2011 in paleontology

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Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils.[1] This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 2011.

Protozoa

New taxa

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Notes	Images
Vetufebrus[2]	Gen et sp nov	Valid	Poinar	Burdigalian	Dominican amber	Dominican Republic	A Plasmodiidae vectored by the bat fly Enischnomyia stegosoma	Vetufebrus ovatus

Plants

Angiosperms

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Notes	Images
Palmoxylon lametaei[3]	Species	Valid	Dutta, Ambwani, & Estrada-Ruiz	Maastrichtian	Lameta Formation	India	A petrified palm wood
Leefructus[4]	Gen. et sp.	Valid	Sun, Dilcher, Wang, & Chen	Early Cretaceous	Yixian Formation	China	A basal eudicot

Gymnosperms

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Notes	Images
Qataniaria[5]	Gen. et sp.	Valid	Krassilov & Schrank	Albian	Hatira Formation	Israel
Cariria[6]	Gen. et sp.	Valid	Kunzmann, Mohr, Wilde & Bernardes-de-Oliveira	Aptian	Crato Formation	Brazil

Pteridophytes

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Notes	Images
Equisetum thermale[7]	sp. nov	Valid	Channing, Zamuner, Edwards, & Guido	Callovian - Tithonian	La Matilde Formation	Argentina	oldest crown group Equisetum species

Nematoda

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Notes	Images
Formicodiplogaster[8]	Gen et sp nov	valid	Poinar	Burdigalian	Dominican amber	Dominican Republic	Diplogasteridae nematode, parasite of ant genus Azteca; Type species Formicodiplogaster myrmenema	Formicodiplogaster myrmenema

Lobopods

Name	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Notes
Diania cactiformis[9]	Valid	Liu et al.	Lower Cambrian	Maotianshan shale	China	A lobopodian.
Mureropodia apae	Valid	Gamez Vintaned, Linan, & Zhuravlev	Early Cambrian	Murero	Spain	A lobopodian.
Siberion lenaicus	Valid	Dzik	Early Cambrian	Sinsk Formation	Russia	A lobopodian.

Vetulicolians

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Notes	Images
Ooedigera peeli[10]	gen. nov	valid	Zinther, et al.	Early Cambrian	Sirius Passet	Greenland	earliest known vetulicolian described	Artist's reconstruction

Molluscs

Arthropods

Fishes

Amphibians

Newly named lepospondyls

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Notes
Kirktonecta[11]	Gen. et sp.	Valid	Clack	Viséan	East Kirkton Quarry	Scotland	A microsaur.
Tambaroter[12]	Gen. et sp.	Valid	Henrici Martens et al.[CAL 1]	Early Permian	Tambach Formation	Germany	An ostodolepid.

Newly named temnospondyls

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Notes	Images
Acheloma dunni[13]	Species	Valid	Polley Reisz	Early Permian		USA	A trematopid.
Calmasuchus[14]	Gen. et sp.	Valid	Fortuny Galobart De Santisteban	early-middle Anisian	Catalan basin	Spain	A capitosaurian.
Rotaryus[15]	Gen. et sp.	Valid	Berman Henrici et al.[CAL 2]	Early Permian	Tambach Formation	Germany	A trematopid.
Rubeostratilia[16]	Gen. et sp.	Valid	Bourget Anderson	Early Permian		USA	An amphibamid.	Rubeostratilia texensis.

Newly named lissamphibians

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Notes	Images
Urupia[17]	Gen. et sp.	Valid	Skutschas Krasnolutskii	Bathonian	Itat Formation	Russia	A basal stem salamander.

Basal reptiles

Newly named captorhinids

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Notes	Images
Gansurhinus[18]	Gen. et sp.	Valid	Reisz Liu et al.[CAL 3]	Middle Permian		China	A moradisaurine captorinid.

Newly named basal diapsids

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Notes	Images
Orovenator[19]	Gen. et sp.	Valid	Reisz Modesto Scott	Sakmarian		USA	The oldest and most basal neodiapsid.

Newly named ichthyosaurs

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Notes	Images
Sveltonectes[20]	Gen. et sp.	Valid	Fischer Masure et al.[CAL 4]	Barremian		Russia	An ophthalmosaurid.

Lepidosauromorphs

Newly named saurosphargids

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Notes	Images
Sinosaurosphargis[21]	Gen. et sp.	Valid	Li Rieppel et al.[CAL 5]	Middle Anisian	Guanling Formation	China	An incertae sedis.

Newly named sauropterygians

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Notes
Abyssosaurus[22]	Gen. et sp.	Valid	Berezin	Late Hauterivian		Russia	An aristonectid.
Diandongosaurus[23]	Gen. et sp.	Valid	Shang Wu Li	Middle Anisian	Guanling Formation	China	A relative of nothosauroids.[24]
Dianopachysaurus[25]	Gen. et sp.	Valid	Liu Rieppel et al.[CAL 6]	Middle Anisian	Guanling Formation	China	A keichousaurid pachypleurosaur.
Hauffiosaurus tomistomimus[26]	Species	Valid	Benson Ketchum et al.[CAL 7]	Early Toarcian	Whitby Limestone Formation	England	A second species of Hauffiosaurus.
Marmornectes[27]	Gen. et sp.	Valid	Ketchum Benson	Callovian	Oxford Clay Formation	United Kingdom	A pliosaurid.
Westphaliasaurus[28]	Gen. et sp.	Valid	Schwermann Sander	Pliensbachian	Höxter district	Germany	A plesiosaurid plesiosaur.
Zarafasaura[29]	Gen. et sp.	Valid	Vincent Bardet et al.[CAL 8]	Maastrichtian		Morocco	An elasmosaurid plesiosaur.

Newly named lizards

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Notes
Brasiliguana[30]	Gen. et sp.	Valid	Nava Martinelli	Turonian/Santonian	Adamantina Formation	Brazil	An iguanian lizard.
Cryptolacerta[31]	Gen. et sp.	Valid	Müller Hipsley et al.[CAL 9]	Lutetian	Messel pit	Germany	An amphisbaenian lizard.
Latoplatecarpus[32]	Gen. et sp.	Valid	Konishi Caldwell	Campanian	Pierre Shale Formation Demopolis Chalk Formation	Canada USA	A plioplatecarpine mosasaur. Its type species is Latoplatecarpus willistoni; "Plioplatecarpus" nichollsae (Cuthbertson et al.., 2007) is a second species of Latoplatecarpus.
Oreithyia[33][34]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Smith	Eocene (Chadronian)		United States	A member of Corytophanidae. The type species is Oreithyia oaklandi.
Plesioplatecarpus[32]	Gen. et comb.	Valid	Konishi Caldwell	Middle Coniacian to middle Santonian.	Niobrara Chalk Eutaw Formation	USA	A plioplatecarpine mosasaur, a new genus for "Clidastes" planifrons (Cope, 1874).
Queironius[33]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Smith	Eocene (Chadronian)		United States	A relative of the desert iguana. The type species is Queironius praelapsus.
Sauropithecoides[33]	Gen. et comb. nov	Valid	Smith	Eocene (Chadronian)		United States	A member of Polychrotidae; a new genus for "Polychrus" charisticus Smith (2006).

Newly named snakes

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Notes	Images
Madtsoia pisdurensis[35]	Species	Valid	Mohabey Head Wilson	Late Cretaceous		India	A madtsoiid snake.

Turtles

Newly named turtles

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Notes
Albertwoodemys[36]	Gen. et sp.	Valid	Gaffney Meylan et al.[CAL 10]	Early Oligocene	Jebel Qatrani Formation	Egypt	A podocnemidid.
Brontochelys[36]	Gen. et comb.	Valid	Gaffney Meylan et al.	Early Miocene		Pakistan	A podocnemidid, a new genus for "Shweboemys" gaffneyi.
Cordichelys[36]	Gen. et comb.	Valid	Gaffney Meylan et al.	Late Eocene	Qasr el-Sagha beds	Egypt	A podocnemidid, a new genus for "Podocnemis" antiqua.
Gilmoremys[37]	Gen. et comb.	Valid	Joyce Lyson	Maastrichtian	Lance Formation Hell Creek Formation	USA	A softshell turtle, new genus for "Aspideretes" lancensis (Gilmore, 1928).
Graptemys kerneri[38]	Sp. nov	Valid	Ehret & Bourque	Late Pleistocene		United States	An emydid, a species of Graptemys.
Hispaniachelys[39]	Gen. et sp.	Valid	Slater Reolid et al.[CAL 11]	Oxfordian	Lorente Formation	Spain	A paracryptodire or a basal testudine.
Hoplochelys clark[40]	Species	Valid	Joyce Lyson et al.[CAL 12]	Maastrichtian	Hell Creek Formation	USA	A kinosternoid, a species of Hoplochelys.
Lapparentemys[36]	Gen. et comb.	Valid	Gaffney Meylan et al.	Paleocene	Santa Lucía Formation	Bolivia	A podocnemidid, a new genus for "Roxochelys" vilavilensis.
Latentemys[36]	Gen. et sp.	Valid	Gaffney Meylan et al.	Uncertain, possibly Miocene.	Uncertain, possibly Moghara Formation.	Egypt?	A podocnemidid.
Lemurchelys[36]	Gen. et sp.	Valid	Gaffney Meylan et al.	Early Miocene	Moghara Formation	Egypt	A podocnemidid.
Mogharemys[36]	Gen. et comb.	Valid	Gaffney Meylan et al.	Miocene		Egypt	A podocnemidid, a new genus for "Sternothaerus" blanckenhorni.
Oliveremys[41]	Gen. et comb. nov.	Valid	Vitek	Eocene	Washakie Formation	USA	A trionychid, a new genus for "Trionyx" uintaensis.
Patagoniaemys[42]	Gen. et sp.	Valid	Sterli De la Fuente	Campanian - Maastrichtian	La Colonia Formation	Argentina	A stem turtle.
Peiropemys[36]	Gen. et sp.	Valid	Gaffney Meylan et al.	Late Cretaceous	Marília Formation	Brazil	A podocnemidid.
Pricemys[36]	Gen. et sp.	Valid	Gaffney Meylan et al.	Late Cretaceous	Marília Formation	Brazil	A podocnemidid.
Prochelidella cerrobarcinae[43]	Species	Valid	de la Fuente Umazano et al.[CAL 13]	Aptian/Albian	Cerro Barcino Formation	Argentina	The oldest known chelid, a species of Prochelidella.
Selenemys[44]	Gen. et sp.	Valid	Pérez-García Ortega	Upper Kimmeridgian	Lusitanian Basin	Portugal	A pleurosternid.
Sokatra[45]	Gen. et sp.	Valid	Gaffney Krause	Maastrichtian	Maevarano Formation	Madagascar	A pleurodiran.
Trionyx ikoviensis[46]	Species	Valid	Danilov Zvonok et al.[CAL 14]	Middle Eocene		Ukraine	A species of Trionyx sensu lato.
Wilburemys[47]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Martin Mallory	Late Miocene-Pliocene (Hemphillian-Blancan)	Ellensburg Formation	USA	A member of Emydidae belonging to the subfamily Emydinae. The type species is Wilburemys yakimensis.

Archosauromorphs

Newly named basal archosauromorphs

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Notes	Images
Archeopelta[48]	Gen. et sp.	Valid	Desojo Ezcurra Schultz	Late Ladinian/Early Carnian	Santa Maria Formation	Brazil	A member of Archosauriformes of uncertain phylogenetic placement. Originally classified as a doswelliid, but subsequently argued to be an erpetosuchid archosaur.[49]	Archeopelta arborensis
Augustaburiania[50]	Gen. et sp.	Valid	Sennikov	Early Triassic	Don River Basin	Russia	The earliest tanystropheid.
Kyrgyzsaurus[51]	Gen. et sp.	Valid	Alifanov Kurochkin	Late Ladinian/Early Carnian	Madygen Formation	Kyrgyzstan	The earliest drepanosaurid.
Protanystropheus[50]	Gen. et comb.	Valid	Sennikov	Middle - Late Triassic		Austria Germany Netherlands Poland	A tanystropheid, a new genus for "Tanystropheus" antiquus (von Huene, 1905).

Archosaurs

Synapsids

Newly named non-mammalian synapsids

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Notes	Images
Annatherapsidus postum[52]	Sp.	Valid	Ivakhnenko	Late Permian		Russia	A therocephalian.
Basilodon[53]	Gen. et comb.	Valid	Kammerer Angielczyk Fröbisch	Late Permian		South Africa	A dicynodont. A new genus for "Dicynodon" woodwardi.
Bridetherium[54]	Gen. et sp.	Valid	Clemens	Early Jurassic		United Kingdom	A morganucodontan.
Candelariodon[55]	Gen. et sp.	Valid	De Oliveira Schultz et al.[CAL 15]	Middle Triassic	Santa Maria Formation	Brazil	A carnivorous cynodont.
Cryptovenator[56]	Gen. et sp.	Valid	Fröbisch Schoch et al.[CAL 16]	Late Gzhelian	Remigiusberg Formation	Germany	A sphenacodontid pelycosaur. The type species is Cryptovenator hirschbergeri.
Euptychognathus[53]	Gen. et comb.	Valid	Kammerer Angielczyk Fröbisch	Late Permian		South Africa	A dicynodont. A new genus for "Dicynodon" bathyrhynchus.
Euromycter[57]	Gen. et comb.	Valid	Reisz Maddin et al.[CAL 17]	Upper Sakmarian - Lower Lopingian	Grès Rouge Group	France	A large caseid. A new genus for "Casea" rutena.
Gorochovetzia[52]	Gen. et sp.	Valid	Ivakhnenko	Late Permian		Russia	A therocephalian.
Keyseria[53]	Gen. et comb.	Valid	Kammerer Angielczyk Fröbisch	Late Permian		South Africa	A dicynodont. A new genus for "Dicynodon" benjamini.
Muchia[52]	Gen. et sp.	Valid	Ivakhnenko	Late Permian		Russia	A therocephalian.
Paceyodon[54]	Gen. et sp.	Valid	Clemens	Early Jurassic		United Kingdom	A morganucodontan.
Peramodon[53]	Gen. et comb.	Valid	Kammerer Angielczyk Fröbisch	Late Permian		Russia	A dicynodont. A new genus for "Dicynodon" amalitzkii
Perplexisaurus lepusculus[52]	Species	Valid	Ivakhnenko	Middle Permian		Russia	A therocephalian.
Purlovia[52]	Gen. et sp.	Valid	Ivakhnenko	Late Permian		Russia	A therocephalian with a short skull.	Purlovia
Ruthenosaurus[57]	Gen. et sp.	Valid	Reisz Maddin et al.[CAL 17]	Upper Sakmarian - Lower Lopingian	Grès Rouge Group	France	A large caseid. The type species is Ruthenosaurus russellorum
Syops[53]	Gen. et comb.	Valid	Kammerer Angielczyk Fröbisch	Late Permian		South Africa	A dicynodont. A new genus for "Dicynodon" vanhoepeni.
Tiarajudens[58]	Gen. et sp.	Valid	Cisneros Abdala et al.[CAL 18]	Capitanian	Rio do Rasto Formation	Brazil	A basal, saber-toothed herbivorous anomodont. The type species is Tiarajudens eccentricus.

Mammals

Footnotes

Complete author list

As science becomes more collaborative, papers with large numbers of authors are becoming more common. To prevent the deformation of the tables, these footnotes list the contributors to papers that erect new genera and have many authors.

Henrici, Martens, Berman, Sumida.
Berman, Henrici, Martens, Sumida, Anderson
Reisz, Liu, Li, Müller.
Fischer, Masure, Arkhangelsky, Godefroit.
Li, Rieppel, Wu, Zhao, Wang.
Liu, Rieppel, Jiang, Aitchison, Motani, Zhang, Zhou, Sun.
Benson, Ketchum, Noè, Gómez-Pérez.
Vincent, Bardet, Suberbiola, Bouya, Amaghzaz, Meslouh.
Müller, Hipsley, Head, Kardjilov, Hilger, Wuttke, Reisz.
Gaffney, Meylan, Wood, Simons and Campos
Slater, Reolid, Wood, Schouten and Benton
Knauss, Joyce, Lyson and Pearson
de la Fuente, Umazano, Sterli and Carballido
Danilov, Zvonok, Syromyatnikova and Udovichenko
De Oliveira, Schultz, Soares, Rodrigues.
Fröbisch, Schoch, Müller, Schindler, Schweiss.
Reisz, Maddin, Fröbisch, Falconnet.
Cisneros, Abdala, Rubidge, Dentzien-Dias, Bueno.

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Hilary F. Ketchum; Roger B. J. Benson (2011). "A new pliosaurid (Sauropterygia, Plesiosauria) from the Oxford Clay Formation (Middle Jurassic, Callovian) of England: evidence for a gracile, longirostrine grade of Early–Middle Jurassic pliosaurids". Special Papers in Palaeontology. 86: 109–129. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2011.01083.x (inactive 2021-01-14).CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of January 2021 (link)
Leonie Schwermann; Martin Sander (2011). Osteologie und Phylogenie von Westphaliasaurus simonsensii: Ein neuer Plesiosauride (Sauropterygia) aus dem Unteren Jura (Pliensbachium) von Sommersell (Kreis Höxter), Nordrhein-Westfalen, Deutschland [=Osteology and Phylogeny of Westphaliasaurus simonsensii, a new plesiosaurid (Sauropterygia) from the Lower Jurassic (Pliensbachian) of Sommersell (Höxter district), North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany]. Geologie und Paläontologie in Westfalen. 79. pp. 56 pp. ISBN 978-3-940726-14-8.
Peggy Vincent; Nathalie Bardet; Xabier Pereda Suberbiola; Baâdi Bouya; Mbarek Amaghzaz; Saïd Meslouh (2011). "Zarafasaura oceanis, a new elasmosaurid (Reptilia: Sauropterygia) from the Maastrichtian Phosphates of Morocco and the palaeobiogeography of latest Cretaceous plesiosaurs". Gondwana Research. 19 (4): 1062–1073. Bibcode:2011GondR..19.1062V. doi:10.1016/j.gr.2010.10.005.
Nava, William R.; Agustín G. Martinelli (2011). "A new squamate lizard from the Upper Cretaceous Adamantina Formation (Bauru Group), São Paulo State, Brazil" (PDF). Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências. 83 (1): 291–299. doi:10.1590/S0001-37652011000100017. ISSN 0001-3765. PMID 21437386.
Müller, Johannes; Christy A. Hipsley; Jason J. Head; Nikolay Kardjilov; André Hilger; Michael Wuttke; Robert R. Reisz (2011). "Eocene lizard from Germany reveals amphisbaenian origins". Nature. 473 (7347): 364–367. Bibcode:2011Natur.473..364M. doi:10.1038/nature09919. PMID 21593869. S2CID 205224382.
Konishi, Takuya; Michael W. Caldwell (2011). "Two new plioplatecarpine (Squamata, Mosasauridae) genera from the Upper Cretaceous of North America, and a global phylogenetic analysis of plioplatecarpines". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 31 (4): 754–783. doi:10.1080/02724634.2011.579023. S2CID 85972311.
Krister T. Smith (2011). "The Evolution of Mid-Latitude Faunas During the Eocene: Late Eocene Lizards of the Medicine Pole Hills Reconsidered". Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History. 52 (1): 3–105. doi:10.3374/014.052.0101. S2CID 140545447.
Krister T. Smith (2011). "Oreithyia, a Replacement Name for Orithyia Smith, 2011, nec Orithyia Fabricius, 1798". Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History. 52 (2): 273. doi:10.3374/014.052.0205. S2CID 83777646.
Dhananjay M. Mohabey; Jason J. Head; Jeffrey A. Wilson (2011). "A new species of the snake Madtsoia from the Upper Cretaceous of India and its paleobiogeographic implications". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 31 (3): 588–595. doi:10.1080/02724634.2011.560220. S2CID 129792355.
Eugene S. Gaffney; Peter A. Meylan; Roger C. Wood; Elwyn Simons; Diógenes de Almeida Campos (2011). "Evolution of the side-necked turtles: the family Podocnemididae". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 350: 1–237. doi:10.1206/350.1. hdl:2246/6110. S2CID 83775718.
Walter G. Joyce; Tyler R. Lyson (2011). "New Material of Gilmoremys lancensis nov. comb. (Testudines: Trionychidae) from the Hell Creek Formation and the Diagnosis of Plastomenid Turtles". Journal of Paleontology. 85 (3): 442–459. doi:10.1666/10-127.1. S2CID 129918006.
Dana J. Ehret; Jason R. Bourque (2011). "An extinct map turtle Graptemys (Testudines, Emydidae) from the late Pleistocene of Florida". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 31 (3): 575–587. doi:10.1080/02724634.2011.562267. S2CID 83693680.
Ben J. Slater; Matías Reolid; Remmert Schouten; Michael J. Benton (2011). "Evolution of the side-necked turtles: the family Podocnemididae". Palaeontology. 54 (6): 1393–1414. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2011.01100.x. S2CID 86788319.
Georgia E. Knauss; Walter G. Joyce; Tyler R. Lyson; Dean Pearson (2011). "A new kinosternoid from the Late Cretaceous Hell Creek Formation of North Dakota and Montana and the origin of the Dermatemys mawii lineage". Paläontologische Zeitschrift. 85 (2): 124–142. doi:10.1007/s12542-010-0081-x. S2CID 129123961.
Natasha Vitek (2011). "Insights into the Taxonomy and Systematics of North American Eocene Soft-Shelled Turtles from a Well-Preserved Specimen". Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History. 52 (2): 189–208. doi:10.3374/014.052.0201. S2CID 86206091.
Juliana Sterli; Marcelo S. De la Fuente (2011). "A new turtle from the La Colonia Formation (Campanian–Maastrichtian), Patagonia, Argentina, with remarks on the evolution of the vertebral column in turtles". Palaeontology. 54 (1): 63–78. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2010.01002.x.
Marcelo S. de la Fuente; Aldo M. Umazano; Juliana Sterli; José L. Carballido (2011). "New chelid turtles of the lower section of the Cerro Barcino formation (Aptian-Albian?), Patagonia, Argentina". Cretaceous Research. 32 (4): 527–537. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2011.03.007.
Pérez-García, Adán; Ortega, Francisco (2011). "Selenemys lusitanica, gen. et sp. nov., a new pleurosternid turtle (Testudines: Paracryptodira) from the Upper Jurassic of Portugal". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 31 (1): 60–69. doi:10.1080/02724634.2011.540054. S2CID 129187024.
Eugene S. Gaffney; David W. Krause (2011). "Sokatra, a new side-necked turtle (late Cretaceous, Madagascar) and the diversification of the main groups of Pelomedusoides". American Museum Novitates. 3728 (3728): 1–28. doi:10.1206/3728.2. hdl:2246/6147. S2CID 83533723.
I.G. Danilov; E.A. Zvonok; E.V. Syromyatnikova; N.I. Udovichenko (2011). "A new species of soft-shelled turtle (Trionychidae) from the Middle Eocene of Ukraine" (PDF). Proceedings of the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences. 315 (4): 399–411.
James E. Martin; V. Standish Mallory (2011). "Vertebrate paleontology of the late Miocene (Hemphillian) Wilbur Locality of central Washington". Paludicola. 8 (3): 155–185.
Julia B. Desojo; Martin D. Ezcurra; Cesar L. Schultz (2011). "An unusual new archosauriform from the Middle–Late Triassic of southern Brazil and the monophyly of Doswelliidae". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 161 (4): 839–871. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2010.00655.x.
Martín D. Ezcurra; Lucas E. Fiorelli; Agustín G. Martinelli; Sebastián Rocher; M. Belén von Baczko; Miguel Ezpeleta; Jeremías R. A. Taborda; E. Martín Hechenleitner; M. Jimena Trotteyn; Julia B. Desojo (2017). "Deep faunistic turnovers preceded the rise of dinosaurs in southwestern Pangaea". Nature Ecology & Evolution. 1 (10): 1477–1483. doi:10.1038/s41559-017-0305-5. hdl:11336/41466. PMID 29185518. S2CID 10007967.
Sennikov, A.G. (2011). "New Tanystropheids (Reptilia: Archosauromorpha) from the Triassic of Europe". Paleontological Journal. 45 (1): 95–104. doi:10.1134/S0031030111010151. S2CID 85193597.
V. R. Alifanov; E. N. Kurochkin (2011). "Kyrgyzsaurus bukhanchenkoi gen. et sp. nov., a new reptile from the triassic of southwestern Kyrgyzstan". Paleontological Journal. 45 (6): 639–647. doi:10.1134/S0031030111060025. S2CID 84563146.
Ivakhnenko, M.F. (2011). "Permian and Triassic therocephals (Eutherapsida) of Eastern Europe". Paleontological Journal. 45 (9): 981–1144. doi:10.1134/S0031030111090012. S2CID 128958135.
Kammerer, C.F.; Angielczyk, K.D.; Fröbisch, J. (2011). "A comprehensive taxonomic revision of Dicynodon (Therapsida, Anomodontia) and its implications for dicynodont phylogeny, biogeography, and biostratigraphy". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 31 (Suppl. 1): 1–158. doi:10.1080/02724634.2011.627074. S2CID 84987497.
William A. Clemens (2011). "New morganucodontans from an Early Jurassic fissure filling in Wales (United Kingdom)". Palaeontology. 54 (5): 1139–1156. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2011.01094.x.
Téo Veiga De Oliveira; Cesar Leandro Schultz; Marina Bento Soares; Carlos Nunes Rodrigues (2011). "A new carnivorous cynodont (Synapsida, Therapsida) from the Brazilian Middle Triassic (Santa Maria Formation): Candelariodon barberenai gen. et sp. nov" (PDF). Zootaxa. 3027: 19–28. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3027.1.3. ISSN 1175-5334.
Jörg Fröbisch; Rainer R. Schoch; Johannes Müller; Thomas Schindler; Dieter Schweiss (2011). "A new basal sphenacodontid synapsid from the Late Carboniferous of the Saar-Nahe Basin, Germany" (PDF). Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 56 (1): 113–120. doi:10.4202/app.2010.0039. S2CID 45410472.
Robert R. Reisz; Hillary C. Maddin; Jörg Fröbisch; Jocelyn Falconnet (2011). "A new large caseid (Synapsida, Caseasauria) from the Permian of Rodez (France), including a reappraisal of "Casea" rutena Sigogneau-Russell & Russell, 1974" (PDF). Geodiversitas. 33 (2): 227–246. doi:10.5252/g2011n2a2. S2CID 129458820. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-03-19.
Cisneros, J.C.; Abdala, F.; Rubidge, B.S.; Dentzien-Dias, D.; Bueno, A.O. (2011). "Dental Occlusion in a 260-Million-Year-Old Therapsid with Saber Canines from the Permian of Brazil". Science. 331 (6024): 1603–1605. Bibcode:2011Sci...331.1603C. doi:10.1126/science.1200305. PMID 21436452. S2CID 8178585.

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[tambaroter-authors-13] Henrici, Martens, Berman, Sumida.

[rotaryus-authors-17] Berman, Henrici, Martens, Sumida, Anderson

[21] Reisz, Liu, Li, Müller.

[sveltonectes-authors-24] Fischer, Masure, Arkhangelsky, Godefroit.

[sinosaurosphargis-authors-26] Li, Rieppel, Wu, Zhao, Wang.

[dianopachysaurus-authors-31] Liu, Rieppel, Jiang, Aitchison, Motani, Zhang, Zhou, Sun.

[33] Benson, Ketchum, Noè, Gómez-Pérez.

[zarafasaura-authors-37] Vincent, Bardet, Suberbiola, Bouya, Amaghzaz, Meslouh.

[cryptolacerta-authors-40] Müller, Hipsley, Head, Kardjilov, Hilger, Wuttke, Reisz.

[podocnemididae-authors-46] Gaffney, Meylan, Wood, Simons and Campos

[hispaniachelys-authors-50] Slater, Reolid, Wood, Schouten and Benton

[hclarck-authors-52] Knauss, Joyce, Lyson and Pearson

[pcerrobarcinae-authors-56] Fuente, Umazano, Sterli and Carballido

[Trionyxikoviensis-authors-60] Danilov, Zvonok, Syromyatnikova and Udovichenko

[candelariodon-authors-70] De Oliveira, Schultz, Soares, Rodrigues.

[cryptovenator-authors-72] Fröbisch, Schoch, Müller, Schindler, Schweiss.

[caseids11-authors-74] Reisz, Maddin, Fröbisch, Falconnet.

[tiarajudens-authors-76] Cisneros, Abdala, Rubidge, Dentzien-Dias, Bueno.

[1] Gini-Newman, Garfield; Graham, Elizabeth (2001). Echoes from the past: world history to the 16th century. Toronto: McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd. ISBN 9780070887398. OCLC 46769716.

[PoinarVetufebrus2011-2] Poinar, G. (2011). "Vetufebrus ovatus n. gen., n. sp. (Haemospororida: Plasmodiidae) vectored by a streblid bat fly (Diptera: Streblidae) in Dominican amber". Parasites & Vectors. 4 (229): 1–5. doi:10.1186/1756-3305-4-229. PMC 3253689. PMID 22152687.

[Dutta2011-3] Dutta, D.; Ambwani, K.; Estrada-Ruiz, E. (2011). "Late Cretaceous palm stem Palmoxylon lametaei sp. nov. from Bhisi Village, Maharashtra, India" (PDF). Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Geológicas. 28 (1): 1–9.

[Leefructus-4] Ge Sun; David L. Dilcher; Hongshan Wang; Zhiduan Chen (2011). "A eudicot from the Early Cretaceous of China". Nature. 471 (7340): 625–628. Bibcode:2011Natur.471..625S. doi:10.1038/nature09811. PMID 21455178. S2CID 205224036.

[Krassilov11-5] Valentin Krassilov; Eckart Schrank (2011). "New Albian macro- and palynoflora from the Negev (Israel) with description of a new gymnosperm morphotaxon" (PDF). Cretaceous Research. 32 (1): 13–29. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2010.10.001. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-03-30. Retrieved 2011-08-20.

[Kunzmann2011-6] Kunzmann, L.; Mohr, B.A.R.; Wilde, V.; Bernardes-de-Oliveira, M.E.C. (2011). "A putative gnetalean gymnosperm Cariria orbiculiconiformis gen. nov. et spec. nov. from the Early Cretaceous of northern Gondwana". Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology. 165 (1–2): 75–95. doi:10.1016/j.revpalbo.2011.02.005.

[Channing2011-7] Channing, A.; Zamuner, A.; Edwards, D.; Guido, D. (2011). "Equisetum thermale sp. nov. (Equisetales) from the Jurassic San Agustin hot spring deposit, Patagonia: Anatomy, paleoecology, and inferred paleoecophysiology". American Journal of Botany. 98 (4): 680–697. doi:10.3732/ajb.1000211. PMID 21613167.

[Poinar2011a-8] Poinar, G.; Heiss, E. (2011). "New Termitaphididae and Aradidae (Hemiptera) in Mexican and Dominican amber" (PDF). Palaeodiversity. 4: 51–62.

[9] Liu, J.; Steiner, M.; Dunlop, J. A.; Keupp, H.; Shu, D.; Ou, Q.; Han, J.; Zhang, Z.; Zhang, X. (2011). "An armoured Cambrian lobopodian from China with arthropod-like appendages". Nature. 470 (7335): 526–530. Bibcode:2011Natur.470..526L. doi:10.1038/nature09704. PMID 21350485. S2CID 4324509.

[Vinther2011-10] Vinther, J.; Smith, M. P.; Harper, D. A. T. (2011). "Vetulicolians from the Lower Cambrian Sirius Passet Lagerstätte, North Greenland, and the polarity of morphological characters in basal deuterostomes". Palaeontology. 54 (3): 711–719. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2011.01034.x.

[Kirktonecta-11] Clack, Jennifer A. (2011). "A new microsaur from the early Carboniferous (Viséan) of East Kirkton, Scotland, showing soft tissue evidence". Special Papers in Palaeontology. 86: 45–55. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2011.01073.x (inactive 2021-01-14).CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of January 2021 (link)

[Tambaroter-12] Henrici, A.C.; Martens, T.; Berman, D.S.; Sumida, S.S. (2011). "An ostodolepid 'microsaur' (Lepospondyli) from the Lower Permian Tambach Formation of central Germany". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 31 (5): 997–1004. doi:10.1080/02724634.2011.596601. S2CID 129710688.

[14] Polley, Brendan P.; Reisz, Robert R. (2011). "A new Lower Permian trematopid (Temnospondyli: Dissorophoidea) from Richards Spur, Oklahoma". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 161 (4): 789–815. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2010.00668.x.

[Fortuny11-15] Fortuny, Josep; Galobart, Àngel; De Santisteban, Carles (2011). "A new capitosaur from the Middle Triassic of Spain and the relationships within the Capitosauria" (PDF). Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 56 (3): 553–66. doi:10.4202/app.2010.0025. S2CID 55068128. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-05-22.

[Rotaryus-16] David S. Berman; Amy C. Henrici; Thomas Martens; Stuart S. Sumida; Jason S. Anderson (2011). "Rotaryus gothae, a New Trematopid (Temnospondyli: Dissorophoidea) from the Lower Permian of Central Germany". Annals of Carnegie Museum. 80 (1): 49–65. doi:10.2992/007.080.0106. S2CID 84780478.

[BA11-18] Bourget, Hélène; Anderson, Jason S. (2011). "A new amphibamid (Temnospondyli: Dissorophoidea) from the Early Permian of Texas". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 31 (1): 32–49. doi:10.1080/02724634.2011.539652. S2CID 85856972.

[19] P.P. Skutschas; S.A. Krasnolutskii (2011). "A new genus and species of basal salamanders from the Middle Jurassic of western Siberia, Russia" (PDF). Proceedings of the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences. 315 (2): 167–175.

[Gansurhinus-20] Robert R. Reisz; Jun Liu; Jin-Ling Li; Johannes Müller (2011). "A new captorhinid reptile, Gansurhinus qingtoushanensis, gen. et sp. nov., from the Permian of China". Naturwissenschaften. 98 (5): 435–441. Bibcode:2011NW.....98..435R. doi:10.1007/s00114-011-0793-0. PMID 21484260. S2CID 20274349.

[Orovenator-22] Robert R. Reisz; Sean P. Modesto; Diane M. Scott (2011). "A new Early Permian reptile and its significance in early diapsid evolution". Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 278 (1725): 3731–3737. doi:10.1098/rspb.2011.0439. PMC 3203498. PMID 21525061.

[Sveltonectes-23] Fischer, V.; Masure, E.; Arkhangelsky, M.S.; Godefroit, P. (2011). "A new Barremian (Early Cretaceous) ichthyosaur from western Russia". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 31 (5): 1010–1025. doi:10.1080/02724634.2011.595464. S2CID 86036325.

[Sinosaurosphargis-25] Li, Chun; Olivier Rieppel; Xiao-Chun Wu; Li-Jun Zhao; Li-Ting Wang (2011). "A new Triassic marine reptile from southwestern China". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 31 (2): 303–312. doi:10.1080/02724634.2011.550368. S2CID 130698779.

[Abyssosaurus-27] A. Yu. Berezin (2011). "A new plesiosaur of the family Aristonectidae from the early cretaceous of the center of the Russian platform". Paleontological Journal. 45 (6): 648–660. doi:10.1134/S0031030111060037. S2CID 129045087.

[28] Shang Qing-Hua; Wu Xiao-Chun; Li Chun (2011). "A new eosauropterygian from Middle Triassic of eastern Yunnan Province, southwestern China" (PDF). Vertebrata PalAsiatica. 49 (2): 155–171. doi:10.19615/j.cnki.1000-3118.2011.02.002.

[29] Tamaki Sato; Yen-Nien Cheng; Xiao-Chun Wu; Hsi-Yin Shan (2013). "Diandongosaurus acutidentatus Shang, Wu & Li, 2011 (Diapsida: Sauropterygia) and the relationships of Chinese eosauropterygians". Geological Magazine. 151 (1): 121–133. Bibcode:2014GeoM..151..121S. doi:10.1017/S0016756813000356.

[Dianopachysaurus-30] Jun Liu; Olivier Rieppel; Da-Yong Jiang; Jonathan C. Aitchison; Ryosuke Motani; Qi-Yue Zhang; Chang-Yong Zhou; Yuan-Yuan Sun (2011). "A new pachypleurosaur (Reptilia: Sauropterygia) from the lower Middle Triassic of southwestern China and the phylogenetic relationships of Chinese pachypleurosaurs". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 31 (2): 292–302. doi:10.1080/02724634.2011.550363. S2CID 86594206.

[H.tomistomimus-32] Roger B. J. Benson; Hilary F. Ketchum; Leslie F. Noè; Marcela Gómez-Pérez (2011). "New information on Hauffiosaurus (Reptilia, Plesiosauria) based on a new species from the Alum Shale Member (Lower Toarcian: Lower Jurassic) of Yorkshire, UK" (PDF). Palaeontology. 54 (3): 547–571. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2011.01044.x.

[Marmornectes-34] Hilary F. Ketchum; Roger B. J. Benson (2011). "A new pliosaurid (Sauropterygia, Plesiosauria) from the Oxford Clay Formation (Middle Jurassic, Callovian) of England: evidence for a gracile, longirostrine grade of Early–Middle Jurassic pliosaurids". Special Papers in Palaeontology. 86: 109–129. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2011.01083.x (inactive 2021-01-14).CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of January 2021 (link)

[Westphaliasaurus-35] Leonie Schwermann; Martin Sander (2011). Osteologie und Phylogenie von Westphaliasaurus simonsensii: Ein neuer Plesiosauride (Sauropterygia) aus dem Unteren Jura (Pliensbachium) von Sommersell (Kreis Höxter), Nordrhein-Westfalen, Deutschland [=Osteology and Phylogeny of Westphaliasaurus simonsensii, a new plesiosaurid (Sauropterygia) from the Lower Jurassic (Pliensbachian) of Sommersell (Höxter district), North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany]. Geologie und Paläontologie in Westfalen. 79. pp. 56 pp. ISBN 978-3-940726-14-8.

[Zarafasaura-36] Peggy Vincent; Nathalie Bardet; Xabier Pereda Suberbiola; Baâdi Bouya; Mbarek Amaghzaz; Saïd Meslouh (2011). "Zarafasaura oceanis, a new elasmosaurid (Reptilia: Sauropterygia) from the Maastrichtian Phosphates of Morocco and the palaeobiogeography of latest Cretaceous plesiosaurs". Gondwana Research. 19 (4): 1062–1073. Bibcode:2011GondR..19.1062V. doi:10.1016/j.gr.2010.10.005.

[Brasiliguana-38] Nava, William R.; Agustín G. Martinelli (2011). "A new squamate lizard from the Upper Cretaceous Adamantina Formation (Bauru Group), São Paulo State, Brazil" (PDF). Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências. 83 (1): 291–299. doi:10.1590/S0001-37652011000100017. ISSN 0001-3765. PMID 21437386.

[Cryptolacerta-39] Müller, Johannes; Christy A. Hipsley; Jason J. Head; Nikolay Kardjilov; André Hilger; Michael Wuttke; Robert R. Reisz (2011). "Eocene lizard from Germany reveals amphisbaenian origins". Nature. 473 (7347): 364–367. Bibcode:2011Natur.473..364M. doi:10.1038/nature09919. PMID 21593869. S2CID 205224382.

[plioplatecarpines-41] Konishi, Takuya; Michael W. Caldwell (2011). "Two new plioplatecarpine (Squamata, Mosasauridae) genera from the Upper Cretaceous of North America, and a global phylogenetic analysis of plioplatecarpines". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 31 (4): 754–783. doi:10.1080/02724634.2011.579023. S2CID 85972311.

[BPMNHMedicinePoleHills-42] Krister T. Smith (2011). "The Evolution of Mid-Latitude Faunas During the Eocene: Late Eocene Lizards of the Medicine Pole Hills Reconsidered". Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History. 52 (1): 3–105. doi:10.3374/014.052.0101. S2CID 140545447.

[43] Krister T. Smith (2011). "Oreithyia, a Replacement Name for Orithyia Smith, 2011, nec Orithyia Fabricius, 1798". Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History. 52 (2): 273. doi:10.3374/014.052.0205. S2CID 83777646.

[44] Dhananjay M. Mohabey; Jason J. Head; Jeffrey A. Wilson (2011). "A new species of the snake Madtsoia from the Upper Cretaceous of India and its paleobiogeographic implications". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 31 (3): 588–595. doi:10.1080/02724634.2011.560220. S2CID 129792355.

[Podocnemididae-45] Eugene S. Gaffney; Peter A. Meylan; Roger C. Wood; Elwyn Simons; Diógenes de Almeida Campos (2011). "Evolution of the side-necked turtles: the family Podocnemididae". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 350: 1–237. doi:10.1206/350.1. hdl:2246/6110. S2CID 83775718.

[Gilmoremys-47] Walter G. Joyce; Tyler R. Lyson (2011). "New Material of Gilmoremys lancensis nov. comb. (Testudines: Trionychidae) from the Hell Creek Formation and the Diagnosis of Plastomenid Turtles". Journal of Paleontology. 85 (3): 442–459. doi:10.1666/10-127.1. S2CID 129918006.

[48] Dana J. Ehret; Jason R. Bourque (2011). "An extinct map turtle Graptemys (Testudines, Emydidae) from the late Pleistocene of Florida". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 31 (3): 575–587. doi:10.1080/02724634.2011.562267. S2CID 83693680.

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[51] Georgia E. Knauss; Walter G. Joyce; Tyler R. Lyson; Dean Pearson (2011). "A new kinosternoid from the Late Cretaceous Hell Creek Formation of North Dakota and Montana and the origin of the Dermatemys mawii lineage". Paläontologische Zeitschrift. 85 (2): 124–142. doi:10.1007/s12542-010-0081-x. S2CID 129123961.

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