1814 and 1815 United States Senate elections

The United States Senate elections of 1814 and 1815 were elections that had the Democratic-Republican Party lose a seat but still retain an overwhelming majority in the United States Senate. Unlike in recent elections, the minority Federalists had gone into the elections with a chance of regaining their long-lost majority had they swept almost all the seats. However, only one seat switched parties. Two seats held by Democratic-Republicans were left unfilled until long after the next Congress began.

For related races, see 1814 United States elections.
1814 and 1815 United States Senate elections
Dates vary by state
12 of the 36 seats in the United States Senate (plus special elections)
19 seats needed for a majority
  Majority party Minority party
 
Party Democratic-Republican Federalist
Last election 28 seats 8 seats
Seats before 26 10
Seats won 5 5
Seats after 22 11
Seat change 3 1
Seats up 8 4
Majority Party before election


Democratic-Republican

 Elected Majority Party


Democratic-Republican

As these elections were prior to ratification of the seventeenth amendment, Senators were chosen by state legislatures.

Change in composition

Before the elections

Composition after June 1814 special election in New Hampshire.

DR8 DR7 DR6 DR5 DR4 DR3 DR2 DR1
DR9 DR10 DR11 DR12 DR13 DR14 DR15 DR16 DR17 DR18
Majority → DR19
Md.
Unknown
F9
Mass. (reg)
Ran		 F10
R.I.
Ran		 DR26
Va.
Ran		 DR25
Vt.
Retired		 DR24
Tenn. (reg)
Retired		 DR23
Pa.
Ran		 DR22
Ohio (reg)
Retired		 DR21
N.Y.
Unknown		 DR20
N.J.
Ran
F8
Del.
Ran		 F7
Conn.
Ran		 F6 F5 F4 F3 F2 F1

Result of the regular elections
DR8 DR7 DR6 DR5 DR4 DR3 DR2 DR1
DR9 DR10 DR11 DR12 DR13 DR14 DR15 DR16 DR17 DR18
Majority → DR19
N.J.
Hold
F9
Mass. (reg)
Re-elected		 F10
R.I.
Re-elected		 F11
Vt.
Gain		 V1
Tenn. (reg)
DR Loss		 V2
Md.
DR Loss		 DR23
Va.
Hold		 DR22
Pa. (reg)
Re-elected		 DR21
Ohio (reg)
Hold		 DR20
N.Y.
Hold
F8
Del.
Re-elected		 F7
Conn.
Re-elected		 F6 F5 F4 F3 F2 F1
Key
DR# Democratic-Republican
F# Federalist
V# Vacant

Race summaries

Except when noted, number following candidates is whole number votes.

Special elections during the preceding Congress

In these special elections, the winner was elected during 1814 or before March 4, 1815; ordered by election date.

State Incumbent Results Candidates
Senator Party Electoral
history
Pennsylvania
(Class 3)		 Michael Leib Democratic-
Republican		 1809 (Special)
1808		 Incumbent resigned to become Postmaster of Philadelphia.
New senator elected February 24, 1814.[1]
Democratic-Republican hold.
Winner was never seated due to a failure to qualify.		 Y Jonathan Roberts (Democratic-Republican) 82
Thomas Sergeant (Democratic-Republican) 23
Horace Binney (Federalist) 8
John Steele (Federalist) 1
Horatio Gates Jones (Democratic-Republican) 1
Isaac Wayne (Federalist) 1
Not voting 10[1]
New Hampshire
(Class 2)		 Nicholas Gilman Democratic-
Republican		 1804
1810		 Incumbent died May 4, 1814.
New senator elected June 24, 1814.
Federalist gain.		 Y Thomas W. Thompson (Federalist) 93
Samuel Bell 80
Scattering 5[2]
Ohio
(Class 1)		 Thomas Worthington Democratic-
Republican		 1803
1807 (Retired)
1810 (Special)		 Incumbent resigned to become Governor of Ohio.
New senator elected December 10, 1814 on the fourth ballot.
Democratic-Republican hold.		 Y Joseph Kerr (Democratic-Republican) 42
Benjamin Ruggles 36
Duncan MacArthur 1
David Purviance 1[3]
Kentucky
(Class 2)		 George Walker Democratic-
Republican		 1814 (Appointed) Interim appointee retired.
New senator elected December 16, 1814.
Democratic-Republican hold.		 Y William T. Barry (Democratic-Republican) 58
Benjamin Mills 48[4]
North Carolina
(Class 3)		 David Stone Democratic-
Republican		 1800
1807 (Resigned)
1812		 Incumbent resigned December 24, 1814.
New senator elected December 30, 1814 on the eleventh ballot.[5][6]
Democratic-Republican hold.
Winner was never seated due to a failure to qualify.		 Y Francis Locke Jr. (Democratic-Republican) 104
John Stanly (Federalist) 75[5]
Virginia
(Class 1)		 Richard Brent Democratic-
Republican		 1809 Incumbent died December 30, 1814, having lost re-election, see below.
New senator elected January 2, 1815, having already won election to the next term.
Democratic-Republican hold.		 Y James Barbour (Democratic-Republican) 107
William Wirt 80
Scattering 4[7]
Kentucky
(Class 3)		 Jesse Bledsoe Democratic-
Republican		 1813 Incumbent resigned.
New senator elected January 3, 1815 on the second ballot.
Democratic-Republican hold.		 Y Isham Talbot (Democratic-Republican) 56
Benjamin Mills 50[8]

Races leading to the next Congress

In these regular elections, the winner was seated on March 4, 1815; ordered by state.

All of the elections involved the Class 1 seats.

State Incumbent Results Candidates
Senator Party Electoral
history
Connecticut Samuel Dana Federalist 1810 (Special) Incumbent re-elected in 1814. Y Samuel Dana (Federalist)
[data unknown/missing]
Delaware Outerbridge Horsey Federalist 1810 (Special) Incumbent re-elected January 13, 1815. Y Outerbridge Horsey (Federalist) 18
John Warner (Democratic-Republican) 8[9]
Maryland Samuel Smith Democratic-
Republican		 1802
1808		 Legislature failed to elect.
A winner would not be elected until 1816.[10]
Democratic-Republican loss.		 [data unknown/missing]
Massachusetts Christopher Gore Federalist 1813 (Appointed) Interim appointee elected in 1815. Y Christopher Gore (Federalist)
[data unknown/missing]
New Jersey John Lambert Democratic-
Republican		 1808 Incumbent lost re-election.
New senator elected February 1, 1815 on the third ballot.[11]
Democratic-Republican hold.		 Y James Wilson (Democratic-Republican) 29[12]
John Lambert (Federalist) 17[12]
Ebenezer Elmer Withdrew[12]
New York Obadiah German Democratic-
Republican		 1809 [data unknown/missing]
New senator elected February 7, 1815.[13][14]
Democratic-Republican hold.		 Y Nathan Sanford (Democratic-Republican) 89
James Emott (Federalist) 40
John Jay (Federalist) 1
Philetus Swift (Democratic-Republican) 1[13][14]
Ohio Joseph Kerr Democratic-
Republican		 1814 (Special) Incumbent retired.
New senator elected January 7, 1815 on the third ballot.[15]
Democratic-Republican hold.		 Y Benjamin Ruggles (Democratic-Republican) 42
Duncan MacArthur 34
William Creighton Jr. 5
Peter Hitchcock 2[15]
Pennsylvania Jonathan Roberts Democratic-
Republican		 1814 (Special) Incumbent re-elected December 10, 1814.[16] Y Jonathan Roberts (Democratic-Republican) 84
Samuel Sitgreaves (Federalist) 32
Jared Ingersoll (Federalist) 1
Not voting 9[16]
Rhode Island William Hunter Federalist 1811 (Special) Incumbent re-elected November 4, 1814. Y William Hunter (Federalist) Unanimous[17]
Tennessee Joseph Anderson Democratic-
Republican		 1797 (Special)
1799 (Resigned)
1799 (Special)
1803
1809 (Appointed)
1809 (Special)		 Incumbent retired.
Legislature failed to elect.
Democratic-Republican loss.
A new senator would later be elected, see below.		 None.
Vermont Jonathan Robinson Democratic-
Republican		 1807 (Special)
1808		 Incumbent retired.
New senator elected October 25, 1814
Federalist gain.		 Y Isaac Tichenor (Federalist) 111
Jonathan Robinson (Democratic-Republican) 83
John Strong (Democratic-Republican) 7
Scattering, 1.[18]
Virginia Richard Brent Democratic-
Republican		 1808 Incumbent lost re-election, and then died after the election.
New senator elected November 14, 1814.
Democratic-Republican hold.		 Y James Barbour (Democratic-Republican) 107
William Wirt 80
Scattering 4[7]

Special elections during the next Congress

In this special election, the winner was elected in 1815 after March 4; ordered by election date.

State Incumbent Results Candidates
Senator Party Electoral
history
Tennessee
(Class 1)		 Vacant Legislature had failed to elect, see above.
New senator elected October 10, 1815.
Democratic-Republican gain.		 Y George W. Campbell (Democratic-Republican) 37
Parry Wayne Humphreys 23[19]
Tennessee
(Class 2)		 Jesse Wharton Democratic-
Republican		 1814 (Appointed) Interim appointee retired.
New senator elected October 10, 1815.
Democratic-Republican hold.		 Y John Williams (Democratic-Republican) 32
John Rhea 26[20]
North Carolina
(Class 3)		 Francis Locke Jr. Democratic-
Republican		 1800
1812		 Incumbent resigned, having failed to qualify.
New senator elected December 5, 1815 on the fifth ballot.[21][22]
Democratic-Republican hold.		 Y Nathaniel Macon (Democratic-Republican) 101
John Branch Jr. (Democratic-Republican) 59
Scattering 27[21][22]
Virginia
(Class 2)		 William B. Giles Democratic-
Republican		 1804 (Appointed)
1804 (Special)
1804
1811		 Incumbent resigned March 3, 1815.
New senator elected December 7, 1815.
Democratic-Republican hold.
Winner subsequently declined to serve.
A new senator was later elected in 1816.		 Y John Eppes (Democratic-Republican) 125
John Mercer 43

Connecticut
See also: List of United States senators from Connecticut

Delaware
See also: List of United States senators from Delaware

Kentucky (Special)
See also: List of United States senators from Kentucky

There were two special elections in Kentucky: one in 1814 and the other in 1815.

Maryland
See also: List of United States senators from Maryland

Massachusetts
See also: List of United States senators from Massachusetts and 1814–1815 United States House of Representatives elections in Massachusetts

New Hampshire (Special)
See also: List of United States senators from New Hampshire

New Jersey
See also: List of United States senators from New Jersey

New York
Main article: 1815 United States Senate election in New York
See also: List of United States senators from New York

North Carolina (Special)
See also: List of United States senators from North Carolina

Ohio
See also: List of United States senators from Ohio and 1814 United States House of Representatives elections in Ohio

Pennsylvania
See also: List of United States senators from Pennsylvania and 1814 United States House of Representatives elections in Pennsylvania

Rhode Island
See also: List of United States senators from Rhode Island

Tennessee
See also: List of United States senators from Tennessee and 1815 United States House of Representatives elections in Tennessee

Vermont
See also: List of United States senators from Vermont

Virginia
See also: List of United States senators from Virginia

Virginia
See also: List of United States senators from Virginia

See also

Notes

References
  1. "U.S. Senate Election - February 24, 1814" (PDF). Wilkes University. Retrieved December 21, 2012.
  2. "New Hampshire 1814 U.S. Senate, Special". Tufts Digital Collations and Archives. A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825. Tufts University. Retrieved February 25, 2018., citing Concord Gazette (Concord, NH). June 28, 1814. Turner, Lynn Warren. The Ninth State: New Hampshire's Formative Years. Chapel Hill, NC: The University of North Carolina Press, 1983. 292.
  3. Taylor, William A. (1900). Ohio in Congress from 1803 to 1901 with Notes and Sketches of Senators and Representatives and Other Historical Data and Incidents. Columbus, Ohio: The XX. Century Publishing Co. pp. 98–99 – via Internet Archive.
  4. "Kentucky 1814 U.S. Senate". Tufts Digital Collations and Archives. A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825. Tufts University. Retrieved February 25, 2018., citing The Western Monitor (Lexington, KY). December 23, 1814. Argus of Western America (Frankfort, KY). December 17, 1814.
  5. "North Carolina 1814 U.S. Senate, Special, Ballot 11". Tufts Digital Collations and Archives. A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825. Tufts University. Retrieved February 26, 2018., citing Norfolk Gazette and Publick Ledger (Norfolk, VA). January 4, 1815.
  6. "NC US Senate - Special Election". Our Campaigns. January 6, 2008. Retrieved February 24, 2015.
  7. "Virginia 1814 U.S. Senate". Tufts Digital Collations and Archives. A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825. Tufts University. Retrieved February 27, 2018., citing Norfolk Gazette and Publick Ledger (Norfolk, VA). November 19, 1814.
  8. "Kentucky 1815 U.S. Senate, Ballot 2". Tufts Digital Collations and Archives. A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825. Tufts University. Retrieved February 25, 2018., citing The Union (Washington, KY). January 14, 1815. Argus of Western America (Frankfort, KY). January 7, 1815.
  9. "Delaware 1815 U.S. Senate". Tufts Digital Collations and Archives. A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825. Tufts University. Retrieved February 25, 2018., citing Journal of the Delaware House of Representatives, 1815. 37.
  10. "MD US Senate". Our Campaigns. August 29, 2004. Retrieved February 27, 2015.
  11. "NJ US Senate". Our Campaigns. April 1, 2007. Retrieved February 26, 2015.
  12. "New Jersey 1815 U.S. Senate". Tufts Digital Collations and Archives. A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825. Tufts University. Retrieved February 26, 2018., citing New Jersey Privy Council Records, 1814. 306-307.
  13. "New York 1815 U.S. Senate". Tufts Digital Collations and Archives. A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825. Tufts University. Retrieved February 26, 2018., citing Ontario Messenger (Canandaigua, NY). February 21, 1815.
  14. "NY US Senate". Our Campaigns. Retrieved February 23, 2015.
  15. Taylor, William A. (1900). Ohio in Congress from 1803 to 1901 with Notes and Sketches of Senators and Representatives and Other Historical Data and Incidents. Columbus, Ohio: The XX. Century Publishing Co. p. 99 – via Internet Archive.
  16. "U.S. Senate Election - December 10, 1814" (PDF). Wilkes University. Retrieved December 21, 2012.
  17. "Rhode Island 1814 U.S. Senate". Tufts Digital Collations and Archives. A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825. Tufts University. Retrieved February 27, 2018., citing The Rhode-Island American, and General Advertiser (Providence, RI). November 8, 1814.
  18. "Tuesday, October 25th: Senator". Vermont Watchman. Montpelier, VT. October 27, 1814. p. 3. In addition to winning a majority in the legislature, Tichenor also unanimously received the 12 votes of the Governor and Council.
  19. "Tennessee 1815 U.S. Senate". Tufts Digital Collations and Archives. A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825. Tufts University. Retrieved February 27, 2018., citing Original Tally Sheet. Tennessee State Library and Archives, Nashville. Journal of the Tennessee House of Representatives, 1815. 112. Journal of the Tennessee State Senate, 1815. 96-97.
  20. "Tennessee 1815 U.S. Senate, Special". Tufts Digital Collations and Archives. A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825. Tufts University. Retrieved February 27, 2018., citing Original Tally Sheet. Tennessee State Library and Archives, Nashville. Journal of the Tennessee House of Representatives, 1815. 112. Journal of the Tennessee State Senate, 1815. 96-97.
  21. "North Carolina 1815 U.S. Senate, Special, Ballot 5". Tufts Digital Collations and Archives. A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825. Tufts University. Retrieved February 26, 2018., citing The Star (Raleigh, NC). December 8, 1815.
  22. "NC US Senate - Special Election". Our Campaigns. January 6, 2008. Retrieved February 24, 2015.
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