Kundal Shahi language

Kundal Shahi is a Dardic language spoken by about 700 people in the Kundal Shahi village of Neelam Valley in Azad Kashmir, Pakistan. It is an endangered language and its speakers are shifting to Hindko.

Kundal Shahi
کنڈل شاہی
Native toPakistan
RegionNeelam Valley
Native speakers
700 (2005)[1]
Language codes
ISO 639-3shd
Glottologkund1257
Kundal Shahi
Kundal Shahi
Coordinates: 34.5548°N 73.8439°E / 34.5548; 73.8439

Phonology

The following tables set out the phonology of Kundal Shahi.[2]

Vowels

Kundal Shahi is unusual amongst Dardic languages in that it has front rounded vowels.[3]

Front Central Back
unrounded rounded unrounded rounded
Close i iː y yː u uː
Close-Mid e eː øː ə o oː
Open-Mid ɛ ɛː ʌ ɔ ɔː
Open a aː

Consonants

Like Kashmiri, Kundal Shahi is unusual amongst Dardic languages in that it lacks retroflex fricatives and affricates.[3]

Labial Alveolar Retroflex Palatal Velar Glottal
Nasal m n ɳ (ŋ)
Plosive voiceless p t ʈ k
aspirated ʈʰ
voiced b d ɖ ɡ
Affricate voiceless
aspirated tʃʰ
voiced
Fricative voiceless f s ʃ x h
voiced z
Lateral l
Flap ɾ ɽ
Approximant j w

Tone

Kundal Shahi, like many Dardic languages, has either phonemic tone or, as in Kundal Shahi, pitch accent.[4] Words may have only one accented mora, which is associated with high pitch; the remaining mora have a default or low pitch.[3]

References

  1. Kundal Shahi at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
  2. Baart & Rehman 2005, pp. 10–13.
  3. Baart & Rehman 2005.
  4. Baart 2003, pp. 3, 6.

Bibliography

  • Baart, Joan L. G. (2003), Tonal features in languages of northern Pakistan (PDF), National Institute of Pakistan Studies, Quaid-i-Azam University and Summer Institute of Linguistics, pp. 3, 6
  • Baart, Joan L. G.; Rehman, Khawaja A. (2005). "A first look at the language of Kundal Shahi in Azad Kashmir". SIL Electronic Working Papers.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)

Further reading

  • Rehman, Khawaja A. (2011). "Ergativity In Kundal Shahi, Kashmiri And Hindko". In Mark Turin; Bettina Zeisler (eds.). Himalayan languages and linguistics: studies in phonology, semantics, morphology and syntax. Brill's Tibetan studies library, Languages of the greater Himalayan region. Leiden: Brill. pp. 219–234. ISBN 978-90-04-19448-9.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Rehman, Khawaja A. (2011). Language Shift In the Neelam Valley: A Case Study of the Kundal Shahi Language (PhD). Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
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