Demographics of Bolivia

The demographic characteristics of the population of Bolivia are known from censuses, with the first census undertaken in 1826 and the most recent in 2012. The National Institute of Statistics of Bolivia (INE) has performed this task since 1950. The population of Bolivia in 2012 reached 10 million for the first time in history. The population density is 9.13 inhabitants per square kilometer, and the overall life expectancy in Bolivia at birth is 68.2 years. The population has steadily risen from the late 1800s to the present time. The natural growth rate of the population is positive, which has been a continuing trend since the 1950s; in 2012, Bolivia's birth rate continued to be higher than the death rate. Bolivia is in the third stage of demographic transition. In terms of age structure, the population is dominated by the 15–64 segment. The median age of the population is 23.1, and the gender ratio of the total population is 0.99 males per female.

Demographics of Bolivia
Scatter plot of the population of Bolivia (in thousands) from 1826–2012
Population10,027,254 (2012)
Density9.1 people/km2 (2012)
Growth rate21.2% (2012)
Birth rate23.7 per 1,000 pop. (2013)
Death rate6.6 per 1,000 pop. (2013)
Life expectancy68.87 years (2014)
 • male65.4 years (2013)
 • female71.1 years (2013)
Fertility rate2.8 children born/woman (2013)
Infant mortality rate39.7 deaths/1,000 live births (2013)
Age structure
0–14 years31.0% (2012)
15–64 years63.1% (2012)
65 and over6.1% (2012)
Sex ratio
Total0.99 male/female (2012)
Under 151.05 male/female (2012)
15–64 years0.96 male/female (2012)
65 and over0.88 male/female (2012)
Nationality
Nationalitynoun: Bolivian(s), adjective: Bolivian
Major ethnicQuechua 45.6%, Ayamara 42.4% (2012)
Minor ethnic37 other ethnic groups (2012)
Language
OfficialSpanish, Quechua, Aymara, Guarani, and 34 other native languages

Bolivia is inhabited mostly by Quechua (45.6%) and Aymara (42.4%), while minorities include 37 indigenous groups (0.3% average per group). Spanish, Quechua, Aymara, Guarani languages, as well as 34 other native languages are the official language of Bolivia. Spanish is the most-spoken language (60.7%) within the population. The main religions of Bolivia are the Catholic Church (81.8%), Evangelicalism (11.5%), and Protestantism (2.6%). There is a literacy rate of 91.2%. An estimated 7.6% of the country's gross domestic product (GDP) is spent on education. The average monthly household income was Bs.1,378 ($293) in 1994. In December 2013 the unemployment rate was 3.2% of the working population. The average urbanization rate in Bolivia is 67%.

Population
Distribution of Quechua people by municipality.
Distribution of Aymara people by municipality.
Map showing the area of indigenous peoples in Bolivia
Distribution of other Bolivian indigenous peoples by municipality.
Census population
YearPop.±% p.a.
1826 997,427—    
1831 1,088,768+1.77%
1835 1,060,777−0.65%
1845 1,378,896+2.66%
1854 2,326,126+5.98%
1882 1,172,156−2.42%
1900 1,555,818+1.59%
1950 2,704,165+1.11%
1976 4,613,486+2.08%
1992 6,420,792+2.09%
2001 8,274,325+2.86%
2012 10,027,254+1.76%
Source: 1826,[1] 1831–2001,[2] 2012[3]

The first true estimate of the population of Bolivia came in 1826, in which 997,427 inhabitants were estimated. This number was calculated from the 1796 census organized by Francisco Gil de Taboada, which consisted of several Bolivian cities.[1] The first modern census was completed in 1831, and ten have been completed since then. The organizer of Bolivia's censuses has changed throughout the years—Andrés de Santa Cruz (1831), The Bolivian Statistical Office (1835, 1854, 1882), The Bolivian Statistical Commission (1845), The National Immigration Bureau and The Statistics and Geographic Propaganda (1900), and The Department of Statistics and Censuses (1950)—with the INE conducting the census since 1976.[1] The national census is supposed to be conducted every ten years, however, the 2012 census was late because of "climatic factors and the financing." The 2012 census was conducted on 21 November 2012, in which 10,027,254 inhabitants were in the country. The estimated cost of the census was $50 million.[4][5]

With a population of 10.0 million in 2012, Bolivia ranks 87th in the world by population.[3] Its population density is 9.13 inhabitants per square kilometer. The overall life expectancy in Bolivia is 65.4. The total fertility rate is 2.87 children per mother.[6] Since 1950, the World Health Organization (WHO) estimates the birth rate exceeded the death rate of the country.[7] The population of Bolivia has been increasing since 1900, and has only had a negative per annum growth rate twice in its history (1835 and 1882). Bolivia is in the third stage of demographic transition. There were 562,461 immigrants in Bolivia in 2012, with the most (40.5%) coming from Argentina.[8] In 2008, there were 48,809 marriages in Bolivia, and 5,887 divorces throughout the country in 2011.[9][10]

Cities

Vital statistics
Year Population Births Deaths Natural change Crude birth rate Crude death rate Natural change Fertility rates
1950 2,714 134 70 64 46.9 24.4 22.5 6.75
1955 3,100 149 73 76 46.8 23.0 23.8 6.75
1960 3,353 163 77 86 45.9 21.5 24.4 6.63
1965 3,751 181 81 100 45.4 20.2 25.2 6.56
1970 4,217 203 85 118 45.3 19.0 26.3 6.50
1975 4,786 208 81 127 41.1 16.0 25.1 5.80
1980 5,369 220 76 144 38.6 13.3 15.3 5.30
1985 6,041 238 72 166 37.1 11.3 25.8 5.00
1990 6,794 259 71 188 36.0 9.9 25.1 4.8
1995 7,635 263 71 192 32.7 8.9 23.8 4.32
2000 8,495 270 72 198 30.3 8.1 22.2 3.96
2005 9,355 267 73 194 27.3 7.5 19.8 3.50
2010 10,157 274 76 198 25.9 7.1 18.8 3.25
2015 11,025 282 79 203 24.5 6.9 17.6 3.04
 • All statistics are per 1,000 inhabitants
 • All data comes from estimations from the United Nations.[7]

Births and deaths[11] [12]

Year Population Live births Deaths Natural increase Crude birth rate Crude death rate Rate of natural increase TFR
2009 346,029
2010 298,494 44,953 253,541
2011 311,365 47,130 264,235
2012 10,351,118 252,954 69,315 183,639 24.44 6.70 17.74 3.06
2013 10,507,789 252,455 68,564 183,891 24.03 6.53 17.50 3.01
2014 10,665,841 251,804 67,943 183,861 23.61 6.37 17.24 2.96
2015 10,825,013 251,008 67,427 183,581 23.19 6.23 16.96 2.91
2016 10,985,059 250,081 67,000 183,081 22.77 6.10 16.67 2.87
2017 11,145,770 249,030 66,665 182,365 22.34 5.98 16.36 2.82
2018 11,307,314 248,830 66,628 182,202 22.01 5.89 16.12 2.78
2019 11,469,896 248,556 66,662 181,894 21.67 5.81 15.86 2.74
2020 11,633,371 248,215 66,760 181,455 21.34 5.74 15.60 2.70

Fertility and Births

Total Fertility Rate (TFR) (Wanted Fertility Rate) and Crude Birth Rate (CBR):[13]

Year CBR (Total) TFR (Total) CBR (Urban) TFR (Urban) CBR (Rural) TFR (Rural)
1989 5,0 (3,2) 4,0 (2,6) 6,4 (4,1)
1994 34 4,8 (2,7) 32 3,8 (2,4) 37 6,3 (3,3)
1998 30.4 4,2 (2,5) 27.4 3,3 (2,2) 35.4 6,4 (3,2)
2003 28 3,8 (2,1) 26 3,1 (1,9) 32 5,5 (2,6)
2008 26 3,5 (2,0) 24 2,8 (1,9) 28 4,9 (2,4)

Structure of the population[11]
Population pyramid 2016

Structure of the population (21 November 2012) (Census) :

Age Group Male Female Total %
Total 5,019,447 5,040,409 10,059,856 100
0–4 556,294 533,654 1,089,948 10.83
5–9 504,623 488,031 992,654 9.87
10–14 549,866 528,298 1,078,164 10.72
15–19 559,285 546,999 1,106,284 11.00
20–24 493,018 485,588 978,606 9.73
25–29 407,293 410,102 817,395 8.13
30–34 372,197 381,634 753,831 7.49
35–39 310,162 320,870 631,032 6.27
40–44 270,971 273,730 544,701 5.41
45–49 228,006 233,978 461,984 4.59
50–54 199,526 203,694 403,220 4.01
55–59 159,128 164,897 324,025 3.22
60–64 134,457 145,410 279,867 2.78
65–69 98,098 106,431 204,529 2.03
70–74 71,902 80,521 152,423 1.52
75–79 44,974 54,302 99,276 0.99
80–84 36,230 46,633 81,095 0.81
85–89 15,884 22,039 37,923 0.38
90–94 5,996 8,669 14,665 0.15
95+ 3,305 4,929 8,234 0.08
Age group Male Female Total Percent
0–14 1,610,783 1,549,983 3,160,766 31.42
15–64 3,134,043 3,166,902 6,300,945 62.63
65+ 274,621 323,524 598,145 5.95

Life expectancy
Period Life expectancy in
Years		 Period Life expectancy in
Years
1950–1955 40.0 1985–1990 53.8
1955–1960 41.4 1990–1995 56.5
1960–1965 43.0 1995–2000 59.3
1965–1970 44.7 2000–2005 62.1
1970–1975 46.7 2005–2010 65.0
1975–1980 48.9 2010–2015 67.7
1980–1985 51.2

Source: UN World Population Prospects[14]

Ethnic groups
Ethnic groups in Bolivia[15]
Ethnic group percent
Mestizo
 
 68%
Indigenous
 
 20%
White
 
 5%
Unspecified
 
 3%
Cholo/Chola
 
 2%
Black
 
 1%
Other
 
 1%

Languages
Main article: Languages of Bolivia

The official languages of Bolivia are Spanish[15] (60.7%), Quechua[15] (21.2%), Aymara[15] (14.6), and Guaraní[15] (0.6%), plus another 33 native languages.[15] Originally only Spanish, Aymara, and Quechua were the official languages until the 2009 Constitution was passed.[16][17] According to the 2001 census, 60.7% of the population over six years old are able to speak Spanish and/or speaks it as a native language.

Religion
Main article: Religion in Bolivia
Religion in Bolivia[15]
Religion percent
Roman Catholicism
 
 76.8%
Evangelicalism and Pentecostalism
 
 8.1%
Protestantism
 
 7.9%
Other
 
 1.7%
None
 
 5.5%

In a 2012 Gallup poll, 87% answered affirmatively when asked "Is religion important in your daily life?"[18] Christianity is the largest religion in Bolivia, with Roman Catholicism being the largest denomination.[19]

Education
Main article: Education in Bolivia

The literacy rate in Bolivia is 94.98%.[20]

Health
Main article: Health in Bolivia

Healthcare expenditured comprised only 4.9% of the GDP.[6] According to the 2013 World Factbook, Bolivia ranks 161st in life expectancy with an average age of 68.2 years.[6] In 2009, the World Factbook estimated 12,000 people are living in Bolivia with HIV/AIDS (0.2%) and less than 1,000 of that population died from it.[6] In 2003, it was estimated by the World Health Organization (WHO) that 31.9% of the adult population (12–64) were smokers.[21] According to 2008 WHO data, 17.9% of the population is obese.[22] In 2011, there were 3,255 healthcare institutions, of which 1,134 are considered "first class" (medical personnel and registered nurses) by the Bolivian Ministry of Health Management.[23] The hospitals employed an estimated 10,000 medical doctors in 2001.[24]

In 2012, the causes of death in Bolivia were:[25]

Economic indicators
Main article: Economy of Bolivia

Personal income, jobs, and unemployment

The average monthly income in 2016 was estimated in 4,319 Bs. This was a substantial increase from the average monthly income in 1994 of Bs.1,378 ($293). [26] Since May 2019, the minimum wage in Bolivia is Bs.2,122 ($307) per month.[27] The unemployment rate in Bolivia in 2015 was 7.4%.[6] There are an estimated 4.7 million workers in Bolivia. Of that population, 48% are considered to be employed in services, 32% are industrial workers (mining, smelting, petroleum, food and beverages, tobacco, handicrafts, clothing, jewelry), and 32% are agricultural workers (soybeans, coffee, coca, cotton, corn, sugarcane, rice, potatoes; Brazil nuts; timber).[6] In comparison with other countries in South America, Bolivia's median equivalent household income in terms of the Purchasing Power Standard stands at $5,000, which ranks last in South America.[6]

Urbanization and housing

The 2012 census recorded a total of 3,158,691 households in Bolivia—an increase of 887,960 from 2001.[28] In 2009, 75.4% of homes were classified as a house, hut, or Pachuichi; 3.3% were apartments; 21.1% were rented out homes; and 0.1% were mobile homes.[29] The urbanization rate of Bolivia is 67%.[6]

Notes
  1. "Hitos En La Producción Estadística" [Milestones in Statistical Production] (in Spanish). National Institute of Statistics of Bolivia. 2 November 2011. Archived from the original on 20 January 2014. Retrieved 25 January 2014.
  2. "Censo en Bolivia se Inició en 1831" [Census in Bolivia Began in 1831]. La Opinión (in Spanish). 18 November 2012. Retrieved 19 January 2014.
  3. National Institute of Statistics of Bolivia 2012, p. 4
  4. "El Gobierno Realizará el Censo 2012 el 21 de Noviembre" [The Government will make the 2012 Census on 21 November]. Los Tiempos (in Spanish). 19 April 2013. Archived from the original on 1 February 2014. Retrieved 22 January 2014.
  5. "Censo 2012: Bolivia Tiene 10.389.913 habitantes" [Census 2012: Bolivia has 10,389,913 inhabitants]. Los Tiempos (in Spanish). 23 January 2013. Archived from the original on 1 February 2014. Retrieved 22 January 2014.
  6. "South American :: Bolivia". World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 21 January 2014.
  7. "World Population Prospects: The 2012 Revision". United Nations. Retrieved 19 January 2014.
  8. National Institute of Statistics of Bolivia 2012, p. 30
  9. "Bolivia: Número de Matrimonios Registrados, por Departamento" [Bolivia: Number of Marriage Registrations, by Department]. National Institute of Statistics of Bolivia. Archived from the original on 2 February 2014. Retrieved 23 January 2014.
  10. "En Bolivia Registran más de 16 Divorcios Diarios" [In Bolivia, Divorces Recorded more than 16 per Day]. La Razon (in Spanish). 28 September 2012. Retrieved 25 January 2014.
  11. http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2.htm
  12. https://www.ine.gob.bo/index.php/censos-y-proyecciones-de-poblacion-sociales/
  13. http://microdata.worldbank.org/index.php/catalog/dhs#_r=&collection=&country=&dtype=&from=1890&page=2&ps=&sk=&sort_by=nation&sort_order=&to=2014&topic=&view=s&vk=
  14. "World Population Prospects – Population Division – United Nations". Retrieved 15 July 2017.
  15. "South America :: BOLIVIA". CIA The World Factbook.
  16. Arnade, Charles (14 March 2013). "Bolivia: Languages and Religion". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 20 January 2014.
  17. Political Constitution of the State - Article 5
  18. "Gallup World View". Gallup. Retrieved 23 February 2014.
  19. Religion affiliation in Bolivia as of 2018. Based on Latinobarómetro. Survey period: June 15 to August 2, 2018, 1,200 respondents.
  20. 2012 census
  21. "Bolivia: Smoking Prevalence" (PDF). World Health Organization. p. 1. Retrieved 21 January 2014.
  22. "Bolivia (Plurinational State of)" (PDF). World Health Organization. 2011. Retrieved 21 January 2014.
  23. "Según Diagnóstico: Bolivia Cuenta con 3.255 Centros de Salud" [According to Diagnosis: Bolivia has 3,255 Health Centers]. La Patria. 2 December 2012. Retrieved 22 January 2014.
  24. "Field Listing :: Physicians Density". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. 2001. Retrieved 23 January 2014. The number of 10,000 comes from the physician density (1.22/1,000 inhabitants) multiplied by the population (8,274,325) in 2001.
  25. "Diez eEnfermedades son Principales Causas de Mortalidad en el País" [Ten Diseases are Leading Causes of Mortality in the Country]. FM Bolivia (in Spanish). 20 July 2012. Archived from the original on 1 February 2014. Retrieved 23 January 2014.
  26. Israel 1994, p. 11
  27. "Bolivia MOF Announces Minimum Wage Increase". Bloomberg Tax. 3 May 2019. Retrieved 18 September 2019.
  28. National Institute of Statistics of Bolivia 2012, p. 16
  29. "Bolivia: Hogares por Tipo y Tenencia de la Vivienda, Según Área Geográfica, 2000 – 2009" [Bolivia: Households by Type and Tenure, According to Geographic Area, 2000 – 2009]. National Institute of Statistics of Bolivia. Archived from the original on 13 November 2013. Retrieved 28 January 2014.

References
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