1918 United States Senate elections

1918 United States Senate elections
	November 5, 1918[lower-alpha 1]
	November 5, 1918[lower-alpha 1]
38 of the 96 seats in the United States Senate; 49 seats needed for a majority
	Results of the elections:; Democratic gain Democratic hold; Republican gain Republican hold; No election
Majority Leader before election; Thomas S. Martin; (as Conference Chairman); Democratic	Elected Majority Leader ; Henry Cabot Lodge; (Unofficial); Republican

The 1918 United States Senate elections were held throughout 1918,[lower-alpha 1] the midpoint of Woodrow Wilson's second term as President of the United States. Republicans gained a slim 2-seat control after picking up a net 6 seats (4 in general elections and 2 in special elections).

The change in control meant that the Republicans could deny entry of the United States into the League of Nations. American participation in this new international institution was the centerpiece of Wilson's post-war foreign policy.

It was the first election in which all Class 2 senators were subject to direct or popular election following the enactment of the Seventeenth Amendment, making them the final class under the old system.

Gains and losses

Republicans gained seven seats:

Lawrence C. Phipps (CO)
L. Heisler Ball (DE)
Joseph M. McCormick (IL)
Arthur Capper (KS)
Selden P. Spencer (MO)
Henry W. Keyes (NH)
Irvine Lenroot (WI) — won in a special election

Democrats gained one seat:

David I. Walsh (MA)

Party division

These numbers represent composition at the March 4, 1919 start of the 66th United States Congress. Composition often changes due to deaths, resignations, or party shifting.

Majority Party: Republican (49 seats)
Minority Party: Democratic (47 seats)
Other Parties: 0
Total Seats: 96

Source: United States Senate Official Website

Change in composition

Before the elections

		D₁	D₂	D₃	D₄	D₅	D₆	D₇	D₈
D₁₈	D₁₇	D₁₆	D₁₅	D₁₄	D₁₃	D₁₂	D₁₁	D₁₀	D₉
D₁₉	D₂₀	D₂₁	D₂₂	D₂₃	D₂₄	D₂₅	D₂₆	D₂₇	D₂₈
D₃₈ Kan. Ran	D₃₇ Ill. Ran	D₃₆ Idaho Ran	D₃₅ Ga. Ran	D₃₄ Del. Ran	D₃₃ Colo. Ran	D₃₂ Ark. Ran	D₃₁ Ala. Ran	D₃₀	D₂₉
D₃₉ La. (reg) Ran	D₄₀ La. (sp) Ran	D₄₁ Mo. (sp) Ran	D₄₂ Mont. Ran	D₄₃ Nev. (sp) Ran	D₄₄ N.H. (reg) Retired	D₄₅ N.C. Ran	D₄₆ Okla. Ran	D₄₇ S.C. (reg) & S.C. (sp) Ran	D₄₈ Tenn. Ran
Majority →									D₄₉ Va. Ran
R₃₉ N.J. (sp) Ran N.J. (reg) Retired	R₄₀ N.M. Ran	R₄₁ Ore. (sp) Retired Ore. (reg) Ran	R₄₂ R.I. Ran	R₄₃ S.D. Ran	R₄₄ Texas Ran	R₄₅ W.Va. Retired	D₅₁ Wyo. Ran	D₅₀ Wis. Died	D₄₉ Va. Ran
R₃₈ N.H. (sp) Retired	R₃₇ Neb. Ran	R₃₆ Miss. Ran	R₃₅ Minn. Ran	R₃₄ Mich. Retired	R₃₃ Mass. Ran	R₃₂ Me. Ran	R₃₁ Ky. Retired	R₃₀ Iowa Ran	R₂₉ Idaho (reg) Ran
R₁₉	R₂₀	R₂₁	R₂₂	R₂₃	R₂₄	R₂₅	R₂₆	R₂₇	R₂₈
R₁₈	R₁₇	R₁₆	R₁₅	R₁₄	R₁₃	R₁₂	R₁₁	R₁₀	R₉
		R₁	R₂	R₃	R₄	R₅	R₆	R₇	R₈

Elections results

		D₁	D₂	D₃	D₄	D₅	D₆	D₇	D₈
D₁₈	D₁₇	D₁₆	D₁₅	D₁₄	D₁₃	D₁₂	D₁₁	D₁₀	D₉
D₁₉	D₂₀	D₂₁	D₂₂	D₂₃	D₂₄	D₂₅	D₂₆	D₂₇	D₂₈
D₃₈ Mass. Gain	D₃₇ La. (sp) Hold	D₃₆ La. (reg) Re-elected	D₃₅ Ky. Hold	D₃₄ Idaho Elected[lower-alpha 2]	D₃₃ Ga. Hold	D₃₂ Ark. Re-elected	D₃₁ Ala. Re-elected	D₃₀	D₂₉
D₃₉ Miss. Hold	D₄₀ Mont. Re-elected	D₄₁ Nev. Elected[lower-alpha 2]	D₄₂ N.C. Re-elected	D₄₃ Okla. Re-elected	D₄₄ S.C. (reg) & S.C. (sp) Hold	D₄₅ Tenn. Re-elected	D₄₆ Texas Re-elected	D₄₇ Va. Re-elected	R₄₉ Wyo. Re-elected
Majority →									R₄₉ Wyo. Re-elected
R₃₉ Neb. Re-elected	R₄₀ N.H. (reg) Gain	R₄₁ N.H. (sp) Hold	R₄₂ N.J. (sp) Elected N.J. (reg) Hold	R₄₃ N.M. Re-elected	R₄₄ Ore. (sp) Hold Ore. (reg) Elected[lower-alpha 2]	R₄₅ R.I. Re-elected	R₄₆ S.D. Re-elected	R₄₇ W.Va. Hold	R₄₈ Wis. Gain
R₃₈ Mo. Gain	R₃₇ Minn. Re-elected	R₃₆ Mich. Hold	R₃₅ Me. Re-elected	R₃₄ Kan. Gain	R₃₃ Iowa Re-elected	R₃₂ Ill. Gain	R₃₁ Idaho (reg) Re-elected	R₃₀ Del. Gain	R₂₉ Colo. Gain
R₁₉	R₂₀	R₂₁	R₂₂	R₂₃	R₂₄	R₂₅	R₂₆	R₂₇	R₂₈
R₁₈	R₁₇	R₁₆	R₁₅	R₁₄	R₁₃	R₁₂	R₁₁	R₁₀	R₉
		R₁	R₂	R₃	R₄	R₅	R₆	R₇	R₈

Key:

D_#	Democratic
R_#	Republican

Complete list of races

Special elections during the 65th Congress

In these special elections, the winner was seated during 1918 or before March 4, 1919; ordered by election date.

State	Incumbent			Results	Candidates
State	Senator	Party	Electoral history	Results	Candidates
Wisconsin (Class 3)	Paul O. Husting	Democratic	1914	Incumbent died October 21, 1917. New senator elected April 2, 1918. Republican gain.	Y Irvine Lenroot (Republican) Joseph E. Davies (Democratic)
Idaho (Class 3)	John F. Nugent	Democratic	1918 (Appointed)	Interim appointee elected November 5, 1918.	Y John F. Nugent (Democratic), 50.5% Frank R. Gooding (Republican), 49.5%[1]
Louisiana (Class 3)	Walter Guion	Democratic	1918 (Appointed)	Interim appointee retired. New senator elected November 5, 1918. Democratic hold.	Y Edward James Gay Jr. (Democratic) Unopposed[2]
Missouri (Class 3)	Xenophon P. Wilfley	Democratic	1918 (Appointed)	Interim appointee lost nomination. New senator elected November 5, 1918. Republican gain.	Y Selden P. Spencer (Republican), 52.39% Joseph W. Folk (Democratic), 46.29% Caleb Lipscomb (Socialist), 1.16% William Wesley Cox (Socialist Labor), 0.16%[3]
Nevada (Class 3)	Charles Henderson	Democratic	1918 (Appointed)	Interim appointee elected November 5, 1918.	Y Charles Henderson (Democratic), 47.71% Edwin E. Roberts (Republican), 31.5% Anne Henrietta Martin (Independent), 18.01% Martin Scanlan (Socialist), 2.78%[4]
New Hampshire (Class 3)	Irving W. Drew	Republican	1918 (Appointed)	Interim appointee retired. New senator elected November 5, 1918. Republican hold.	Y George H. Moses (Republican), 50.76% John B. Jameson (Democratic), 49.24%[5]
New Jersey (Class 2)	David Baird	Republican	1918 (Appointed)	Interim appointee elected November 5, 1918. Interim appointee was not a candidate for the next term, see below.	Y David Baird (Republican), 49.17% Charles O. Hennessy (Democratic), 44.64% James M. Reilly (Socialist), 3.82% Grafton Day (Prohibition), 2.38%[6]
Oregon (Class 2)	Charles L. McNary	Republican	1917 (Appointed)	Interim appointee retired. New senator elected November 5, 1918. Republican hold. Interim appointee was instead elected to the next term, see below. Mulkey took the seat but subsequently resigned so McNary could be re-appointed ahead of the term.	Y Frederick W. Mulkey (Republican), 84.53% Martha Bean (Socialist), 15.47%[7]
South Carolina (Class 2)	Christie Benet	Democratic	1918 (Appointed)	Interim appointee lost renomination. New senator elected November 5, 1918. Democratic hold. Neither the interim appointee nor the winner were elected to the next term, see below.	Y William P. Pollock (Democratic) Unopposed[8]

Elections leading to the 66th Congress

In these general elections, the winners were elected for the term beginning March 4, 1919; ordered by state.

All of the elections involved the Class 2 seats.

State	Incumbent			Results	Candidates
State	Senator	Party	Electoral history	Results	Candidates
Alabama	John H. Bankhead	Democratic	1907 (Appointed) 1907 (Special) 1911 (Early)	Incumbent re-elected.	Y John H. Bankhead (Democratic) Unopposed[9]
Arkansas	Joseph Robinson	Democratic	1913	Incumbent re-elected.	Y Joseph Robinson (Democratic) Unopposed[10]
Colorado	John F. Shafroth	Democratic	1913	Incumbent lost re-election. New senator elected. Republican gain.	Y Lawrence C. Phipps (Republican), 49.49% John F. Shafroth (Democratic), 47.94% P. A. Richardson (Prohibition), 2.58%[11]
Delaware	Willard Saulsbury, Jr.	Democratic	1913	Incumbent lost re-election. New senator elected. Republican gain.	Y L. Heisler Ball (Republican), 51.17% Willard Saulsbury, Jr. (Democratic), 47.83% William H. Connor (Socialist), 1%[12]
Georgia	Thomas W. Hardwick	Democratic	1914 (Special)	Incumbent lost renomination. New senator elected. Democratic hold.	Y William J. Harris (Democratic), 88.34% G. H. Williams (Republican), 11.66%[13]
Idaho	William Borah	Republican	1907 1913	Incumbent re-elected.	Y William Borah (Republican), 67.21% Frank L. Moore (Democratic), 32.79%[14]
Illinois	J. Hamilton Lewis	Democratic	1913 (Late)	Incumbent lost re-election. New senator elected. Republican gain.	Y Joseph M. McCormick (Republican), 50.5% J. Hamilton Lewis (Democratic), 44.92% William B. Lloyd (Socialist), 3.91% John M. Francis (Socialist Labor), 0.34%[15]
Iowa	William S. Kenyon	Republican	1911 (Special) 1913	Incumbent re-elected.	Y William S. Kenyon (Republican), 65.4% Charles Rollin Keyes (Democratic), 34.6%[16]
Kansas	William Thompson	Democratic	1913	Incumbent lost re-election. New senator elected. Republican gain.	Y Arthur Capper (Republican), 63.69% William Thompson (Democratic), 33.73% Eva Harding (Socialist), 2.58%[17]
Kentucky	George B. Martin	Democratic	1918 (Appointed)	Incumbent retired. New senator elected. Democratic hold.	Y Augustus O. Stanley (Democratic), 50.77% Ben Bruner (Republican), 49.23%[18]
Louisiana	Joseph E. Ransdell	Democratic	1912	Incumbent re-elected.	Y Joseph E. Ransdell (Democratic) Unopposed[19]
Maine	Bert M. Fernald	Republican	1916 (Special)	Incumbent re-elected September 9, 1918.	Y Bert M. Fernald (Republican), 55.4% Earl Newbert (Democratic), 44.6%[20]
Massachusetts	John W. Weeks	Republican	1913	Incumbent lost re-election. New senator elected. Democratic gain.	Y David I. Walsh (Democratic), 49.67% John W. Weeks (Republican), 45.07% Thomas W. Lawson (Independent), 5.26%[21]
Michigan	William Alden Smith	Republican	1911 1913	Incumbent retired. New senator elected. Republican hold.	Y Truman Handy Newberry (Republican), 50.19% Henry Ford (Democratic), 48.47% E. O. Foss (Socialist), 1.09% William Faull (Prohibition), 0.26%[22]
Minnesota	Knute Nelson	Republican	1895 1901 1907 1913	Incumbent re-elected.	Y Knute Nelson (Republican), 60.05% Willis Calderwood (Nationalist), 39.95%[23]
Mississippi	James K. Vardaman	Democratic	1912	Incumbent lost renomination. New senator elected.[24] Democratic hold.[25]	Y Pat Harrison (Democratic), 95.04% Summer W. Rose (Socialist), 4.96%
Montana	Thomas J. Walsh	Democratic	1913	Incumbent re-elected.	Y Thomas J. Walsh (Democratic), 41.07% Oscar Lanstrum (Republican), 35.79% Jeannette Rankin (Nationalist), 23.14%[26]
Nebraska	George W. Norris	Republican	1913	Incumbent re-elected.	Y George W. Norris (Republican), 54.52% John H. Morehead (Democratic), 45.49%[27]
New Hampshire	Henry F. Hollis	Democratic	1913	Incumbent retired. New senator elected. Republican gain.	Y Henry W. Keyes (Republican), 53.54% Eugene Elliott Reed (Democratic), 46.46%[28]
New Jersey	David Baird	Republican	1918 (Appointed)	Interim appointee retired. New senator elected. Republican hold. Interim appointee, however, waselected to finish the current term, see above.	Y Walter Evans Edge (Republican), 50.34% George M. La Monte (Democratic), 43.23% James M. Reilly (Socialist), 4.14% Grafton Day (Prohibition), 1.62% William J. Wallace (Single Tax), 0.66%[29]
New Mexico	Albert B. Fall	Republican	1912 (New state) 1912 (Invalidated) 1913	Incumbent re-elected.	Y Albert B. Fall (Republican), 51.4% William B. Walton (Democratic), 47.48% W. P. Metcalf (Socialist), 1.12%[30]
North Carolina	Furnifold Simmons	Democratic	1901 1907 1913	Incumbent re-elected.	Y Furnifold Simmons (Democratic), 60.5% John M. Morehead (Republican), 39.5%[31]
Oklahoma	Robert L. Owen	Democratic	1907 1913	Incumbent re-elected.	Y Robert Latham Owen (Democratic), 55.44% W. B. Johnson (Republican), 40.73% C. M. Greenland (Socialist), 3.83%[32]
Oregon	Charles L. McNary	Republican	1917 (Appointed)	Interim appointee elected to the next term but not to finish the term. Winner subsequently appointed to begin next term early when winner of the special election, see above, resigned.	Y Charles L. McNary (Republican), 54.17% Oswald West (Democratic), 42.3% Albert Slaughter (Socialist), 3.53%[33]
Rhode Island	LeBaron B. Colt	Republican	1913	Incumbent re-elected.	Y LeBaron B. Colt (Republican), 51.76% George F. O'Shaunessy (Democratic), 46.24% Frederick W. Hunt (Socialist), 2%[34]
South Carolina	Christie Benet	Democratic	1918 (Appointed)	Interim appointee retired. New senator elected. Democratic hold. Neither the interim appointee nor the winner were elected to finish the current term, see above.	Y Nathaniel B. Dial (Democratic) Unopposed
South Dakota	Thomas Sterling	Republican	1913	Incumbent re-elected.	Y Thomas Sterling (Republican), 55.07% W. T. Rinehart (Democratic), 38.95% Orville Rafferty (Independent), 5.98%[35]
Tennessee	John K. Shields	Democratic	1913	Incumbent re-elected.	Y John K. Shields (Democratic), 62.17% Henry Clay Evans (Republican), 37.83%[36]
Texas	Morris Sheppard	Democratic	1913 (Special)	Incumbent re-elected.	Y Morris Sheppard (Democratic), 86.69% J. Webster Flanagan (Republican), 12.41% M. A. Smith (Socialist), 0.9%[37]
Virginia	Thomas S. Martin	Democratic	1893 (Early) 1899 (Early) 1906 1912	Incumbent re-elected.	Y Thomas S. Martin (Democratic) Unopposed[38]
West Virginia	Nathan Goff, Jr.	Republican	1913	Incumbent retired. New senator elected. Republican hold.	Y Davis Elkins (Republican), 53.53% Clarence Wayland Watson (Democratic), 45.4% D. M. S. Holt (Socialist), 1.06%[39]
Wyoming	Francis E. Warren	Republican	1890 1893 (Lost) 1895 1901 1907 1913	Incumbent re-elected.	Y Francis E. Warren (Republican), 57.77% John Eugene Osborne (Democratic), 42.23%[40]

Alabama

Arizona

Arkansas

California

Colorado

Connecticut

Delaware

Florida

Georgia

Idaho

Illinois

1918 United States Senate election in Illinois[41]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Republican	Medill McCormick	479,967	50.50
	Democratic	James Hamilton Lewis (incumbent)	426,943	44.92
	Socialist	William Bross Lloyd	37,167	3.91
	Socialist Labor	John M. Francis	3,268	0.34
	Prohibition	Frank B. Vennum	3,151	0.33
Majority			53,024	5.58
Turnout			950,496
	Republican gain from Democratic

Indiana

Iowa

Kansas

Kentucky

Louisiana

Maine

Maryland

Massachusetts

Michigan

Minnesota

Mississippi

Missouri

Montana

Nebraska

Nevada

New Hampshire

New Jersey

New Mexico

New York

North Carolina

North Dakota

Ohio

Oklahoma

Oregon

Pennsylvania

Rhode Island

South Carolina

South Carolina (Regular)

Senator Nathaniel B. Dial

The Democratic primary was held August 27, 1918.[42]

South Carolina (Special)

Senator William P. Pollock

The Democratic primary was held August 27, 1918,[43] and a run-off between William P. Pollock and Thomas H. Peeples was held September 10, 1918.[44]

South Dakota

Tennessee

Texas

Utah

Vermont

Virginia

Washington

West Virginia

Wisconsin

Wyoming

Notes

There was a general election September 9, 1918 in Maine, and special elections in April and November 1918.
Appointee elected

References

"ID US Senate - Special Election Race - Nov 05, 1918". Our Campaigns. Retrieved December 19, 2017.
"LA US Senate - Special Election Race - Nov 05, 1918". Our Campaigns. Retrieved December 19, 2017.
"MO US Senate - Special Election Race - Nov 05, 1918". Our Campaigns. Retrieved December 19, 2017.
"NV US Senate - Special Race - Nov 05, 1918". Our Campaigns. Retrieved December 19, 2017.
"NH US Senate - Special Election Race - Nov 05, 1918". Our Campaigns. Retrieved December 19, 2017.
"NJ US Senate - Special Election Race - Nov 05, 1918". Our Campaigns. Retrieved December 19, 2017.
"OR US Senate - Special Election Race - Nov 05, 1918". Our Campaigns. Retrieved December 19, 2017.
"Our Campaigns - SC US Senate - Special Election Race - Nov 05, 1918". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved July 30, 2020.
"AL Senate Race - Nov 03, 1918". Our Campaigns. Retrieved December 19, 2017.
"AR US Senate Race - Nov 05, 1918". Our Campaigns. Retrieved December 19, 2017.
"CO US Senate Race - Nov 05, 1918". Our Campaigns. Retrieved December 19, 2017.
"DE US Senate Race - Nov 05, 1918". Our Campaigns. Retrieved December 19, 2017.
"GA US Senate Race - Nov 05, 1918". Our Campaigns. Retrieved December 19, 2017.
"ID US Senate Race - Nov 05, 1918". Our Campaigns. Retrieved December 19, 2017.
"IL US Senate Race - Nov 05, 1918". Our Campaigns. Retrieved December 19, 2017.
"IA US Senate Race - Nov 05, 1918". Our Campaigns. Retrieved December 19, 2017.
"KS US Senate Race - Nov 05, 1918". Our Campaigns. Retrieved December 19, 2017.
"KY US Senate Race - Nov 05, 1918". Our Campaigns. Retrieved December 19, 2017.
"LA US Senate Race - Nov 05, 1918". Our Campaigns. Retrieved December 19, 2017.
"ME US Senate Race - Sep 09, 1918". Our Campaigns. Retrieved December 19, 2017.
"MA US Senate Race - Nov 05, 1918". Our Campaigns. Retrieved December 19, 2017.
"MI US Senate Race - Nov 05, 1918". Our Campaigns. Retrieved December 19, 2017.
"MN US Senate Race - Nov 05, 1918". Our Campaigns. Retrieved December 19, 2017.
Street, William B. (March 21, 1965). "The Man Who Invented The Redneck". The Commercial Appeal.
"MS US Senate Race - Nov 05, 1918". Our Campaigns. Retrieved December 19, 2017.
"MT US Senate Race - Nov 05, 1918". Our Campaigns. Retrieved December 19, 2017.
"NE US Senate Race - Nov 05, 1918". Our Campaigns. Retrieved December 19, 2017.
"NH US Senate Race - Nov 05, 1918". Our Campaigns. Retrieved December 19, 2017.
"NJ US Senate Race - Nov 05, 1918". Our Campaigns. Retrieved December 19, 2017.
"NM US Senate Race - Nov 05, 1918". Our Campaigns. Retrieved December 19, 2017.
"NC US Senate Race - Nov 05, 1918". Our Campaigns. Retrieved December 19, 2017.
"OK US Senate Race - Nov 05, 1918". Our Campaigns. Retrieved December 19, 2017.
"OR US Senate Race - Nov 05, 1918". Our Campaigns. Retrieved December 19, 2017.
"RI US Senate Race - Nov 05, 1918". Our Campaigns. Retrieved December 19, 2017.
"SD US Senate Race - Nov 05, 1918". Our Campaigns. Retrieved December 19, 2017.
"TN US Senate Race - Nov 05, 1918". Our Campaigns. Retrieved December 19, 2017.
"TX US Senate Race - Nov 05, 1918". Our Campaigns. Retrieved December 19, 2017.
"VA US Senate Race - Nov 05, 1918". Our Campaigns. Retrieved December 19, 2017.
"WV US Senate Race - Nov 05, 1918". Our Campaigns. Retrieved December 19, 2017.
1919 Official Directory of Wyoming and Election Returns For 1918. W.E. Chaplin, Wyoming Secretary of State. pp. 36–37. Retrieved January 23, 2018.
"OFFICIAL VOTE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS CAST AT THE General Election, November 5, 1918 Judicial Elections, 1917-1918, Primary Election, September 11, 1918" (PDF). Illinois State Board of Elections. Retrieved December 19, 2020.
https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=430754
https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=430755
https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=430756

This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

[Dates-1] There was a general election September 9, 1918 in Maine, and special elections in April and November 1918.

[Appointee_elected-2] Appointee elected

[3] "ID US Senate - Special Election Race - Nov 05, 1918". Our Campaigns. Retrieved December 19, 2017.

[4] "LA US Senate - Special Election Race - Nov 05, 1918". Our Campaigns. Retrieved December 19, 2017.

[5] "MO US Senate - Special Election Race - Nov 05, 1918". Our Campaigns. Retrieved December 19, 2017.

[6] "NV US Senate - Special Race - Nov 05, 1918". Our Campaigns. Retrieved December 19, 2017.

[7] "NH US Senate - Special Election Race - Nov 05, 1918". Our Campaigns. Retrieved December 19, 2017.

[8] "NJ US Senate - Special Election Race - Nov 05, 1918". Our Campaigns. Retrieved December 19, 2017.

[9] "OR US Senate - Special Election Race - Nov 05, 1918". Our Campaigns. Retrieved December 19, 2017.

[10] "Our Campaigns - SC US Senate - Special Election Race - Nov 05, 1918". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved July 30, 2020.

[11] "AL Senate Race - Nov 03, 1918". Our Campaigns. Retrieved December 19, 2017.

[12] "AR US Senate Race - Nov 05, 1918". Our Campaigns. Retrieved December 19, 2017.

[13] "CO US Senate Race - Nov 05, 1918". Our Campaigns. Retrieved December 19, 2017.

[14] "DE US Senate Race - Nov 05, 1918". Our Campaigns. Retrieved December 19, 2017.

[15] "GA US Senate Race - Nov 05, 1918". Our Campaigns. Retrieved December 19, 2017.

[16] "ID US Senate Race - Nov 05, 1918". Our Campaigns. Retrieved December 19, 2017.

[17] "IL US Senate Race - Nov 05, 1918". Our Campaigns. Retrieved December 19, 2017.

[18] "IA US Senate Race - Nov 05, 1918". Our Campaigns. Retrieved December 19, 2017.

[19] "KS US Senate Race - Nov 05, 1918". Our Campaigns. Retrieved December 19, 2017.

[20] "KY US Senate Race - Nov 05, 1918". Our Campaigns. Retrieved December 19, 2017.

[21] "LA US Senate Race - Nov 05, 1918". Our Campaigns. Retrieved December 19, 2017.

[22] "ME US Senate Race - Sep 09, 1918". Our Campaigns. Retrieved December 19, 2017.

[23] "MA US Senate Race - Nov 05, 1918". Our Campaigns. Retrieved December 19, 2017.

[24] "MI US Senate Race - Nov 05, 1918". Our Campaigns. Retrieved December 19, 2017.

[25] "MN US Senate Race - Nov 05, 1918". Our Campaigns. Retrieved December 19, 2017.

[26] Street, William B. (March 21, 1965). "The Man Who Invented The Redneck". The Commercial Appeal.

[27] "MS US Senate Race - Nov 05, 1918". Our Campaigns. Retrieved December 19, 2017.

[28] "MT US Senate Race - Nov 05, 1918". Our Campaigns. Retrieved December 19, 2017.

[29] "NE US Senate Race - Nov 05, 1918". Our Campaigns. Retrieved December 19, 2017.

[30] "NH US Senate Race - Nov 05, 1918". Our Campaigns. Retrieved December 19, 2017.

[31] "NJ US Senate Race - Nov 05, 1918". Our Campaigns. Retrieved December 19, 2017.

[32] "NM US Senate Race - Nov 05, 1918". Our Campaigns. Retrieved December 19, 2017.

[33] "NC US Senate Race - Nov 05, 1918". Our Campaigns. Retrieved December 19, 2017.

[34] "OK US Senate Race - Nov 05, 1918". Our Campaigns. Retrieved December 19, 2017.

[35] "OR US Senate Race - Nov 05, 1918". Our Campaigns. Retrieved December 19, 2017.

[36] "RI US Senate Race - Nov 05, 1918". Our Campaigns. Retrieved December 19, 2017.

[37] "SD US Senate Race - Nov 05, 1918". Our Campaigns. Retrieved December 19, 2017.

[38] "TN US Senate Race - Nov 05, 1918". Our Campaigns. Retrieved December 19, 2017.

[39] "TX US Senate Race - Nov 05, 1918". Our Campaigns. Retrieved December 19, 2017.

[40] "VA US Senate Race - Nov 05, 1918". Our Campaigns. Retrieved December 19, 2017.

[41] "WV US Senate Race - Nov 05, 1918". Our Campaigns. Retrieved December 19, 2017.

[42] 1919 Official Directory of Wyoming and Election Returns For 1918. W.E. Chaplin, Wyoming Secretary of State. pp. 36–37. Retrieved January 23, 2018.

[43] "OFFICIAL VOTE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS CAST AT THE General Election, November 5, 1918 Judicial Elections, 1917-1918, Primary Election, September 11, 1918" (PDF). Illinois State Board of Elections. Retrieved December 19, 2020.

[44] ttps://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=430754

[45] ttps://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=430755

[46] ttps://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=430756