Bhadarwahi

Bhadarwahi (Takri: 𑚡𑚛𑚤𑚦𑚭𑚩𑚯) is an Indo-Aryan language of the Western Pahari group spoken in the Bhadarwah region of Jammu and Kashmir, India.

Bhadarwahi
𑚡𑚛𑚶𑚤𑚦𑚭𑚩𑚯 भद्रवाही بھَدَرْواہِی
Bhadarwahi written in Takri, Devanagari and Urdu scripts
Native toJammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh
RegionBhaderwah, District Doda Bhalessa,
EthnicityBhaderwahis
Native speakers
120,000 (2011)[1]
Dialects
Devanagari, Takri, Urdu
Language codes
ISO 639-3bhd
Glottologbhad1241
ELPBhadrawahi[2]

Variants of its name include Bhaderwahi (Takri: 𑚡𑚛𑚲𑚤𑚦𑚭𑚩𑚯),[3] Baderwali (Takri: 𑚠𑚛𑚲𑚤𑚦𑚭𑚥𑚯), Bhadri (Takri: 𑚡𑚛𑚤𑚯), Badrohi (Takri: 𑚠𑚛𑚶𑚤𑚴𑚩𑚯), Bhadlayi (Takri: 𑚡𑚛𑚥𑚭𑚣𑚯), and Bhadlai (Takri: 𑚡𑚛𑚥𑚭𑚃).

The name Bhadarwahi can be understood either in a narrow sense as referring to the dialect, locally known as Bhiḍlāi, native to the Bhadarwah valley, or in a broader sense to cover the group of related dialects spoken in the wider region where Bhadarwahi proper is used as a lingua franca. In addition to Bhadarwahi proper, this group also includes Padri, Bhalesi, and Khasali (Khashali) dialect.[4] The Churahi language is closely related.

Phonology
Consonants[5]
  Bilabial Dental Alveolar Postalveolar Retroflex Palatal Velar Glottal
Nasal m n ɳ ɲ
Stop voiceless p t̪ ʈ t͡ʃ k
aspirated pʰ t̪ʰ ʈʰ t͡ʃʰ kʰ
voiced b d̪ ɖ d͡ʒ ɡ
breathy bʱ d̪ʱ ɖʱ d͡ʒʱ ɡʱ
Fricative voiceless s ʃ ç çʰ h
voiced z zʱ
Approximant w l j
Trill r
Flap or Tap ɽ
Vowels[5]
Front Central Back
High iː uː
Lower High i u
Mid e eː oː
Lower Mid ə o
Low ɑː

Status

The language is commonly called Pahari. Some speaker may even call it a dialect of Dogri.[6] The language has no official status. According to the United Nations Education, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO), the language is of definitely endangered category, i.e. many Bhadravahi parents are not teaching this language to the children with which the number of its native speakers is decreasing. Some other languages, such as Kashmiri and Urdu/Hindi are taking this place. This is an archetypical natural human tendency of picking up the language of people placed better economically and socially. [7]

References
  1. Bhadarwahi at Ethnologue (22nd ed., 2019)
  2. Endangered Languages Project data for Bhadrawahi.
  3. Phonological System of Bhaderwahi (PDF)
  4. Kaul, Pritam Krishen (2006). Pahāṛi and Other Tribal Dialects of Jammu. 1. Delhi: Eastern Book Linkers. pp. 85–86. ISBN 8178541017.. The classification there includes Rodhari as a separate node, but elsewhere (pp.123–24), it is subsumed under Khasali.
  6. Tiwari, Dr Siyaram. Bhartiya Bhashaon Ki Pahchan (in Hindi). Vani Prakashan. ISBN 978-93-5229-677-4.
  7. "Endangered languages".
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