6/25		 J2=16%
4/25		 4%
1/25		 Di Giacommo 2003[36]
Greeks (Thessaloniki) IE (Greek) 20 5%
1/20		 25%
5/20		 20%
4/20		 20%
4/20		 15%
3/20		 5%
1/20		 10%
2/20		 Di Giacommo 2003[36]
Greeks (Larissa) IE (Greek) 21 19.05%
4/21		 9.52%
2/21		 14.29%
3/21		 14.29%
3/21		 J2=28.57%
6/21		 4.76%
1/21		 9.52%
2/21		 Di Giacommo 2003[36]
Greeks (Heraklion) IE (Greek) 42 7.14%
3/42		 0 14.29%
6/42		 26.19%
11/42		 J2=38.1%
16/42, J1=2.38%
1/42		 9.52%
4/42		 2.38%
1/42		 Di Giacommo 2003[36]
Greeks (continental,
Agrinio,
Ioannina,
Patrai,
Kardhitsa,
Serrai,
Thessaloniki,
Larissa,
Heraklion)		 IE (Greek) 154+
21+
24+
18+
25+
25+
20+
21+
42=
350		 12.29%
43/350		 10.29%
36/350		 17.71%
62/350		 24.29%
85/350		 J2=19.71%
69/350,
J1=2%
7/350,
0.86%
3/350

22.57%
79/350		 5.71%
20/350		 7.14%
25/350		 Di Giacommo 2003[36]
Greeks (Nikomedeia, Lerna/Franchthi, Sesklo/Dimini) IE (Greek) 171 13.45%
23/171		 11.11%
19/171		 15.79%
27/171		 31.58%
54/171		 19.88%
34/171		 4.68%
8/171		 1.75
3/171		 King2008[37]
Greeks (Crete) IE (Greek) 193 17.1%
33/193		 8.81%
17/193		 12.95%
25/193		 8.81%
17/193		 38.86%
75/193		 10.88%
21/193		 2.07%
4/193		 King2008[37]
Greeks (Nikomedeia, Lerna/Franchthi, Sesklo/Dimini),+(Crete) IE (Greek) 171+
193=
364		 15.38%
56/364		 9.89%%
36/364		 14.29%
52/364		 19.51%
71/364		 29.95%
109/364		 7.97%
29/364		 1.92%
7/364		 King2008[37]
Greeks (Peloponnese) IE (Greek) 36 47.42%
17/36		 J-M172
(xM12)
13.89%
5/36		 Semino2004[9]
Greeks (Thrace) IE (Greek) 41 12.2 22.0 19.5 19.5 19.5 4.9 Bosch2006[4]
Greeks (North) IE (Greek) 96 14.6%
14/96		 18.8%
18/96		 12.5%
12/96		 35.4%
34/96		 5.2%
5/96		 2.1%
2/96		 L=1%
1/96		 Zalloua2008[38]
Greeks (South) IE (Greek) 46 19.6%
9/46		 2.2%
1/46		 23.9%
11/46		 43.5%
20/46		 6.5%
3/46		 2.2%
1/46		 Zalloua2008[38]
Greeks
(North)+(South)		 IE (Greek) 96+
46=
142		 16.2%
23/142		 13.38%
19/142		 16.2%
23/142		 38.03%
54/142		 5.63%
8/142		 2.11%
3/142		 L=0.70%
1/142		 Zalloua2008[38]
Greeks (Euboea) IE (Greek) 96 9 10 I2a2=5
I2a1=4
I1=1
I2*=2		 20 J1=3
J2=25		 9 [39]
Greeks (Corinthia) IE (Greek) 110 9 17 I2a1=11
I2a2=2
I2*=2
I1=1		 27 J1=6
J2=16		 3 [39]
Greeks (Macedonia) IE (Greek) 57 14.0 M458=8.8
others=4		 I1=8.8
I2a=17.5
I2*=3.5		 22.9 J1=1.8
J2=14.1		 1.8 1.8 Battaglia 2008[5][40]
Greeks (Athens) IE (Greek) 92 20 M458=5
others=11		 I1=2
I2a=7
I2*=1		 E1b1b1a=20
E1b1b1c=2		 J1=2
J2=21		 3 4 C=1, L=1 Battaglia 2008[5]
Greeks (Athens) IE (Greek) 132 15 6 27 IJ+G=49, K*=4 Waelle 2001[41]
Greeks (Cyprus) IE (Greek) 629 P312=2%
13/629
others=9%
57/629

11.13%
70/629		 Z280=2%
13/629
M458=1%
6/629
Z93=1%
6/629

4%
25/629		 4%
25/629		 E1b1b1a=12%
76/629
E1b1b1c=11%
69/629

23%
145/629		 J2=34%
214/629
J1=7%
44/629

41%
258/629		 13%
82/629		 3%
19/629		 L=2%
13/629, H=1%
6/629		 Voskarides 2016[42]
Gypsy/Muslim Roma (Macedonia) IE (Indic) 57 1.8 1.8 5.3 29.8 1.8 H=59.6 Pericic2005[3]
Herzegovinians (Siroki Brijeg, Mostar) IE (Slavic, South) 141 R1b
3.55%
5/141		 R1a
12.06%
17/141		 I*
2.13%
3/141

I1a
4.96%
7/141

I1b*
(xM26)
63.83%
90/141

70.92%
100/141		 E3b1
0.71%
1/141

E3b1-α
7.80%
11/141

8.51%
12/141		 J2
1.42%
2/141		 Pericic2005[3]
Hungarians (Hungary) Uralic (Ugric) 215 18.1 25.6 I1=7.91
I2a=16.74
I2b=2.79
I*=0.93		 6.1 J2=6.51
J*[xJ2]=3.72		 4.2 0.47 0.0 H=5.12
R2=0.47
R1*=1.40		 Völgyi2008[43]
Hungarians (Paloc) Uralic (Ugric) 45 13.3 60.0 11.1 8.9 2.2 2.2 0.0 0.0 L=2.2 Semino2000[2]
Hungarians (Romania) Uralic (Ugric) 97 20 19 I1=17
I2=5		 9 J2=11
J1=10		 5 1 [44]
Hungarians (Great Hungarian Plain) Uralic (Ugric) 100 15 30 I2a1=13
I1=8
I=3		 10 J2=13
J1=3		 3 [44]
Icelanders IE (Germanic, North) 181 41.44%
75/181		 23.76%
62/181		 34.25%
43/181		 Helgason2000[17]
Irish IE (Celtic) 222 81.53%
181/222		 0.45%
1/222		 14.86%
33/222		 Helgason2000[17]
Irish IE (Celtic) 257 2.0 Rosser2000[14]
Italians IE (Italic) 50 62.0 8.0 10.0 Rootsi2004[8]
Italians IE (Italic) 2.7[17] 13.0[14]
Italians (Calabria) IE (Italic) 32.4[2] 5.4[8] 23[9] 24.6[9]
Italians (Apulia) IE (Italic) 2.6[8] 13.9[9] 31.4[9]
Italians IE (Italic) 884 U152=19
U106=4
L21=2
M167=1
other P312=5
others=8		 3 I2a1=5
other I2=2
I1=4		 E1b1b1a=10
E1b1b1c=3
E1b1b1b=1		 J2=14
J1=4		 12 2 L=2 Boattini2013[45]
Italians (Sicily) IE (Italic) 8.8 27.3 23.8 Semino2004[9]
Italians (South) IE (Italic) 68 25.00%
17/68		 2.94%
2/68		 5.88%
4/68		 25.88%
18/68		 14.71%
10/68		 2.94%
2/68		 Zalloua2008[38]
Italians (East Sicily) IE (Italic) 87 19.54%
17/87		 2.3%
2/87		 4.6%
4/87		 29.19%
25/87		 4.6%
4/87		 4.6%
4/87		 Zalloua2008[38]
Italians (West Sicily) IE (Italic) 125 27.2%
34/125		 2.4%
3/125		 11.2%
14/125		 19.2%
24/125		 12.8%
16/125		 3.2%
4/125		 Zalloua2008[38]
Italians (South) IE (Italic) 68+
87+
125=
280		 24.29%
68/280		 2.5%
7/280		 7.86%
22/280		 23.93%
67/280		 10.71%
30/280		 3.57%
10/280		 Zalloua2008[38]
Komi Uralic (Finnic) 94 16.0 33.0 5.3 35.1 [23]
Komi (Izhemsky) Uralic (Finnic) 54 0.0 29.6 1.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 68.5 0.0 Mirabal2009[7]
Komi (Priluzsky) Uralic (Finnic) 49 2.0 32.7 4.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 61.2 0.0 Mirabal2009[7]
Latvians IE (Baltic) 114 39.5 0.9 42.1 Laitinen2002[30]
Lithuanians IE (Baltic) 38 5.0 [14]
Lithuanians IE (Baltic) 114 36.0 0.9 43.0 Laitinen2002[30]
ethnic Macedonians IE (Slavic, South) 211 11.4 14.2 I1=1.9
I2a=27.5
I2b1=1.9		 E1b1b1a=15.6
E1b1b1c1=2.4		 J1=3.3
J2a=7.5
J2b2=5.2		 3.8 0.5 1.9 L=0.5 Noveski2010[46]
ethnic Macedonians (Skopje) IE (Slavic, South) 79 5.1 15.2 34.2 24.1 12.7 5.1 Pericic2005[3]
Macedonians (Skopje) IE (Slavic, South) 52 13.5 13.5 28.8 23.1 11.5 3.8 Bosch2006[4]
Maltese Afro-Asiatic (Semitic) 187 22.0 5.0 9.0 6.0 9.0 0.0 Zalloua2008[38]
Mari Uralic (Finnic) 111 2.7 47.7 8.1 41.4 [23]
Mari Uralic (Finnic) 48 10.4 29.2 0.0 6.3 50.0 Rosser2000[14]
Moldovans IE (Italic) 70 6 35 10 I+G=37 Stefan2001[47]
Moldavians (Carahasani) IE (Italic) 72 16.7 34.7 25.0 12.5 9.7 0.0 1.4 0.0 Varzari2006[32]
Moldavians (Sofia) IE (Italic) 54 16.7 20.4 35.2 13.0 5.6 1.9 3.7 1.9 Varzari2006[32]
Mordvins (Erzya) Uralic (Finnic) 46 39.1 Malaspina2003[48]
Mordvins (Moksha) Uralic (Finnic) 46 21.7 Malaspina2003[48]
Mordvins Uralic (Finnic) 83 13.3 26.5 19.3 19.3 [23]
Norwegians IE (Germanic, North) 906 24 25 I1=37
I2=5		 V13=1 1 1 N1c1a=2 Q=3 FTDNA[49]
Orcadians IE (Germanic, West) 71 66.0 19.7 Wilson2001[31]
Poles IE (Slavic, West) 16.4[2] 56.4[2] 17.8[8] 4.0[9] 1.0[9]
Poles IE (Slavic, West) 93 13.4 55.9 16.1 3.2 [23]
Poles IE (Slavic, West) 913 11.6 57.0 17.3 4.5 2.5 3.7 3.3 Kayser2005[33]
Portuguese IE (Italic) 303 5.3 Rootsi2004[8]
Portuguese (South) IE (Italic) 57 56.0 2.0 17.0 Rosser2000[14]
Portuguese (North) IE (Italic) 328 62.0 0 11.0 Rosser2000[14]
Romanians (Buhusi, Piatra Neamt) IE (Italic) 54 13.0 20.4 48.1 7.4 5.6 5.6 0.0 0.0 Varzari2006[32]
Romanians IE (Italic) 361 22.2 Rootsi2004[8]
Romanians (Constanţa) IE (Italic) 31 16.1 9.7 41.9 9.7 6.5 12.9 0.0 0.0 Bosch2006[4]
Romanians (Ploieşti) IE (Italic) 36 8.3 5.6 38.9 16.7 19.4 8.3 0.0 0.0 Bosch2006[4]
Romanians IE (Italic) 179 10.1 20.1 I1=5.6
I2a1= 17.3
Other I2= 5.0		 19.6 J1=2.2
J2a=7.3
J2b = 8.9		 2.2 0.6 0.6 Q=0.6 Martinez-Cruz 2012[20]
Russians IE (Slavic, East) 122 6.6 46.7 6.6 4.1 18.0 Rosser2000[14]
Russians IE (Slavic, East) 61 21.3 42.6 13.1 16.4 [23]
Russians (Kursk) IE (Slavic, East) 40 7.5 52.5 15.0 10.0 2.5 0 12.5 0 0 Mirabal2009[7]
Russians (Northern) IE (Slavic, East) 380 6.1 33.4 14.5 0.3 1.8 1.3 41.3 0.0 Balanovsky2008[50]
Russians (Central) IE (Slavic, East) 364 7.7 47.0 16.5 5.2 3.3 0.0 17.0 0.8 Balanovsky2008[50]
Russians (Adygea) IE (Slavic, East) 78 24.4 Rootsi2004[8]
Russians (Bashkortostan) IE (Slavic, East) 50 6.0 Rootsi2004[8]
Russians (Belgorod region) IE (Slavic, East) 143 2.8 59.4 16.7 Balanovsky[50]
Russians (Cossacks) IE (Slavic, East) 97 22.7 Rootsi2004[8]
Russians (Kostroma region) IE (Slavic, East) 53 18.9 Rootsi2004[8]
Russians (North, Pinega) IE (Slavic, East) 127 4.7 Rootsi2004[8]
Russians (Smolensk region) IE (Slavic, East) 120 10.8 Rootsi2004[8]
Ruthenians (Vojvodina) IE (Slavic) 44 [51]
Sami (Sweden) Uralic (Finnic) 38 7.9 15.8 31.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 44.7 0.0 Karlsson2006[52]
Sami Uralic (Finnic) 127 3.9 11.0 47.2 [23]
Sami Uralic (Finnic) 31.4 Rootsi2004[8]
Sardinians (Sardinia, Italy) IE (Italic) 22.1[2] 42.3[8] 5.0[9] 12.5[9]
Sardinians (Northern Sardinia) IE (Italic) 86 20.0 0.0 28.0 13.0 21.0 0.0 Zalloua2008[38]
Sardinians (Southern Sardinia) IE (Italic) 187 19.0 1.0 35.0 11.0 14.0 0.0 Zalloua2008[38]
Scots IE (Celtic) 750 72.53%
544/750		 8.53%
64/750		 14%
105/750
Sephardic Jews IE (Italic) 78 29.5 3.9 11.5 19.2 28.2 Nebel2001[10]
Serbs and South Slavs IE (Slavic, South) 1092 5 20 I1=9

I2=34

 14 J1=2

J2=9

 4 3 - Q=1 Serb DNA Project 2016[53]
Serbs IE (Slavic, South) 267 3 26 I1=9

I2a = 30

 15 9 5 2 — Serb DNA Project 2014[54]
Serbs IE (Slavic, South) 179 4.5 14.5 I2a=38.5 17.3 5.6 2.2 3.3 H=2.2, Q=1.7, L=0.6 Mirabal,V.2010[55]
Serbs (Vojvodina) IE (Slavic, South) 185 10.3 15.1 I2a1=29.7
I1=5.4		 16.2 J2=11.4 3.2 H=2.7
Q=1.1
others=4.9		 Veselinovic 2008[56]
Serbs (Belgrade) IE (Slavic, South) 113 10.6 15.9 36.3 21.2 8 Pericic2005[3]
Serbs (Aleksandrovac, Serbia) IE (Slavic, South) 85 1.17 21.1 41.1 15.2 9.40 10.5 0.0 0.0 Todorovic2013
Serbs IE (Slavic, South) 103 7.8 20.4 37.9 18.4 7.8 5.8 1.9 Regueiro2012[57]
Serbs (Bosnia) IE (Slavic, South) 81 6.2 13.6 40.7 22.2 9.9 1.2 6.2 0.0 Battaglia2008[5]
Slovaks (Vojvodina) IE (Slavic, West) 42 [51]
Slovenians IE (Slavic, South) 75 21.3 38.7 30.7 2.7 4.0 2.7 0.0 0.0 Battaglia2008[5]
Slovenian IE (Slavic, South) 70 37.1 7.1 5.7 0.0 0.0 Rosser2000[14]
Slovenian IE (Slavic, South) 55 38.2 Rootsi2004[8]
Spanish IE (Italic) 126 68.0 2.0 10.0 Rosser2000[14]
Spanish IE (Italic) 2121 67.3 1.6 7.2 E=8.9 9.8 3.2 -- 1.3 0.8 Martinez2016[58]
Ibiza islanders IE (Italic) 54 57.4 0.0 1.9 7.4 13.0 16.7 Zalloua2008[38]
Majorca islanders IE (Italic) 62 66.1 0.0 8.1 6.2 6.2 1.6 Zalloua2008[38]
Menorca islanders IE (Italic) 37 73.0 2.7 2.7 18.9 0.0 0.0 Zalloua2008[38]
Spanish (South) IE (Italic) 162 65.0 2.0 6.0 9.0 4.0 0.0 Zalloua2008[38]
Valencians IE (Italic) 73 64.0 3.0 10.0 11.0 1.0 1.0 Zalloua2008[38]
Swedes (Northern) IE (Germanic, North) 48 22.9 18.8 2.1 2.1 8.3 Rosser2000[14]
Swedes IE (Germanic, North) 1800+ U106=7
L21=2
DF27, U152=1
V88=1
L238=1
other=9		 18 I1=42
I2a2a=3		 V27=1 J2=1 G2a=1
others=2		 N1c=5
others=2		 - Q=3 FTDNA 2016[59]
Swedes IE (Germanic, North) 110 20.0 17.3 Helgason2000[17]
Swedes IE (Germanic, North) 225 40 Rootsi2004[8]
Swedes IE (Germanic, North) 160 13.1 24.4 37.5 1.3 0.0 14.4 Lappalainen2008[60]
Swiss IE (German/Italic) 606 55 4 16 7 6 9 0 0 K=1 Zieger 2020[61]
Tatars Altaic (Turkic) 126 8.7 24.1 4.0 33.0 [23]
Turks Altaic (Turkic) 523 16 7 5 11 33 11 4 K2=2 L=4, Q=2, C=1, R2=1, H=1,
A+DE*+R*+O = 2		 Cinnioglu 2004[62]
Turks (Istanbul) Altaic (Turkic) 81 15 9 10 12 27 7 2 K2=4 L=5, C=4, DE*=5 Cinnioglu 2004
Turks (Bulgaria) Altaic (Turkic) 63 8 10 I2=13
I1=6		 13 J2=18
J1=6		 6 5 H=11, Q=3 Zaharova 2001
Udmurt Uralic (Finnic) 87 2.3 10.35%
9/87		 1.1 85.06
74/87		 [23]
Ukrainians IE (Slavic, East) 759 7.9 43.2 27.2 7.4 3.8 3 5.4 1.3 0.8 Kushniarevich2015[63]
Ukrainians IE (Slavic, East) 21.9[8] 8.6[9] 7.3[9]
Ukrainians IE (Slavic, East) 53 18.9 41.5 24.5 9.4 0.0 5.7 0.0 Varzari2006[32]
Welsh (Anglesey) IE (Celtic) 88 88.64%
78/88		 1.0 3.0 Wilson2001[31]
Welsh (Anglesey) IE (Celtic) 196 8.1 Rootsi2004[8]
Multidimensional scaling showing genetic distance of Y-DNA haplogroups in European populations by:
A Bray–Curtis dissimilarity
B Cavalli-Sforza chord distance
C Gower's dissimilarity

Chronological development of haplogroups
Haplogroup Possible time of origin Possible place of origin TMRCA in Europe[64][65]
E69,000 years ago[65][66]East Africa[67] or West Asia[68]38–59,000 years ago
D68,300 years agoAsia
Cc. 53,000 years agoAsia>35,000 years ago[69]>[70]
F38–56,000 years ago
IJ30–46,000 years ago
K40–54,000 years ago
E-M215 (E1b1b)31–46,000 years ago[71]39–55,000 years ago
P27–41,000 years ago
J19–44,500 years ago[67]
R20–34,000 years ago
IBalkans15–30,000 years ago
R-M17313–26,000 years ago
I-M43828–33,000 years ago[72]16–20,000 years ago
E-M3520–30,000 years ago[71]15–21,000 years ago
J-M26715–34,000[67] years ago
R-M420 (R1a)25,000 years ago[73]Eurasia (Iran?[74])8–10,000 years ago
R-M343 (R1b)22,000 years ago[75]West Asia[76]
Nat least 21,000 years ago (STR age)[77]
I-M25311–21,000[78] or 28–33,000 years ago[72]3–5,000 years ago
J-M17215–22,000[67] years ago19–24,000 years ago[64]
E-M7815–20,000[71] or 17,500–20,000 years ago[79]Northeast Africa[79]at least 17,000 years ago[79]
E-V1212,500–18,000 years ago[79]
R-M1713 ,000[80] or 18,000 years ago[81]India
I-L460present 13,000 years ago[82]
I-M22311–18,000 years ago[78]
E-V137–17,000 years ago[79]West Asia[79]5–9,000 years ago (Balkan)
4–4,700 years ago (Europe)
6,800–17,000 years ago (Asia)[79]
R-Z28011–14,000 years ago[40]
N-M46at least 12,000 years ago (STR age)[77]
R-M45811,000 years ago[40]
I-P376–16,000,[78] present 10,000 years ago[83]
I-M423present 10,000 years ago[83]
I-M262–17,000,[78] present 8,000 years ago[83]
R-M2695,500–8,000 years ago[84]
R-L11, R-S1163–5,000 years ago

See also

References
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