Antioquia Department

Before Spanish colonization, different indigenous tribes inhabited this part of modern Colombia. There is still much uncertainty about the origin of the tribes.

Antioquia was primarily populated by Caribs, although some scattered groups of Muisca were present in the Darién region (in modern-day Panama), a coastal region in the far north of Antioquia. However, there are no historical records for these groups of Muisca in Antioquia.

The Caribs present in Antioquia were further classified into smaller groups, called families. Some of the most prominent native families in the region include the Catías, Nutabes, and Tahamíes, which all inhabited the central region of Antioquia.

An important group that inhabited southern Antioquia was the Quimbaya.

There were other groups, but the Quimbaya, Carib and Muisca tribes were the most prominent groupings that were found by the conquistadors upon their arrival in Antioquia. The Quimbayas had little to do with the evolution of the department, because Jorge Robledo, the main conquistador of Antioquia, quickly subjected the few Quimbaya that he found and the rest disappeared.

The history was centered then in the turbulent relationships of the Spaniards with the Caribs. Despite the number of Caribs and their well-known warring culture, they would end up dominated or exterminated by the Spaniards in the process of conquest and colonization.

During these processes bloody confrontations were presented that caused the surviving natives to disperse, and even commit suicide, before they were subjected. Many of the survivors fled to the department of Chocó. Thus, in Antioquia, the natives disappeared almost completely. At present, the autochthon population of the department of Antioquia scarcely reaches 0.5% of the total population.

A debate, centered around the apparently significant Jewish origin of Antioquians, took place from mid-nineteenth century to the twentieth century. Others, later pointed to Basque origins as a way to understand the population's idiosyncrasies. Prominent among these, were two American historians: Everett Hagen and Leonard Kasdan. Hagen looked at the telephone directory in Medellin in 1957 and found that 15% of the surnames were of Basque origin, finding then that employers in the percentage of surnames was up to 25%, which led him to conclude that Basque settlers were very important in explaining the increased industrial development of Antioquia in the Colombian context. These ideas were supported by representatives of developmental theories, who sought to justify business growth based on "the character of social groups."

The use of Basque language (Euskera) terminology in the present territory of Colombia goes back to the early exploration in 1499, during the third voyage of Columbus, it is said that from that time the territory experienced a strong presence of Basques including prominent figures such as the pilot and geographer Juan de la Cosa, nicknamed "El Vizcaino" (although some sources claim that he was not a native of the Basque Country, but was born in Santoña, Cantabria).

Thereafter, the Basques began to come regularly and are distributed throughout the region. Due to this presence, the Colombian department of Antioquia has been considered a major route of the Basque-Navarre emigration, mainly during the colonial era, when hundreds of Basques migrated to be linked to the Spanish colonization companies.

People who were interested in investigating the presence of the Basque people in the department of Antioquia and Colombia have been troubled by the question that relates to the use and retention of the Basque language in their current territories.

It is estimated, for example, for smaller Antioquia, a region where hundreds of Spaniards arrived, of which a good portion were Basque, some limited aspects of the culture and traditions were brought by Basque settlers, though without any mention of their particular language, thus tracking the use of Basque in the current Antioquia and Colombia. However, this is partly due to the Basque language always having been an outcast, which apparently left no written evidence in Antioquia.

In this regard, it is hardly likely that the Spanish crown—in order to maintain the monopoly of overseas companies, to maintain policies that restrict citizens not belonging to the then Spanish rule—would allow its colonies to speak languages other than Spanish. Those Basques invited to participate in the colonization companies, and foreigners in general, had to learn the official language, i.e., Spanish, hence the dominance of Spanish.

Despite these restrictions, it is still possible to trace the history of Colombia's present references to the ancient language of the Basques. A reference that has very ancient use of Euskara in Colombian territory, occurred in relation to Lope de Aguirre, a native of Gipuzkoa nicknamed "The Madman". Aguirre's rebellion defied the Spanish Empire, carrying out acts against the subjects of the Spanish crown. Pedro de Ursúa, a Navarrese faithful to the Spanish king, who was also the founder of Pamplona in eastern Colombia, said that he could persuade the soldiers to be told of Aguirre's revolt, if they spoke in Euskara.

After the Spanish Civil War, many Basque families migrated to Colombia. A number of these families were Basque-speakers and wrote works in Euskara and, likewise, translated from Spanish to Basque literary works of Colombian authors.

The current Spanish dialect in Antioquia, closely observed, has obvious influences from Basque. Basque influence is evident in words such as 'coscorria' (useless, inept) and 'tap' (tap), to name only a few cases. Basque also influenced the pronunciation of the letter 's' apico-alveolar (transitional between 's' and 'sh'), so in the Antioquia, and the letter "ll" (double L) pronounced as an affricative, not to overlook the inclusion of the letter "a" before certain initial Rs: arrecostarse instead of recostarse, arrecoger instead of recoger and arrecordarse instead of recordarse.

The first Spaniard known to have visited the territory now known as Antioquia was Rodrigo de Bastidas, who explored the area around the future site of Darién in 1500. Ten years later, Alonso de Ojeda founded San Sebastián de Urabá, 2 km from the present-day town of Necoclí, which would be destroyed later by the natives. The first Spanish military incursion into Antioquia, however, was not made until 1537, when an expedition commanded by Francisco César traveled the lands of the Native American chief Dabeiba, arriving at the Cauca River and taking an important treasure from the indigenous people's tombs. In response, the warriors of the chief Nutibara harassed the Spaniards continually, and forced them to return to Urabá.

In 1541, the conquistador Jorge Robledo departed from the site of the future (1542) Spanish town of Arma, a little below Aguadas in the North of Caldas, to lead an expedition north on the Cauca River.

Farther north, Robledo would found the city of Santa Fe de Antioquia, which in 1813 was declared the capital of the sovereign and independent state of Antioquia, and remained the seat of the governate until 1826, when Medellin was designated the capital.

Other Spaniards who settled Antioquia included Extremadurans, Catalans, Andalusians, and Canarians; the Extremadurans and Catalans also influenced the pronunciation of the letter 's' apico-alveolar, like Basques, and Andalusians and Canarians influenced seseo in the Spanish dialect.

The reason behind the chosen name for the department is not historically clear. The most accepted explanation is that the name for the, then Greek-Syrian (now Turkish), Hellenistic city of Antioch on the Orontes (Greek: Antiochia, Αντιοχεία, Arabic: Antākiyyah, today Antakya) was used since the region known as the Coffee Zone in Colombia, in which many towns and cities are named after cities in the Middle East, has a very strong Judeo-Arabic influence, both demographically and culturally. Additionally, the city in mention played a significant role in the development of early Christian communities thus religiously important for Roman Catholic Spaniard conquerors. Others state that it is named after some of the many other Hellenistic ancient cities in the Middle East named Antiochia, which were founded as well by some of the Antiochus Kings during the Seleucid Empire (312–63 BC).

Due to its geographical isolation (as it is located among mountains), Antioquia suffered supply problems. Its topography did not allow for much agriculture, so Antioquia became dependent upon trade, especially of gold and gin for the colonization of new land, although much of this trade was due to reforms passed after a visit from an inspector of the Spanish crown, Juan Antonio Mon y Velarde in 1785. The Antioquia became colonizers and traders, contributing to the Antioquian culture.

The Wall Street Journal and Citi announced in the year 2013 that Medellín, the capital of the Department of Antioquia, is the winner of the City of the Year competition, a global program developed in partnership with the Urban Land Institute to recognize the most innovative urban centers. Medellín beat the other finalists Tel Aviv and New York City.[6][7]

Antioquia is divided into nine subregions[8] to facilitate the Department's administration. These nine regions contain a total of 125 municipalities.[8] The nine subregions with their municipalities are:

Southwestern Antioquia	Eastern Antioquia	Northeastern Antioquia
Amagá • Andes • Angelópolis • Betania • Bolívar • Betulia • Caramanta • Concordia • Fredonia • Hispania • Jardín • Jericó • La Pintada • Montebello • Pueblorrico • Salgar • Santa Bárbara • Támesis • Tarso • Titiribí • Urrao • Valparaíso • Venecia	Abejorral • Alejandría • Argelia • El Carmen de Viboral • Cocorná • Concepción • El Peñol • Granada • Guarne • Guatapé • La Ceja • La Unión • Marinilla • Nariño • Retiro • Rionegro • San Carlos • San Francisco • San Luis • San Rafael • San Vicente • El Santuario • Sonsón	Amalfi • Anorí • Cisneros • Remedios • San Roque • Santo Domingo • Segovia • Vegachi • Yali • Yolombó

Northern Antioquia	Western Antioquia	Bajo Cauca Antioquia
Angostura • Belmira • Briceño • Campamento • Carolina del Príncipe • Don Matías • Entrerríos • Gómez Plata • Guadalupe • Ituango • San Andrés • San José de la Montaña • San Pedro • Santa Rosa de Osos • Toledo • Valdivia • Yarumal	Abriaquí • Antioquia • Anzá • Armenia • Buriticá • Caicedo • Cañasgordas • Dabeiba • Ebéjico • Frontino • Giraldo • Heliconia • Liborina • Olaya • Peque • Sabanalarga • San Jerónimo • Sopetrán • Uramita	Caucasia • Cáceres • El Bagre • Nechí • Tarazá • Zaragoza

Magdalena Medio Antioquia	Urabá Antioquia	Metropolitan Aburrá Valley
Caracolí • Maceo • Puerto Berrío • Puerto Nare • Puerto Triunfo • Yondó	Apartadó • Arboletes • Carepa • Chigorodó • Murindó • Mutatá • Turbo • Necoclí • San Juan de Urabá • San Pedro de Urabá • Vigía del Fuerte	Barbosa • Bello • Caldas • Copacabana • Envigado • Girardota • Itagüí • La Estrella • Medellín • Sabaneta