Bosnian genocide denial

Bosnian genocide denial is an act of denying or asserting that the systematic Bosnian genocide against the Bosniak Muslim population of Bosnia and Herzegovina, as planned and perpetrated in line with official and academic narratives defined and expressed by part of the Serb intelligentsia and academia,[1][2][3][4][5][6] political and military establishment, did not occur, or at least it did not occur in the manner or to the extent that has been established by the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) and the International Court of Justice (ICJ) through its proceedings and judgments, and described by subsequent comprehensive scholarship.[7][8]

Part of a series on
Denial of mass killings
Instances of denial
Scholarly controversy over mass killings
Related topics

These two aforementioned courts have only ruled differently with regard to direct responsibility in perpetrating acts of genocide in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The ICJ, in a proceeding brought by Bosnia and Herzegovina against Serbia and Montenegro, has only made rulings to the extent in which Serbia was not directly responsible for the perpetration of the crime of genocide, but was responsible under "customary international law" violating obligation to "prevent and punish the crime of genocide".[9][10]

Nevertheless, in its 2007 judgment the ICJ adopted the ICTY’s conclusion from Krstić's conviction and concluded that what happened in and around Srebrenica from 13 July 1995 was done by the Army of Republika Srpska (VRS) "with the specific intent to destroy in part the group of the Muslims of Bosnia and Herzegovina as such", which constitute acts of genocide committed".[7]

Potočari Memorial Stone

Background
Main article: Bosnian genocide
By seeking to eliminate a part of the Bosnian Muslims, the Bosnian Serb forces committed genocide. They targeted for extinction the forty thousand Bosnian Muslims living in Srebrenica, a group which was emblematic of the Bosnian Muslims in general. They stripped all the male Muslim prisoners, military and civilian, elderly and young, of their personal belongings and identification, and deliberately and methodically killed them solely on the basis of their identity.

Theodor Meron, the Presiding Judge at the ICTY[11]

The Bosnian genocide is widely acknowledged by genocide scholars as the biggest war-crime perpetrated on European soil since World War II.[7][12] The Bosnian genocide refers sometimes to the genocide in Srebrenica,[13] perpetrated by Bosnian Serb forces in summer of 1995, or refers to the wider crimes against humanity, and ethnic cleansing campaign throughout areas controlled by the Army of Republika Srpska (VRS)[14] during the 1992–1995 Bosnian War.[15]

The events in Srebrenica in 1995 included the killing of more than 8,000 Bosniak (Bosnian Muslim) men and boys, as well as the mass expulsion of another 25,000–30,000 Bosniak civilians, in and around the town of Srebrenica in Bosnia and Herzegovina, committed by units of the VRS under the command of General Ratko Mladić.[16][17]

The ethnic cleansing campaign took place throughout the areas controlled by the Bosnian Serb forces, and targeted Bosniaks and Bosnian Croats. This campaign included extermination, unlawful confinement, mass rape, sexual assault, torture, plunder and destruction of private and public property, inhumane treatment of civilians; the targeting of political leaders, intellectuals, and professionals; the unlawful deportation and transfer of civilians; it also included the unlawful shelling of civilians, the unlawful appropriation and plunder of real and personal property, the destruction of homes and businesses, and systemic destruction of places of worship.[18]

Besides ICTY and ICJ, other international bodies, such as the European Court of Human Rights and the United Nations General Assembly, have also passed resolutions acknowledging that genocide occurred in Bosnia. Similarly, the 2005 resolutions of the United States Congress and Senate, declared that "the Serbian policies of aggression and ethnic cleansing meet the terms defining genocide".[19] Also, three convictions for genocide[20] have been reached in courts in Germany, where the convictions were based upon a much wider interpretation of genocide than that used by international courts.[21]

Culture and politics of denial
See also: Srebrenica massacre § Denial

The origins of denial lie with a small group of Serbian nationalists, supported by part of the Serb political and media establishment.[22] The post war situation generated a stance within Serb culture that Serbs were the aggrieved side and that certain historical events had curtailed national goals.[22] Sonja Biserko, president of the Helsinki Committee for Human Rights in Serbia at the time, drew parallels with other examples of negationist historical revisionism and denialism, such as Armenian and Rwandan genocide denial. According to Biserko, the methods range from the "brutal to the deceitful". She noticed that denial, particularly in Serbia, is present most strongly in political discourse, in the media, in the sphere of law, and in the educational system.[8][23] Investigating "culture of denial in Serbia", Biserko and the University of Sarajevo's criminology professor Edina Bećirević have pointed to this denialism in Serbian society as a "culture of denial", stating in their examination that: "Denial of the Srebrenica genocide takes many forms in Serbia".[24][23]

Tactics and methods
See also: Propaganda during the Yugoslav Wars

During the Bosnian war, Slobodan Milošević had effective control of most Serbian media.[25][26][27][28][29] Following the end of the war, denialism continued to be widespread among Serbians.[30] Revisionism ranges from challenging the judicial recognition of the killings as an act of genocide to the denial of a massacre having taken place, and uses a variety of methods.[31] The finding of genocide by the ICJ and the ICTY has been disputed on evidential and theoretical grounds. The number of the dead has been questioned, as has the nature of their deaths. It has been alleged that considerably fewer than 8,000 were killed and/or that most of those killed died in battle rather than by execution. It has been claimed that the interpretation of "genocide" is refuted by the survival of the women and children.[32]

Attempted cover-up by means of reburials to secondary and tertiary mass graves
Exhumed Grave of Victims - Potocari 2007

From approximately 1 August 1995 to 1 November 1995, there was an organized effort, on behalf of the military and political leadership of Republika Srpska, to remove bodies from primary mass gravesites and transport them to secondary and tertiary ones. The reburial was done crudely, using heavy mechanized vehicles such as trenchers and baggers.[33] In the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia court case "Prosecutor v. Blagojević and Jokić", the trial chamber found that this reburial effort was an attempt to conceal evidence of the mass murders.[34] The trial chamber found that the cover up operation was ordered by the Bosnian Serb Army (BSA) Main Staff and subsequently carried out by members of the Bratunac and Zvornik Brigades.[35]

The cover-up operation, undertaken in such a crude manner, has had a direct impact on the recovery and identification of the remains. The removal and reburial of the bodies have caused them to become dismembered with parts of different individuals interspersed, making it difficult for forensic investigators to positively identify the remains.[36] For example, in one specific case, the remains of one person were found in two different locations, 30 km apart.[37] In addition to the ligatures and blindfolds found at the mass graves, the effort to hide the bodies has been seen as evidence of the organised nature of the massacres and the non-combatant status of the victims, since if the victims had died in normal combat operations, there would be no need to hide their remains.[36][38]

Official Republika Srpska reports
Main article: Report about Case Srebrenica

First Republika Srpska report (2002)
See also: Srebrenica massacre § 2002: First Republika Srpska report

In September 2002, the Republika Srpska government commissioned the "Report about Case Srebrenica.[39][40] The document, authored by Darko Trifunović,[41] was endorsed by many leading Bosnian Serb politicians. It purported that 1,800 Bosnian Muslim soldiers died during fighting and a further 100 more died as a result of exhaustion. "The number of Muslim soldiers killed by Bosnian Serbs out of personal revenge or lack of knowledge of international law is probably about 100...It is important to uncover the names of the perpetrators in order to accurately and unequivocally establish whether or not these were isolated instances". The report also makes allegations regarding the examinations of the mass graves, purporting that they were made for hygiene reasons, question the legitimacy of the missing person lists and undermine a key witness' mental health and military history.[42] The International Crisis Group and the United Nations condemned the manipulation of their statements in this report,[43] and Humanitarian Law Center thoroughly deconstructed all the reports published by all Republika Srpska commissions, starting with this one whose methods and manipulations were described in their report from February 2019.[31] The International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia described the report as "one of the worst examples of revisionism in relation to the mass executions of Bosnian Muslims committed in Srebrenica in July 1995".[44] Outrage and condemnation by a wide variety of Balkan and international figures eventually forced the Republika Srpska to disown the report.[40][45]

Second Republika Srpska report and apology (2004)
See also: Srebrenica massacre § 2004: Second Republika Srpska report and official apology

On 7 March 2003, the Human Rights Chamber for Bosnia and Herzegovina issued a decision which ordered the Republika Srpska, among other things, to conduct a full investigation into the Srebrenica July 1995 events, and disclose the results at the latest on 7 September 2003.[39][46] The Chamber had no coercive power to implement the decision, especially because it ceased to exist in late 2003.[47] The Republika Srpska then published two reports, on 3 June 2003 and 5 September 2003, which the Human Rights Chamber concluded did not fulfill the obligations of the Republika Srpska.[47] On 15 October 2003, The High Representative, Paddy Ashdown, lamented that "getting the truth from the [Bosnian Serb] government is like extracting rotten teeth".[48] The Srebrenica commission, officially titled the Commission for Investigation of the Events in and around Srebrenica between 10 and 19 July 1995, was established in December 2003, and submitted its final report[49] on 4 June 2004, and then an addendum[50] on 15 October 2004 after delayed information was supplied.[47][51] The report acknowledged that at least 7,000 men and boys were killed by Bosnian Serb forces, citing a provisional figure of 7,800.[52]
In the report, because of "limited time" and to "maximize resources", the commission "accepted the historical background and the facts stated in the second-instance judgment 'Prosecutor vs. Radislav Krstić', when the ICTY convicted the accused for 'assisting and supporting genocide' committed in Srebrenica".[49][53][39]

The findings of the commission remains generally disputed by Serb nationalists, who claim that commission was heavily pressured by the High Representative, given that an earlier RS government report which exonerated the Serbs was dismissed.
Nevertheless, Dragan Čavić, the president of Republika Srpska at the time, acknowledged in a televised address that Serb forces killed several thousand civilians in violation of the international law, and asserted that Srebrenica was a dark chapter in Serb history,[54] and on 10 November 2004, the government of Republika Srpska finally issued an official apology.[55][39]

Second Republika Srpska report revision (2010)
See also: Srebrenica massacre § 2010: Second Republika Srpska report revision

On 21 April 2010, the government of Republika Srpska under Milorad Dodik, at the time the prime minister, initiated a revision of the 2004 report saying that the numbers of killed were exaggerated and the report was manipulated by a former peace envoy.[39][56] The Office of the High Representative responded by saying: "The Republika Srpska government should reconsider its conclusions and align itself with the facts and legal requirements and act accordingly, rather than inflicting emotional distress on the survivors, torture history and denigrate the public image of the country".[57]

On 12 July 2010, at the 15th anniversary of the massacre, Milorad Dodik said that he acknowledged the killings that happened on the site, but denied that what happened at Srebrenica was genocide.[58]

Republika Srpska rejection of 2004 report and new commission (2018-19)

On 14. August 2018 the People's Assembly of Republika Srpska dismissed the 2004 report and decided for a new commission to be assembled to revise report surrounding events in Srebrenica and area around the town in July 1995. Initiated by Milorad Dodik, then the entity president, and his Alliance of Independent Social Democrats party (SNSD), the move is immediately criticized by international community.[59][60]
Humanitarian Law Center, in their report signed by 31 high-profile signatories, described this new development as "the culmination of more than a decade of genocide denial and historical revisionism by the SNSD government in the Republika Srpska", adding that the HLC regard this newest initiative to be "illegitimate overall", and that it "represents a flawed response to a legitimate need".[60][31] The United States State Department issued a communiqué in which they criticized move by Republika Srpska entity officials and institutions, describing it as "(a)ttempts to reject or amend the report on Srebrenica are part of wider efforts to revise the facts of the past war, to deny history, and to politicize tragedy".[61]

Revisionism and denialism abroad

Serb 1990s policies in the Yugoslav Wars and its foremost protagonists have been whitewashed and justified by some "ant-war" and "anti-imperialist" public intellectuals and authors abroad, mostly on the "left" side of the ideological spectrum, but also "liberatrian" right-wing,[62][63][64] while Serbian late president Milošević is still admired in various circles.[25][65] This apologia often morphs into attempt to whitewash war-crimes perpetrated by Serbian security, military and para-military forces, and denial of the nature and extent of these crimes, using variety of revisionist and denialist narratives surroundings break-up of Yugoslavia,[65] often implying a Western conspiracy against Yugoslavia and the Serbs, which culminated with the NATO interventions against Serbia and the Republika Srpska.[66][62][65][67][68][69]

"Left" revisionists
Grave of a 13-year-old boy, Sadik Huseinović, in Potočari

Revisionists mainly identifying with the "far-left" of the ideological and political spectrum, such as Michael Parenti, Economist Edward S. Herman, David Peterson, Jared Israel, Tariq Ali, the British journalist Mick Hume, Diana Johnstone, and John Robles of Voice of Russia engaged in revisionism and denial of the Bosnian genocide and its various aspects, while blaming the West, the NATO, Croats, Bosniaks, Albanians, for the Serb and their forces actions, absolving the latter of any responsibility of the atrocities carried out, war crimes and genocide.[39][70][71][62]

Herman and Hume alleged a discrepancy of over 8,000 victims between the official number of victims and the number of bodies they "found" and doubted the explanation of the events, while ignoring delays in the locating of mass graves and identification of bodies by DNA analysis. Herman and Peterson engaged in revisionism and denial, in several articles, such as "The Politics of the Srebrenica Massacre",[72] written by Herman, or "The Srebrenica Massacre was a Gigantic Political Fraud", by Herman and Robles, while repeating claims about political motives by western governments and NATO conspirators from Herman and Peterson book Politics of Genocide, authors, concentrating on the Srebrenica massacre, state that Serbs at Srebrenica were actually "killing Bosnian-Muslim soldiers" and, even, that happened in response to the "killing of over 2,000 Serb civilians, mostly women and children, at the location by Bosnian-Muslim army", and that the numbers of executed Bosnian-Muslim soldiers "were probably in the order of between 500 and 1,000 (...) (i)n other words, less than half of the number of Serb civilians killed before July, 1995". For these claims they rely on information provided by another researcher, Diana Johnstone, who had never set foot in Bosnia.[73][74][71][62] In Politics of Genocide, Herman and Peterson claim that the Serbs only killed men of military age at Srebenica.[39]

This view is not supported by the findings of the ICJ or the ICTY. What Johnstone, Herman, Peterson, Robles and others omit, but ICTY findings clearly describes, especially in trial judgments of Naser Orić and Radislav Krstić, is that villages surrounding Srebrenica, where alleged killings of Serb women and children, according to this group of revisionists, took place, were in most cases actually Bosnian Muslim villages from where their original inhabitants (Bosnian Muslims) escaped or were driven out by the Bosnian Serb military offensive with subsequent occupation and establishment of the frontlines, and where Bosnian Serb civilians rarely entered. Meanwhile, villages surrounding Srebrenica, which in fact belonged to Serb population, were heavily fortified and militarized, with villages like Kravica being used to store caches of weapons and ammunition, and from which Serbs launched attacks on Bosnian Muslim villages, as well as on the town of Srebrenica itself.[75][76][77][78]

Living Marxism

Living Marxism was a British magazine launched in 1988 as the journal of the British Revolutionary Communist Party (RCP). It was later rebranded as LM but ceased publication in March 2000 after it lost a libel lawsuit brought by ITN, a British television company.[79][80][81]

Living Marxism claims
Ed Vulliamy speaking at the 2006 Omarska camp commemoration

In the first issue as LM, editor Mick Hume published an article by journalist Thomas Deichmann, which claimed that ITN had deliberately misrepresented the Bosnian war in its 1992 coverage, specifically coverage of Serb run concentration camps at Omarska, Keraterm and Trnopolje.[82][83]

The article "The picture that fooled the world" argued that the report by UK journalists Ed Vulliamy, Penny Marshall and Ian Williams,[83] was faked.[84][85] These ITN reports had followed initial reports on camps (from Bratunac to Prijedor) by Maggie O'Kane and Roy Gutman,[86] which had revealed Serb-run prison camps in Bosanska Krajina in north-western Bosnia.[84][85] In August 1992 Vulliamy and O'Kane had gained access to the Omarska and Trnopolje camps.[87] Their accounts of the conditions of the prisoners were recorded for the documentary Omarska's survivors: Bosnia 1992.[88] Discovery of the camps was credited with contributing to the establishment of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) in The Hague.[89]

Deichmann claimed in his article, published by LM in February 1997, that the ITN footage, created in front of Trnopolje concentration camp, featuring a group of emaciated Bosnian Muslim men prisoners, including Fikret Alić, standing behind a barbed wire fence,[90] was deliberately staged to portray a Nazi-style extermination camp. The article further claimed that the ITN reporters, Penny Marshall and Ian Williams, had actually stood inside a compound surrounded by a barbed wire fence and from there filmed their report. The article alleged that the camp: "was not a prison, and certainly not a 'concentration camp', but a collection centre for refugees, many of whom went there seeking safety and could leave again if they wished".[91]

ITN vs. LM trial

In 1998, the publishers of LM, Informinc (LM) Ltd., were sued for libel by ITN. The case initially caused widespread condemnation of ITN. Among those who supported LM was journalist John Simpson, who in April 2012 publicly apologized for questioning ITN's reporting on the camps and for supporting the magazine.[92]

The journalist George Monbiot, wrote in Prospect magazine that, what he described as "some of the world's leading liberals", including Harold Evans, Doris Lessing, Paul Theroux, Fay Weldon had jumped to the magazine's defense, while others had condemned ITN's "deplorable attack on press freedom". He added: "The Institute of Contemporary Arts, bulwark of progressive liberalism, enhanced LM's heroic profile by co-hosting a three-day conference with the magazine, called "Free Speech Wars". With the blessing of the liberal world, this puny iconoclastic David will go to war with the clanking orthodoxies of the multinational Goliath".[93] Monbiot further argued that LM wished its struggle to be seen as a struggle for liberal values, but that this cause was less liberal than LM's supporters wanted to believe. Monbiot concluded that LM had less in common with the left than with the fanatical right.[93]

The libel case was decided against LM and in March 2000 the magazine was forced to close.[84] Reporters Penny Marshall and Ian Williams were each awarded £150,000 over the LM story and the magazine was ordered to pay £75,000 for libeling ITN in a February 1997 article.[79] In an interview with The Times, on question "would (he) do it again", Hume commented that they could have got out of the case by apologising but that he believes in "freedom to state what you understand to be true, even if it causes offence", and that he would do anything to avoid similar proceedings in court ever again, but that "some things really are more important than a mortgage".[94]

David Campbell summarised his study of the case as follows:

The LM defendants and Thomas Deichmann were properly represented at the trial and were able to lay out all the details of their claim that the ITN reporters had "deliberately misrepresented" the situation at Trnopolje. Having charged 'deliberate misrepresentation', they needed to prove 'deliberate misrepresentation'. To this end, the LM defendants were able to cross-examine Penny Marshall and Ian Williams, as well as every member of the ITN crews who were at the camps, along with other witnesses. (That they didn't take up the opportunity to cross-examine the Bosnian doctor imprisoned at Trnopolje, who featured in the ITN stories and was called to testify on the conditions he and others suffered, was perhaps the moment any remaining shred of credibility for LM's allegations evaporated). They were able to show the ITN reports to the court, including the rushes from which the final TV stories were edited, and conduct a forensic examination of the visuals they alleged were deceitful. And all of this took place in front of a jury of twelve citizens who they needed to convince about the truthfulness of their allegations.

They failed. The jury found unanimously against LM and awarded the maximum possible damages. So it was not ITN that bankrupted LM. It was LM's lies about the ITN reports that bankrupted themselves, morally and financially.

—David Campbell, Visiting Professor in the Northern Centre of Photography at Sunderland University in the UK[95]

Denial by officials

Local officials
Milorad Dodik (left), former president of Republika Srpska and the current member of the Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Ana Brnabić (right), the current Prime Minister of Serbia, are among most prominent politicians who denied Bosnian genocide.

High-ranking Serbian officials have claimed that no genocide of Bosniak Muslims took place at all:

  • Milorad Dodik and his Alliance of Independent Social Democrats party (SNSD) twice attempted to revise of the 2004 Srebrenica report, firstly in 2010 and later in 2018-19. These attempts were criticised by the Humanitarian Law Center who described them as "the culmination of more than a decade of genocide denial and historical revisionism" by the party's government in the Republika Srpska.[31] While president of Republika Srpska, Dodik described the Srebrenica massacre as a "fabricated myth".[96] He stated in an interview with the Belgrade newspaper Večernje Novosti in April 2010 that "we cannot and will never accept qualifying that event as a genocide". Dodik disowned the 2004 Republika Srpska report which had acknowledged the scale of the killing and had apologised to the relatives of the victims, claiming that the report had been adopted because of pressure from the international community. Without substantiating the figure, he claimed that the number of victims was 3,500 rather than the 7,000 accepted by the report, alleging that 500 listed victims were alive and that over 250 people buried in the Potocari memorial centre had died elsewhere.[97] In July 2010, on the 15th anniversary of the massacre, Dodik declared that he did not regard the killings at Srebrenica as genocide, and maintained that "If a genocide happened then it was committed against Serb people of this region where women, children and the elderly were killed en masse" (referring to eastern Bosnia).[58][98] In December 2010, Dodik condemned the Peace Implementation Council, an international community of 55 countries, for referring to the Srebrenica massacre as genocide.[99] In 2017, Dodik introduced legislation that would ban the teaching of the Srebrenica genocide and Sarajevo siege in Republika Srpska's schools, stating that it was "impossible to use here the textbooks … which say the Serbs have committed genocide and kept Sarajevo under siege. This is not correct and this will not be taught here".[100]
  • Tomislav Nikolić, then-President of Serbia, stated on 2 June 2012 that "there was no genocide in Srebrenica. In Srebrenica, grave war crimes were committed by some Serbs who should be found, prosecuted and punished. […] It is very difficult to indict someone and prove before the court that an event qualifies as genocide".[7][101][102]
  • Vojislav Šešelj[103]
  • Ivica Dačić[104]
  • Aleksandar Vulin[105]
  • Miloš Milovanović, a former commander of the Serb paramilitary unit Serbian Guard who represents the Serbian Democratic Party in the Srebrenica Municipal Assembly, said in March 2005 that "the massacre is a lie; it is propaganda to paint a bad picture of the Serbian people. The Muslims are lying; they are manipulating the numbers; they are exaggerating what happened. Far more Serbs died at Srebrenica than Muslims".[106][107]
  • Ana Brnabić - current prime minister of Serbia. On 14 November 2018, Brnabić in an interview with Deutsche Welle denied the massacres of Bosniaks by Bosnian Serb forces in Srebenica as being an act of genocide.[108]

Former UN officials and military figures
  • Phillip Corwin, former UN Civilian Affairs Coordinator in Bosnia, denied a genocide.[109] He was engaged as an advisor and contributor to the work of the Srebrenica Research Group[110] said in 2003 that "what happened in Srebrenica was not a single large massacre of Muslims by Serbs, but rather a series of very bloody attacks and counterattacks over a three-year period" and that the likely number "of dead Muslims may not be higher than the number of Serbs killed in the Srebrenica area".[111][112]
  • Lewis MacKenzie, former commander of the United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR) in Bosnia, in an article titled "The real story behind Srebrenica"[113] questioned the designation of genocide in 2009 firstly on the grounds that the number of men and boys killed had been exaggerated by a factor of 4, and secondly that transfer of the women and children by bus contradicted the notion of genocide – claiming that the women would have been killed first if there had been an intent to destroy the group.[114][115]
  • Portuguese retired general Carlos Martins Branco denies genocide ever happened in his publication "Was Srebrenica a Hoax? Eyewitness Account of a Former UN Military Observer in Bosnia" in 1998, and his memoirs "A Guerra nos Balcãs, jihadismo, geopolítica e desinformação" (War in the Balkans, Jihadism, Geopolitics, and Disinformation) in November 2016.[109] He claims "Srebrenica was portrayed – and continues to be – as a premeditated massacre of innocent Muslim civilians. As a genocide! But was it really so?".[116]

Other individuals and groups engaging in denial
Left: Peter Handke; Right: Efraim Zuroff
The genocide as described and ruled by ICJ & ICTY in numerous convictions, has been denied by various public intellectuals and personalities.
  • Peter Handke, Austrian writer who received the Nobel Prize in Literature in 2019, and who offered to testify on behalf of late Slobodan Milošević at ICTY trials, denied Serb run concentration camps, Srebrenica massacre, reiterated myths that the Bosnian Muslims staged their own massacres in Sarajevo, and compared Serbia's situation during 1990's to the faith of European Jewry during the Holocaust.[117] He offered his opinions in his numerous writings, plays and books dealing with the subject, such as "A Journey to the Rivers: Justice for Serbia".[118] Handke lauded Milošević and held eulogy for him at the funeral of the Serbian president.[119] In the opinion of British journalist Ed Vulliamy: "(Handke) went out of his way to give credence to mass murder and, in this context, as importantly, to lies".[120] Handke reacted to these numerous critiques by threatening to withdraw his latest play about the Bosnian war, The Journey To The Dug-Out, Or The Play About The War Film, from Vienna's Burgtheater, unless media and peer criticism stop.[118]
  • Srđa Trifković, in discussing the paramilitary units of the Serbian Ministry of Internal Affairs's Scorpions at the time, who filmed themselves executing six Bosniak teenagers in a woods surrounding Srebrenica,[121] called the video a "manipulation", insisting it was produced to retroactively justify Western policies and actions in Bosnia, whose aim was also to "inflict a collective responsibility upon the Serbian people", "revise" the Dayton Agreement, and "abolish" Serb entity in Bosnia. His other claims range from denial of an evidences of genocide, and number of people killed in Srebrenica, to denial that the Skorpions were under control of Serbian officials and institutions.[23]
  • Darko Trifunović, who teaches at the Faculty of Security in Novi Sad and helped write a Srebrenica report, insisted that fewer than one hundred were actually executed at Srebrenica, and denied the validity of the genocide verdict passed by the ICJ in case against Serbia, as well as the genocide verdict handed down by the ICTY in the case against general Radislav Krstić. He has written stories alleging existence of "Islamic radicalism" and "terrorism" in Bosnia-Herzegovina, which he used to justify denying the validity of court verdicts.[23]
  • La Nation, a bi-monthly Swiss newspaper, published a series of articles claiming that 2,000 soldiers were killed in the "pseudo-massacre" in Srebrenica. The Society for Threatened Peoples and Swiss Association Against Impunity filed a joint suit against La Nation for genocide denial. Swiss law prohibits genocide denial.[122]
  • The Srebrenica Research Group, was formerly led by Edward S. Herman, and includes two former UN officials. The group published Srebrenica And the Politics of War Crimes (2005), in which they claimed that the "contention that as many as 8,000 Muslims were killed has no basis in available evidence and is essentially a political construct".[123]
  • Genocide scholar William Schabas in his 2009 book Genocide in International Law: The Crime of Crimes summarizes the legal opinions regarding the status of the atrocities committed in Srebrenica and throughout the Bosnian war, deeming them ethnic cleansing and not genocide, stating that "Ethnic cleansing is also a warning sign of genocide to come. Genocide is the last resort of the frustrated ethnic cleanser".[124]
  • Efraim Zuroff, director of the Simon Wiesenthal Center office in Israel argued that "genocide is an attempt to completely erase one nation", so "there was no genocide in BiH" (Bosnia)[125] and reportedly said that Srebrenica could not have been genocide because the Serbs had spared the women and children at Srebrenica.[126][127] Zuroff welcomed the life sentence given to Ratko Mladić by the ICTY in November 2017, but repeated the claim that Srebrenica was not genocide.[128] Menachem Rosensaft, who had already clashed with Zuroff over his remarks in 2015, dismissed Zuroff’s response to the Mladić verdict, calling those who did not regard the Srebrenica massacre as genocide “wrong” from a legal point of view.[128]
  • The Norwegian war correspondent Ola Flyum released two documentaries, A Town Betrayed (Norwegian: Byen som kunne ofres) and Sporene etter Sarajevo ("The Remnants of Sarajevo"), in 2010 to heated domestic debate. They were originally aired as part of the Brennpunkt docu-series by the state broadcaster NRK, although the former was condemned five months later for "violation of good press practice" by the Norwegian Press Complaints Commission, following a complaint by the Norwegian Helsinki Committee.[129][130][131][132] Flyum maintained that he wanted to nuance the picture of Srebrenica by also discussing the earlier brutalities perpetrated by Naser Orić in the neighbouring villages.[133] The documentary did not engage in outright genocide denial, yet did construe the massacre as something more spontaneous and chaotic than a planned and calculated action by the Serbs.[134] Flyum also tried in part to shift the blame from Mladić and Karadžić to Izetbegović and Orić, implying that Srebrenica was something of a strategic sacrifice, rather than a planned ethnic cleansing.[135] The decision not to include the ICTY's final verdicts in the documentary was vehemently criticized, in particular by Mirsad Fazlic, the Bosnian reporter of Slobodna Bosna, whom Flyum had interviewed for the film and worked with for four years.[136]
  • Yehuda Bauer claims that Srebrenica was an "act of mass murder, but not genocide".[137]
  • The film The Weight of Chains by Boris Malagurski presents the Srebrenica massacre as a "stage-managed ploy by the Bosnians and Americans to justify NATO military intervention against Serbia".[138] Within the film, interviewee Srđa Trifković asserts that there are "trustworthy witnesses" who claim that Bill Clinton had indicated that "5,000 dead Muslims would be the price of NATO intervention" and that these witnesses believe that "Srebrenica was deliberately sacrificed by Izetbegović in order to provide this burnt offering to the White House". The film also presents the Srebrenica "civilian death toll as no larger than the number of Serbs killed in the surrounding area".[138]

Reaction to prominent figures' denialism
It is unconscionable and reprehensible for anyone to tell Adisada that the horrors to which her fellow Bosnian Muslims - including quite possibly members of her own family - were subjected at Srebrenica did not constitute a genocide (...)

Menachem Rosensaft[139]

Menachem Z. Rosensaft publicly confronted the Simon Wiesenthal Center's chief Nazi-hunter and Director for Eastern European Affairs, Israeli Holocaust historian Dr. Efraim Zuroff, (who does not deny the killings, but who claims they did not constitute genocide[127][128]) arguing that for Zuroff to be able to condemn the perpetrators and mourn victims of the genocide Jewish people suffered during the World War II, he has to condemn the perpetrators and mourn the victims of all other acts of genocide, including the genocide in Srebrenica.[139] He also responded in writing to denialists' arguments, particularly underlining those made by Steven T. Katz, William Schabas, and the aforementioned Efraim Zuroff, in an essay titled "Ratko Mladić’s Genocide Conviction, and Why it Matters", published by Tablet Magazine on the day Ratko Mladić was found guilty of "genocide, extermination, murder, and other crimes against humanity and war crimes" at the ICTY, and sentenced to life imprisonment.[7][140]

To one of the denialists' arguments - number, intent, and the combination of these depending on occasion and context, Rosensaft pointed out that the ICTY's Krstić Appeals Chamber "unequivocally held that the number of victims was not a determinative factor in concluding whether or not a genocide had occurred", and affirmed the Trial Chamber's conclusion that "the Srebrenica massacre was indeed a genocide because it was an essential element of the intent to destroy the Muslim population of Eastern Bosnia as a whole".[7][140] Rosensaft noted an assertion by the late Nehemiah Robinson, the Director of the Institute of Jewish Affairs of the World Jewish Congress, and a leading authority on the UN Genocide Convention, who said that the term genocide "applies even if victims constitute only part of a group either within a country or within a region or within a single community, provided the number is substantial … it will be up to the courts to decide in each case whether the number was sufficiently large". To this, Rosenssaft added that "the courts have spoken clearly and unambiguously".[140]

Left: Alain Finkielkraut; Right: Slavoj Žižek. Various public intellectuals and personalities reacted to Handke's denial.[117]

Salman Rushdie, in a Globe and Mail article, of 7 May 1999, described Handke's apologias for Serbian Milošević's regime and denial of genocide, as idiocy.[141][142][143] After Handke's play "Voyage by Dugout" was staged, Susan Sontag declared him "finished" in New York.[144] Other noted reactions included Alain Finkielkraut saying that Handke became "an ideological monster", while for Slavoj Žižek Handke's "glorification of the Serbs is cynicism".[118]
The Bosnian-American novelist and lecturer of creative writing at Princeton University, Aleksandar Hemon, joined in an international outcry, denouncing the Nobel Committee's decision to award Handke a Nobel Prize in literature, in a piece in The New York Times for their Opinion column, published in print and online in October 15th issue, calling Handke the "Bob Dylan of (g)enocide (a)pologists",[145] while the Berlin-based Serbian novelist, Bora Ćosić, denounced Handke:

This writer, the Austrian, has his very personal style. The very worst crimes get mentioned rather sweetly. And so the reader completely forgets that we're dealing with crimes. The Austrian writer who visited my country found only very proud people there. They proudly put up with everything that happened to them, so much so that in their pride they didn't bother to ask why all this was happening to them.[118]

While coming to Handke's defense, German novelist Martin Walser described the mood surrounding Handke, in relation to his opinions and attitude toward Bosnian Muslims' plight, explaining that Handke "is just being completely dismissed, in every respect morally, politically and professionally" and that all is "part of the war mood which I find a bit frightening".[118]

See also

Readings and presentations

References
  1. Philip J. Cohen (1996). "The Complicity of Serbian Intellectuals in Genocide in the 1990s". This Time We Knew by Thomas Cushman & Stjepan G. Meštrović. NYU Press. pp. 39–64. JSTOR j.ctt9qfngn.5.
  2. Brunnbauer, Ulf (2011). "Historical Writing in the Balkans". In Woolf, Daniel; Schneider, Axel (eds.). The Oxford History of Historical Writing: Volume 5: Historical Writing Since 1945. Oxford University Press. p. 364. ISBN 9780199225996.
  3. Bieber, Florian; Galijaš, Armina (2016). Debating the End of Yugoslavia. Routledge. p. 117. ISBN 9781317154242.
  4. Ramet, Sabrina Petra (2002). Balkan Babel: The Disintegration Of Yugoslavia From The Death Of Tito To The Fall Of Milošević. Westview Press. p. 19. ISBN 9780813339054. Serbian historians debates.
  5. Ramet, Sabrina P. (2006). The three Yugoslavias: State-building and legitimation, 1918-2005. Indiana University Press. p. 322. ISBN 9780253346568.
  6. Perica, Vjekoslav (2002). Balkan Idols: Religion and Nationalism in Yugoslav States. Oxford University Press. p. 147. ISBN 978-0-19-517429-8. Retrieved 27 April 2020.
  7. Menachem Z. Rosensaft (22 November 2017). "Essay: Ratko Mladić's Genocide Conviction, and Why it Matters". Tablet Magazine. Retrieved 2 February 2019.
  8. "Bosnia-Herzegovina social briefing: Bosnian genocide denial". China-CEE Institute. 3 May 2019. Retrieved 18 November 2019.
  9. "Serbia not guilty of genocide". Human Rights House Foundation. 26 February 2007. Retrieved 1 May 2020.
  10. "Denying the Bosnian genocide is unforgivable - Institute For Research of Genocide Canada (IGC)". Institute for Genocide. Retrieved 2 February 2019.
  11. ICTY; "Address by ICTY President Theodor Meron, at Potocari Memorial Cemetery" The Hague, 23 June 2004 UN.org Archived 3 April 2009 at the Wayback Machine
  12. "'Srebrenica defender' awaits his war crimes verdict". France 24. 30 November 2018. Retrieved 2 February 2019.
  13. "Genocide Conviction for Serb General Tolimir". Institute for War and Peace Reporting. 13 December 2012. Retrieved 1 May 2020.
  14. Roy Gutman, A Witness to Genocide: The 1993 Pulitzer Prize-Winning Dispatches on the "Ethnic Cleansing" of Bosnia
  15. John Richard Thackrah (2008) The Routledge companion to military conflict since 1945, Routledge Companions Series, Taylor & Francis, 2008, ISBN 0-415-36354-3, ISBN 978-0-415-36354-9. pp. 81, 82 "Bosnian genocide can mean either the genocide committed by the Serb forces in Srebrenica in 1995 or the ethnic cleansing during the 1992–95 Bosnian War"
  16. ICTY; "Address by ICTY President Theodor Meron, at Potocari Memorial Cemetery" The Hague, 23 June 2004 ICTY.org
  17. ICTY; "Krstic judgement" UNHCR.org Archived 18 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine
  18. ICTY; "Karadžić and Mladić indictment. Paragraphs 17, 18 and 19" ICTY.org
  19. Smith, Gordon H. (2005-06-22). "S.Res.134 - 109th Congress (2005-2006): A resolution expressing the sense of the Senate regarding the massacre at Srebrenica in July 1995". www.congress.gov. Retrieved 2020-05-01.
  20. European Court of Human Rights – Jorgic v. Germany Judgment, 12 July 2007. para. 36, 47, 111 Retrieved 20 March 2011
  21. European Court of Human Rights – Jorgic v. Germany Judgment, 12 July 2007. § 47,107,108
  22. Taylor 2008, p. 139.
  23. Sonja Biserko (the Helsinki Committee for Human Rights in Serbia); Edina Bečirević (faculty of criminology and security studies of the University of Sarajevo). "Bosnian Institute News: Denial of genocide - on the possibility of normalising relations in the region". www.bosnia.org.uk (in English, Bosnian, and Serbian). Archived from the original on 29 March 2019. Retrieved 4 February 2019.
  24. Biserko, Sonja (26 February 2007). "Serbia not guilty of genocide". Human Rights House Foundation (in English and Serbian). Retrieved 4 February 2019.
  25. Gordana Knežević (9 August 2016). "Milosevic 'Exonerated'? War-Crime Deniers Feed Receptive Audience". RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty. Retrieved 12 April 2020.
  26. Armatta, Judith (27 February 2003)."Milosevic's Propaganda War", Institute of War & Peace Reporting. Retrieved 31 July 2008.
  27. "ICTY Indictment of Milosevic, clause 25, section g". United Nations. 5 March 2007. Archived from the original on 7 March 2004. Retrieved 26 May 2011.
  28. Bennett, Christopher. "how yugoslavia's destroyers harnessed the media", Frontline. Retrieved 31 July 2008.
  29. EXPERT REPORT OF RENAUD DE LA BROSSE "Political Propaganda and the Plan to Create 'A State For All Serbs:' Consequences of using media for ultra-nationalist ends", paragraph 74
  30. Tim Judah and Daniel Sunter (4 June 2005). "How video that put Serbia in dock was brought to light". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 2 August 2012.
  31. Eric Gordy; Srđan Vučetić; Emil Kerenji; Amila Buturović; Valery Perry; overall 31 signatories (21 February 2019). "Truth and Revisionism in Bosnia and Herzegovina - Fond za humanitarno pravo/Humanitarian Law Center". www.hlc-rdc.org. Humanitarian Law Center. Retrieved 16 November 2019.
  32. Karlsson, Emil (3 January 2017). "Key Characteristics of Genocide Denial". Debunking Denialism. Retrieved 6 November 2019.
  33. ICTY: Prosecutor v. Blagojevic and Jokic Trial Chamber Judgment Case No. IT-02-60 Section II G Prosecutor v. Blagojevic and Jokic Archived 5 January 2008 at the Wayback Machine
  34. ICTY: Prosecutor v. Blagojevic and Jokic Trial Chamber Judgment Case No. IT-02-60 paragraph 382 Prosecutor v. Blagojevic and Jokic Archived 10 March 2007 at the Wayback Machine
  35. ICTY: Prosecutor v. Blagojevic and Jokic Trial Chamber Judgment Case No. IT-02-60 paragraph 383 Prosecutor v. Blagojevic and Jokic Archived 10 March 2007 at the Wayback Machine
  36. Durnford, Laura "Bridges of Bone and Blood" Archived 6 February 2007 at the Wayback Machine
  37. The Scotsman "Finding the Bodies To Fill Bosnia's Graves" commentary by Adam Boys (ICMP) comment # 16.Adam Boys Commentary
  38. Wood, Peter "Pollen Helps War Crimes Forensics"
  39. "Agents of Denial". Srebrenica Genocide Denial Report 2020 (pdf). Heinrich Böll Stiftung - Belgrade Serbia. The Srebrenica Memorial. May 2020. Retrieved 10 December 2020.
  40. Gordana Katana (a correspondent with Voice of America in Banja Luka). REGIONAL REPORT: Bosnian Serbs Play Down Srebrenica, website of the Institute for War & Peace Reporting. Retrieved 25 October 2009
  41. "Brief Record". US Library of Congress. Retrieved 22 April 2009.
  42. Report about Case Srebrenica – Banja Luka, 2002
  43. Imaginary Massacres?, Time, 11 September 2002
  44. "Deronjić (IT-02-61) | International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia". www.icty.org. Retrieved 1 May 2020.
  45. "Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty: Newsline, 02-09-03". 3 September 2005. Retrieved 3 July 2009.
  46. "DECISION ON ADMISSIBILITY AND MERITS – The Srebrenica Cases (49 applications) against The Republika Srpska" (PDF). Human Rights Chamber for Bosnia and Herzegovina. 7 March 2003. p. 50. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 November 2017. Retrieved 2 May 2017.
  47. Picard, Michèle; Zinbo, Asta (2012), "The Long Road to Admission: The Report of the Government of the Republika Srpska", in Delpla, Isabelle; Bougarel, Xavier; Fournel, Jean-Louis (eds.), Investigating Srebrenica: Institutions, Facts, Responsibilities, New York: Berghahn Books, pp. 137–140
  48. Alic, Anes (20 October 2003). "Pulling Rotten Teeth". Transitions Online. Retrieved 2 May 2017.
  49. "The Events in and Around Srebrenica Between 10th and 19th July 1995" (PDF). 11 June 2004. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 March 2016.
  50. "Addendum to the Report of 11 June 2004 on the Events in and around Srebrenica between 10 and 19 July 1995" (PDF). 15 October 2004. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 April 2016. Retrieved 16 November 2019.
  51. "Srebrenica Commission Report to be assessed by judges before public comments". Office of the High Representative in Bosnia and Herzegovina. 18 October 2004. Retrieved 1 May 2017.
  52. Rachel Kerr (2007). Peace and Justice. Polity. ISBN 9780745634227. Retrieved 5 August 2013., p. 192.
  53. Taylor 2008, p. 171.
  54. Tanja Topić (1 July 2004). "Otvaranje najmračnije stranice" (in Serbian). Vreme.
  55. "Bosnian Serbs issue apology for massacre, AP, 11 November 2004". Bosnia.org.uk. 11 November 2004. Archived from the original on 7 June 2011. Retrieved 26 May 2011.
  56. "Envoy slams Bosnia Serbs for questioning Srebrenica". Reuters. 21 April 2010. Retrieved 21 April 2010.
  57. "RS Government Special Session A Distasteful Attempt to Question Genocide". OHR. 21 April 2010. Archived from the original on 18 March 2015. Retrieved 21 April 2010.
  58. Srebrenica massacre 'not genocide', The Sydney Morning Herald/Agence France-Presse, 13 July 2010
  59. "Case Study 1: New Investigative Commissions". Srebrenica Genocide Denial Report 2020 (pdf). Heinrich Böll Stiftung - Belgrade Serbia. The Srebrenica Memorial. May 2020. Retrieved 10 December 2020.
  60. Filip Rudić (21 February 2019). "Bosnian Serb War Commissions 'Seeking to Revise Truth': Academics". Balkan Insight. Retrieved 18 May 2020.
  61. "US State Department: Revision of Srebrenica Report is wrong". N1 BA (in Bosnian). 16 August 2018. Retrieved 8 November 2019.
  62. Hoare, Marko Attila (1 December 2003). "Genocide in the former Yugoslavia: a critique of left revisionism's denial (full version)". Journal of Genocide Research. 5 (4): 543–563. doi:10.1080/1462352032000149495. ISSN 1462-3528. S2CID 145169670.
  63. George Monbiot (13 June 2011). "Naming the Genocide Deniers". monbiot.com. Retrieved 25 December 2020.
  64. Jason Schulman (2003). "The Nato-Serbia War and the Left". Science & Society. 67 (2): 223–225. JSTOR 40404074. Retrieved 25 December 2020.
  65. Tromp, Nevenka (2016). "The debate on the causes and consequences of the disintegration of Yugoslavia". Prosecuting Slobodan Milošević: The Unfinished Trial. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-33526-9. Retrieved 10 December 2020.
  66. Marko Attila Hoare (23 July 2005). "The 'Anti-War' Link". www.helsinki.org.rs. Helsinki Committee for Human Rights in Serbia. Retrieved 25 December 2020.
  67. Oz Katerji (24 November 2017). "The West's leftist 'intellectuals' who traffic in genocide denial, from Srebrenica to Syria | Opinion". Haaretz.com. Retrieved 26 December 2020.
  68. Shaw, Martin (15 June 2011). "'Left-wing' genocide denial". Martin Shaw. Retrieved 26 December 2020.
  69. Shaw, Martin (22 May 2012). "Once more on 'left-wing' genocide denial". Martin Shaw. Retrieved 26 December 2020.
  70. Marko Attila Hoare (December 2003). "Nothing Is Left". Bosnia Institut UK. Archived from the original on 26 April 2019. Retrieved 6 January 2020.
  71. Marko Attila Hoare (December 2003). "The Left Revisionists". balkanwitness.glypx.com republished shorter version of "Genocide in the former Yugoslavia: a critique of left revisionism's denial" published in Journal of Genocide Research. Retrieved 2 November 2019.
  72. Edward S. Herman (7 July 2007). "The Politics of the Srebrenica Massacre". Z Net. Archived from the original on 1 July 2009. Retrieved 6 November 2019.
  73. Taylor 2008, pp. 158, 161-168, 170-171.
  74. Berube, Michael (2011). The Left at War. New York University Press. pp. 11, 105. ISBN 9780814799857.
  75. "Orić (IT-03-68) Trial Chamber Judgements and Appeals Chamber Judgement" (pdf (full text & summary)). www.icty.org (in English and Serbo-Croatian). International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia. 30 Jun 2006. Retrieved 29 August 2019.
  76. "Krstić (IT-98-33) "Srebrenica-Drina Corps" (paras 43–46) - The Cases". www.icty.org (in English and Serbo-Croatian). ICTY International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia. Archived from the original on 2 August 2019. Retrieved 6 September 2019.
  77. "Srebrenica - Genocide in eight acts + Timeline, comprehensive reports, maps, video and pdf files with full text available for download". srebrenica.sense-agency.com. sense-agency.com. Retrieved 29 August 2019.
  78. Alex Lockie; Armin Rosen (11 July 2019). "8,000 Muslim men and boys were killed at Srebrenica - here's the awful story of the worst European massacre since World War II". Business Insider. Retrieved 29 August 2019.
  79. "ITN wins Bosnian war libel case". BBC News. 15 March 2000
  80. Wells, Matt (31 March 2000). "LM closes after losing libel action". The Guardian. Retrieved 9 July 2016.
  81. Taylor, Tony (2008). Denial: History Betrayed. Melbourne University Publishing. p. 160. ISBN 9780522859072.
  82. Mark Danner. "Concentration Camps - The Horrors Of A Camp Called Omarska and the Serb Strategy - The World's Most Wanted Man". www.pbs.org - FRONTLINE - PBS. excerpt from Danner's, "America and the Bosnia Genocide," The New York Review of Books, 12/4/97. Retrieved 18 November 2019.
  83. "Holocaust Memorial Day Trust - 7 August 1992: British journalists gain access to Omarska". hmd.org.uk. Holocaust Memorial Day Trust. Retrieved 16 November 2019.
  84. Vulliamy, Ed (15 March 2000). "Poison in the well of history". The Guardian. Retrieved 9 November 2019.
  85. Vulliamy, Ed (7 April 2012). "Bosnia's victims 20 years on: survivors of a nightmare with no reckoning". The Guardian / The Observer. Retrieved 16 November 2019.
  86. Gallagher, Tom (2003). "Chapter: The world responds to the Bosnian camps". The Balkans After the Cold War: From Tyranny to Tragedy. Routledge. ISBN 9781134472390. Retrieved 16 November 2019.
  87. Tanner, Marcus (30 November 2017). "UK's Vulliamy Recalls Encounters with Belligerent Praljak". Balkan Insight. Retrieved 3 October 2018.
  88. http://aje.io/avkd
  89. "Crimes before the ICTY: Prijedor - International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia". www.icty.org. Hague. Archived from the original (html, documentary video) on 27 September 2020. Retrieved 21 December 2020.
  90. Vulliamy, Ed (26 July 2008). "Ed Vulliamy talks to survivors of the Bosnian concentration camps". The Guardian / The Observer. Retrieved 16 November 2019.
  91. "LM 97: The picture that fooled the world". 18 February 1998. Archived from the original on 18 February 1998.
  92. Simpson, John (22 April 2012). "The War is Dead, Long Live the War: Bosnia – The Reckoning by Ed Vulliamy". The Observer.
  93. Monbiot, George (1 November 1998). "Far Left or Far Right?". Prospect.
  94. Hume, Mick (7 March 2005). "The day I faced being a £1m bankrupt". The Times. London. Retrieved 14 April 2007.
  95. Campbell, David (14 November 2009). "Chomsky's Bosnian shame". DavidCampbell.com. Archived from the original on 2009-11-19.
  96. Zamira Rahim (14 April 2019). "Srebrenica massacre is 'fabricated myth', Bosnian Serb leader says". The Independent. Retrieved 6 November 2019.
  97. "Srebrenica was not genocide: Bosnian Serb leader". Agence France-Presse. 27 April 2010. Archived from the original on 17 July 2010. Retrieved 28 April 2010.
  98. Ivica Bakota; (2019) Bosnia-Herzegovina social briefing: Bosnian genocide denial p. 3; ISSN 2560-1601
  99. Arslanagic, Sabina (3 December 2010). "Dodik Again Denies Srebrenica Genocide". Balkan Insight.
  100. Daria Sito-Sucic (2017-06-06). "Serb president bans teaching about Sarajevo siege, Srebrenica genocide". Reuters. Retrieved 2020-05-19.
  101. "Serb president denies Srebrenica 'genocide'". Al Jazeera. 3 June 2012. Retrieved 19 May 2020.
  102. Sasa Bojic (6 June 2012). "Serbian president under fire for denying Srebrenica genocide | DW | 06.06.2012". DW.COM. Deutsche Welle (www.dw.com). Retrieved 19 May 2020.
  103. Čekerevac, Mirjana (16 November 2016). "Zatvor za negiranje genocida". Politika (in Serbian). Retrieved 1 May 2020.
  104. "Dačić: Srbija nije izvršila genocid u BiH". Alo (in Serbian). 13 August 2016. Retrieved 1 May 2020.
  105. "Ivanić, Galijašević i Vulin za TV Pink: Revizija presude je NEPRIJATELJSKI ČIN prema Srbiji". Pink (in Serbian). 2016. Retrieved 1 May 2020.
  106. Vulliamy, Ed (30 April 2005). "After the massacre, a homecoming". The Guardian.
  107. Sullivan, Stacy (5 July 2005). "The Wall of Denial". Institute for War & Peace Reporting.
  108. Rudic, Filip (20 November 2018). "Hague Court Chief Criticises Serbian PM's Genocide Denial". Balkan Insight. Retrieved 23 April 2020.
  109. Sead Omeragić (21 December 2018). "Ko je Carlos Branco negator genocida u Srebrenici: Rezervni general u dubokoj pozadini". Novinska agencija Patria (in Serbo-Croatian). nap.ba. Patria. Retrieved 4 January 2021.
  110. "Srebrenica Research Group – Group members and mission". Srebrenica-report.com. Archived from the original on 24 March 2008. Retrieved 13 July 2015.
  111. Srebrenica 1995-2015: Evaluation of legacy and long-term consequences of genocide (PDF). Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference held 9-11. July 2015 Sarajevo - Tuzla - Srebrenica (Potočari): 9-11. July 2015 (in Serbo-Croatian). Sarajevo: Institute for Researching Crimes against Humanity and International Law - University of Sarajevo. 2016. p. 190. Retrieved 25 December 2020.
  112. Quoted in International Strategic Studies Association – Special Report Srebrenica Controversy Becomes Increasingly Politicized Archived 2009-04-19 at the Stanford Web Archive ISSA Special Report – Balkan Strategic Studies, 19 September 2003
  113. Lewis MacKenzie (14 July 2005). "The real story behind Srebrenica". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved 6 November 2019.
  114. Srdja Pavlović (4 November 2019). "General's Road to Perdition". www.ualberta.ca. Retrieved 4 January 2021.
  115. Bruno Waterfield (3 February 2007). "EU plans far-reaching 'genocide denial' law". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 16 April 2009. Retrieved 30 December 2020.
  116. "Portugalski general srušio haški tribunal: Srebrenica nije genocid, ali Krajina jeste; Srbi žrtve zavere". Informer. Archived from the original on 10 November 2017. Retrieved 13 August 2017.
  117. Adam Taylor (10 October 2019). "Peter Handke won the Nobel for his 'great artistry.' Critics say he's an apologist for genocide". Washington Post. Archived from the original on 10 October 2019. Retrieved 12 April 2020.CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  118. Traynor, Ian (21 April 1999). "Stand up if you support the Serbs". The Guardian. Retrieved 18 November 2019.
  119. Hamilton, Hugo (10 October 2019). "Peter Handke: an adversarial talent and controversial Nobel laureate". The Guardian. Retrieved 18 November 2019.
  120. Vulliamy, Ed (12 October 2019). "Peter Handke's Nobel prize that dishonours the victims of genocide". The Guardian. Retrieved 18 November 2019.
  121. Gordy, Eric (2013). "Chapter 7: The Scorpions and the Refinement of Denial". Guilt, Responsibility, and Denial: The Past at Stake in Post-Milosevic Serbia. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 124–144. ISBN 978-0-8122-0860-3. Retrieved 6 January 2020.
  122. "Rights group sues paper for Bosnia genocide denial". Associated Press. 19 April 2010. Archived from the original on 2013-06-30. Retrieved 19 April 2010.
  123. Hoare, Marko Attila (December 17, 2005). "Chomsky's Genocidal Denial". Balkan Witness. Retrieved November 18, 2020. See also Hoare, Marko Attila (2017) [2015]. Bosnia and Herzegovina: Genocide, Justice and Denial (PDF). Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina: Center for Advanced Studies. p. 122. a lobbying group set up to deny the Srebrenica massacre
  124. Schabas, William (2000). Genocide in International Law: The Crime of Crimes. Cambridge University Press. pp. 175–200, 201. ISBN 0-521-78790-4.
  125. "Zurof: U BiH nije bilo genocida" (in Serbo-Croatian). Nezavisne Novine. 27 December 2013. Genocid je pokušaj totalnog brisanja jedne nacije, dakle holokaust i Ruanda jesu bili genocid. Darfur nije jasan. U BiH nije bilo genocida
  126. Israel W. Charny (30 October 2019). "More on "Does Yad Vashem Have a Problem with the Bosnian Genocide?"". Institute on the Holocaust & Genocide in Jerusalem. Retrieved 8 December 2020.
  127. "Nazi hunter: Comparing Srebrenica and Holocaust is "absurd"". B92. 17 June 2015.
  128. Liphshiz, Cnaan. "Holocaust experts disagree over justness of Mladic's conviction for genocide". Times of Israel. Retrieved 2 February 2019.
  129. John Olav Egeland, Øyvind Brigg, Alf Bjarne Johnsen, Henrik Syse, Camilla Serck-Hanssen, Georg Apenes (2011-10-20). "PFU case107/11 – Unofficial English Translation" (PDF) (Press release). Norwegian Press Complaints Commission. Retrieved 2020-05-15.CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
  130. PFU (2011-10-21). "brennpunkt-bosniere - Bosniere i Norge glad for PFU-kjennelse". TV 2 (in Norwegian). Archived from the original on 2016-03-11. Retrieved 2020-05-15.
  131. Hauger, K.K. (2011-05-02). "- Brennpunkt-program på villspor". kampanje.com (in Norwegian Bokmål). Retrieved 2020-05-15.
  132. Pehilj, Azer (2011-05-31). "Gubben som kunne ofres". Dagsavisen (in Norwegian). Retrieved 2020-05-15.
  133. Haug, Vibeke; Flyum, Oloa (2011-05-04). "Fortidde sider ved massakren". NRK (in Norwegian Bokmål). Retrieved 2020-05-15.
  134. Haug, Vibeke; Flyum, Ola (2011-05-06). "Enøyd kritikk av Brennpunkt". NRK (in Norwegian Bokmål). Retrieved 2020-05-15.
  135. Pedersen, B.E. (2011-04-26). "Dokumentar om Balkan-krigen". Dagsavisen (in Norwegian). Retrieved 2020-05-15.
  136. Bjørkeng, Per Kristian (2011-05-01). "-Et program på villspor". Aftenposten (in Norwegian Bokmål). Retrieved 2020-05-15.
  137. Ivica Bakota; (2019) Bosnia-Herzegovina social briefing: Bosnian genocide denial p. 4; ISSN 2560-1601
  138. Miller, Tristan. (January 2014). "Nationalism and Destruction in the Balkans". Socialist Standard. Retrieved 3 October 2014.
  139. Rosensaft, Menachem (15 July 2015). "Why The Srebrenica Massacre Must Be Recognized As A Genocide". HuffPost. Archived from the original on 5 December 2020. Retrieved 7 December 2020.
  140. Liphshiz, Cnaan. "Holocaust experts disagree over justness of Mladic's conviction for genocide". www.timesofisrael.com. Times of Israel. Retrieved 2 February 2019.
  141. Salman Rushdie (7 May 1999). "For services rendered – to the cause of folly". Balkan Witness. from the Toronto Globe and Mail (7 May 1999). Retrieved 17 May 2020. In the battle for the hotly contested title of International Moron of the Year, two heavyweight contenders stand out. One is the Austrian writer Peter Handke, who has astonished even his work’s most fervent admirers by a series of impassioned apologias for the genocidal regime of Slobodan Milosevic, and who, during a recent visit to Belgrade, received the Order of The Serbian Knight for his propaganda services. Mr. Handke’s previous idiocies include the suggestion that Sarajevo’s Muslims regularly massacred themselves and then blamed the Serbs, and his denial of the genocide carried out by Serbs at Srebrenica. Now he likens the North Atlantic Treaty Organization’s aerial bombardment to the alien invasion in the movie Mars Attacks! And then, foolishly mixing his metaphors, he compares the Serbs’ sufferings to the Holocaust.
  142. "Critics condemn 'shameful' Nobel for writer Handke". BBC News. 11 October 2019. Retrieved 19 May 2020.
  143. "Slavoj Žižek, Salman Rushdie, američki i britanski P.E.N. osudili izbor Petera Handkea, austrijski predsjednik Alexander Van der Bellen smatra da 'imamo još puno toga naučiti od Handkea'". slobodnadalmacija.hr (in Croatian). Slobodna Dalmacija. 11 October 2019. Retrieved 19 May 2020.
  144. Zakaria, Rafia (10 December 2019). "Peter Handke and Olga Tokarczuk: Nobel prize winners epitomize our darkest divides". CNN. Retrieved 5 January 2020.
  145. Hemon, Aleksandar (15 October 2019). "Opinion - 'The Bob Dylan of Genocide Apologists'". The New York Times. Retrieved 17 May 2020. Perhaps the esteemed Nobel Committee is so invested in the preservation of Western civilization that to it a page of Mr. Handke is worth a thousand Muslim lives. Or it could be that in the rarefied chambers in Stockholm, Mr. Handke’s anxious goalie is far more real than a woman from Srebrenica whose family was eradicated in the massacre. The choice of Mr. Handke implies a concept of literature safe from the infelicities of history and actualities of human life and death. War and genocide, Milosevic and Srebrenica, the value of the writer’s words and actions at this moment in history, might be of interest to the unsophisticated plebs once subjected to murder and displacement, but not to those who can appreciate “linguistic ingenuity” that “has explored the periphery and the specificity of human experience". For them, genocide comes and goes, but literature is forever.
  146. Campbell, David (1 March 2002). "Part 1 - Atrocity, memory, photography: Imaging the concentration camps of Bosnia–the case of ITN versus Living Marxism". Journal of Human Rights. 1 (1): 1–33. doi:10.1080/14754830110111544. ISSN 1475-4835. S2CID 56360692.
  147. Campbell, David (1 June 2002). "Part 2 - Atrocity, memory, photography: Imaging the concentration camps of Bosnia - the case of ITN versus Living Marxism". Journal of Human Rights. 1 (2): 143–172. doi:10.1080/14754830210125656. ISSN 1475-4835. S2CID 216116748.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.