Heads of former ruling families

This is a list of the current heads of the former ruling houses of countries where a monarchy has either been abolished, suspended or replaced by a new dynasty.

Entries in this list are based on the relevant succession laws, whether hereditary or elective, irrespective of whether the individual stakes an active claim to the titles associated with the abolished monarchy. Individuals who stake claims to monarchical titles but who are not part of former dynasties are not included. Note that a country may have multiple houses with a claim to the defunct position.

Africa
StatePretenderSinceHouseClaimSuccessionAbolitionRef(s)
Burundi Rosa Paula Iribagiza[af 1] 1 May 1977NtweroDaughter of Mwami Mwambutsa IV (1915–1966).Hereditary1966
 Central African Empire Jean-Bédel Bokassa, Crown Prince
of the Central African Empire		 3 November 1996BokassaHeir apparent of Emperor Bokassa I (1976–1979).[af 2]Hereditary1979
Egypt Fuad II 18 June 1953[af 3]Muhammad AliLast reigning King (1952–1953).Hereditary1953
Ethiopia Zera Yacob Amha Selassie[af 4] 7 February 1997Solomon[af 5]Grandson of Emperor Haile Selassie (1930–1974).Hereditary [af 6]1975
Girma Yohannes Iyasu[af 7] 1977Grandson of Emperor Iyasu V (1913–1916).[af 8]
Kongo
(Congo-Brazzaville)		 Yves Ñzînga Mvêmb'a October 1962Kilukeni[af 9]Descendant of Manikongo Afonso I (1509–1542).Elective and Hereditary [af 10]1914
Libya Muhammad bin Hasan 18 June 1992SenussiSon of Hasan ar-Rida, heir apparent of King Idris I (1916–1969).Hereditary1969
Idris bin Abdullah May 1989Relative of King Idris I (1916–1969).
Rwanda Emmanuel Bushayija (Yuhi VI) 9 January 2017[af 11]Abanyiginya[af 12]Nephew of Mwami Kigeli V Ndahindurwa (1959–1961).Hereditary and Elective[af 13]1961[8]
Tunisia Muhammad Al Husain 17 June 2013Al HusainGrandson of Bey Muhammad VI al-Habib (1922–1929).Hereditary1957
Zanzibar Jamshid bin Abdullah 12 January 1964[af 14]Al Bu Sa'idLast reigning Sultan (1963–1964).Hereditary1964

Americas
StatePretenderSinceHouseClaimSuccessionAbolitionRef(s)
 Brazil Prince Luiz of Orléans-Braganza 5 July 1981Orléans-Braganza[am 1]Great-great-grandsons of Emperor Pedro II (1831–1889).Hereditary1889[9][10][11][12]
[13][14][15]

[16]

Pedro Carlos 27 December 2007
Mexico Maximilian von Götzen-Iturbide November 1949Habsburg-Iturbide[am 2]
Descendant of Emperor Agustín I (1822–1823).Hereditary1867
Carlos Felipe 18 October 1954 Habsburgo-Lorena Great-great nephew of Emperor Maximiliano I (1864–1867) [17][18][19]
[20]

Asia
StatePretenderSinceHouseClaimSuccessionAbolitionRef(s)
Afghanistan Ahmad Shah 23 July 2007BarakzaiHeir apparent and son of King Zahir Shah (1933–1973).[as 1]Hereditary1973
 China Jin Yuzhang[as 2] 10 April 2015Aisin Gioro[as 3]Nephew of Emperor Puyi, last Chinese Emperor (1908-1912).Hereditary1912[21]
Champasak Champhonesak 17 March 1980Champasakti[as 4]Son of Prince Boun Oum (1945–1946), the last reigning prince.Hereditary1946
Iran
(Pahlavi)		 Reza Pahlavi, Crown Prince of Iran 27 July 1980PahlaviHeir apparent and son of Shah Mohammad Rezā (1941–1979).[as 5]Hereditary1979
Iran
(Qajar)		 Mohammad Hassan Mirza II 5 May 1988QajarDescendant of Shah Mohammad Ali (1907–1909).Hereditary1925
 Iraq Ra'ad bin Zeid[as 6] 18 October 1970Hāshim[as 7]Relative of King Faisal II (1939–1958).[as 8]Hereditary1958
Johor-Singapore Tengku Muhammad Shawal bin Tengku Abdul Aziz 31 October 1996Bendahara-JohorDescendant of Sultan Hussein Shah (1819–1835).Hereditary1824 [24]
 Korea Yi Won[as 9] 16 July 2005 Yi[as 10] Grandnephew of Emperor Sunjong (1907-1910). Hereditary 1910 [25][26][27][28]
Yi Seok[as 11] Nephew of Emperor Sunjong. [29][30][31][32]
Laos Soulivong Savang 19 September 1997[as 12]Khun LoDescendant of King Savang Vatthana (1959–1975).Hereditary1975
Maldives Muhammad Nooraddeen 27 May 1969HuraaSon of Sultan Hassan Nooraddeen II (1935–1943).Hereditary1968
 Ottoman Empire (Turkey) Harun Osmanoğlu 18 January 2021OsmanGreat-grandson of Sultan Abdul Hamid II (1876–1909).[as 13] Hereditary 1922
Ryūkyū Mamoru Shō 30 August 1996ShōGreat-great-grandson of King Shō Tai (1848-1879).Hereditary1879[34]
Sulu Muedzul Lail Tan Kiram 16 February 1986KiramSon of the last Sultan of Sulu, Sultan Mohammed Mahakuttah Abdullah Kiram (1974–1986).Hereditary1915 [35]
Syria Ra'ad bin Zeid 18 October 1970HāshimRelative of King Faisal I (1920).Hereditary1920
 Vietnam Bảo Ân 15 March 2017NguyễnSon of Emperor Bảo Đại (1926–1945).Hereditary1949
Yemen, North Ageel bin Muhammad 6 August 1996RassidEldest son of King Muhammad al-Badr, the last ruling king.[as 14]Hereditary1962

Burma (Myanmar)
StatePretenderSinceHouseClaimSuccessionAbolitionRef(s)
Burma Soe Win 12 January 2019KonbaungGreat-grandson of King Thibaw Min (1878–1885).Hereditary1885
Hsipaw State[as 15] Sao Oo Kya[as 16] ShanRelative of Saopha Sao Kya Seng (1947–1962).Hereditary1962
Kengtung[as 17] Sao Leng 14 September 1997MangrāiRelative of Saopha Sao Kya Seng (1947–1962).Hereditary1962
Mongpawn Hso Hom 2 March 1962[as 18]ShanLast reigning Saopha (1947–1962).Hereditary1962
Yawnghwe Haŏ Shwe-Thaike 26 May 1999ShanGrandson of Saopha Sao Shwe Thaik (1927–1962).Hereditary1962

India and Pakistan

Following the Partition of India in 1947, the majority of princely states in the subcontinent acceded to either the Dominion of Pakistan or the Dominion of India. Official recognition of hereditary royal entitlements and accompanying privy purses was abolished in the Republic of India through a constitutional amendment on 28 December 1971. The same was done in Pakistan on 1 January 1972. In many cases, members of the former ruling families of princely states retain a considerable degree of political influence within their communities. Many leaders continue to be referred to by their claimed titles, including most notably within the Supreme Court. Jammu and Kashmir, subject to an ongoing armed conflict between India, Pakistan and China,[36][37] is the last remaining of the independent princely states once under British suzerainty of which sovereignty continues to be disputed.[38][39]

StatePretenderSinceHouseClaimSuccessionAbolitionRef(s)
Pre-unification
Baroda Samarjitsinh Gaekwad 2012 Gaekwad Great-grandson of last ruling Maharaja Pratap Singh Rao Gaekwad Hereditary 1947
Bhopal state Saif Ali Khan 2011 Great-grandson of Nawab Hamidullah Khan Hereditary 1949
Bharatpur Vishvendra Singh July 1995 Sinsiniwar Jat Son of last ruling Maharaja Brijendra Singh Hereditary 1947
Bikaner Ravi Raj Singh 2003 Grandson of last ruling Maharaja Sadul Singh Hereditary 1947
Burdwan Saday Chand Mehtab 1984 Son of last ruling Maharaja Uday Chand Mahtab Hereditary 1947 [40]
Cochin Ravi Varma VI 2014 Descendant of last ruling Maharaja Rama Varma XVIII Hereditary 1949
Dholpur Hemant Singh 1954 Bamraulia Grandson of last ruling Maharaja Udaybhanu Singh Hereditary 1949
Faridkot Amrit Kaur 1989 Daughter of last ruling Maharaja Harinder Singh Brar Hereditary 1948 [41]
Gwalior Jyotiraditya Scindia 2001 Scindia Grandson of last ruling Maharaja Jivajirao Scindia Hereditary 1948
Hyderabad State Mukarram Jah 1967 Asaf Jah Grandson of last Nizam Osman Ali Khan Hereditary 1948
Indore Usha Devi Holkar 1961 Holkar Daughter of last ruling Maharaja Yashwant Rao Holkar II Hereditary 1948 [42]
Jaipur State Padmanabh Singh 2011 Kachwaha Great-grandson of last ruling Maharaja Man Singh II Hereditary 1948
Jammu and Kashmir Karan Singh April 1961 Dogra Son of last ruling Maharaja Hari Singh Hereditary
Jodhpur Gaj Singh 26 January 1952 Rathore-Jodhpur Son of last ruling Maharaja Hanwant Singh Hereditary 1947
Karauli Ganesh Pal 1985 Grandson of last ruling Maharaja Ganeshpal Deo Hereditary 1947
Khanate of Kalat Suleman Daud 1998 Ahmadzai Grandson of last ruler Ahmad of Kalat Hereditary 1948 [43]
Kolhapur Shahu II 1983 Bhonsle Son of last ruling Maharaja Shahaji II Hereditary 1949
Kota Brijraj Singh 21 June 1991 Son of last ruling Maharaja Bhim Singh II Hereditary 1948
Kutch Pragmulji III 17 October 1991 Jadeja Rajput Son of last ruling Maharaja Madansinhji Hereditary 1948
Maratha Empire (India) Udayanraje Bhosale 4 March 1978BhonsleGrandson of Shahu III of Satara, who was adopted by the widow of Pratapsinh Raje-II, who was the younger son of Rajaram Maharaj-III, who was adopted by the widow of Pratapsinh Raje, who was adopted by Venkata Raje, who was adopted by Shahaji II of Satara, who was the adopted son of Chhatrapati Pratap Singh (1808–1818).Hereditary1818
Mewar Arvind Singh 19 November 1984 Sisodia Grandson of last Maharana Bhupal Singh Hereditary 1948
Mahendra Singh
Mughal Empire (India) Mirza Ghulam Moinuddin Muhammad Javaid Jah Bahadur 3 August 1975TimuridEldest son of Shahzada Muhammad Khair ud-din Mirza, Khurshid Jah Bahadur (1931–1975).Hereditary1857
Mysore Yaduveer Krishnadatta Chamaraja Wadiyar 28 May 2015 Wadiyar Great-grandson of last ruling Maharaja Jayachamarajendra Wadiyar Hereditary 1948
Nawanagar Shatrusalyasinhji 1933 Son of last ruling Maharaja Digvijaysinhji Hereditary 1948
Junagadh State Muhammad Jahangir Khanji 30 July 1989 Khanji Grandson of last ruling Nawab Muhammad Mahabat Khan III Hereditary 1948 [44]
Patialia Amarinder Singh June 1974 Phulkian Son of last Maharaja Yadavindra Singh Hereditary 1948
Sikkim Wangchuk Namgyal 29 January 1982NamgyelSon of Chogyal Palden Thondup Namgyal (1963–1975).Hereditary1975
Swat Miangul Adnan Aurangzeb September 2014 Miangul Grandson of last Wali Miangul Jahan Zeb Hereditary 1969
Travencore Moolam Thirunal Rama Varma 16 December 2013 Venad Swaroopam Grandson of last ruling Maharaja Chithira Thirunal Balarama Varma Hereditary 1949

Nepal

Nepal's numerous small monarchies were collectively abolished by the federal government on 7 October 2008. At the time, the thrones of both Salyan and Jajarkot had been vacant since the deaths of rajas Gopendra Bahadur and Prakash Bikram respectively (both in 2003), and have remained vacant.

StatePretenderSinceHouseClaimSuccessionAbolitionRef(s)
Nepal Gyanendra 28 May 2008[as 19]Shah[as 20]Last reigning Maharajdhiraja (2001–2008).Hereditary2008
Bajhang Binod Bahadur 7 October 2008[as 21]Last reigning Raja (1989–2008).Hereditary[as 22][45]
Bhirkot Prakash 7 October 2008[as 23]Last reigning Raja (2002–2008).Hereditary[as 22]
Mustang[as 24] Jigme Singhe Palbar 16 December 2016[as 25]Bista[as 26]Nephew and adopted son of last reigning Raja (1964–2008).Hereditary[as 22]

Thailand
StatePretenderSinceHouseClaimSuccessionAbolitionRef(s)
Chiang Mai Wongsak Na Chiangmai 1989ThipchakGrandson of Kaew Nawarat, the last King of Lanna and Prince Ruler of Chiang MaiHereditary1939[46]
Lampang Srirat Na Lampang 2015ThipchakGrandson of Phromma Phiphongthada, the 11th Prince Ruler of LampangHereditary1922
Lamphun Wattanan Na Lamphun 1995ThipchakGrandson of Chak Kham Kachornsak, the last Prince Ruler of LamphunHereditary1943
Nan Somprathana Na Nan 1993Tin MahawongGreat-granddaughter of Maha Phrom Surathada, the last Prince Ruler of NanHereditary1931

Europe
StatePretenderSinceHouseClaimSuccessionAbolitionRef(s)
Albania Prince Leka of Albania 30 November 2011ZoguGrandson of King Zog I (1928–1939).Hereditaryde facto 1939
de jure 1944
 Austria-Hungary Karl von Habsburg[eu 1] 4 July 2011[eu 2]Habsburg-Lorraine[eu 3]Grandson of Emperor and King Charles I & IV (1916–1918).[eu 4]Hereditary1918[47]
 Bulgaria Simeon II 15 September 1946[eu 5]Saxe-Coburg and Gotha[eu 6]Last reigning Tsar (1943–1946).Hereditary1946
Finland Donatus, Landgrave of Hesse 23 May 2013HesseGreat-grandson of King Frederik-Kaarle (1918).Hereditary1918
France (Legitimist) Prince Louis, Duke of Anjou 30 January 1989Bourbon[eu 7]9th-great-grandson of King Louis XIV (1643–1715).Hereditary1830[48][49]
France (Orléanist) Prince Jean, Duke of Vendôme 21 January 2019Orléans[eu 8]4th-great-grandson of King Louis Philippe I (1830–1848).Hereditary1848[50][51]
France (Bonapartist) Charles Napoléon 3 May 1997[eu 9]BonaparteDirect descendant of Napoleon's youngest brother Jérôme Bonaparte.Hereditary1870[52][53]
Jean Christophe
Georgia David Bagration 16 January 2008 Mukhrani[as 27] Descendant of King Konstantine II (1478–1505). Hereditary 1801
Nugzar Bagration 13 August 1984 Gruzinsky[as 27] Descendant of King Giorgi XII (1798–1800).
 Greece Constantine II 1 June 1973[eu 10]Glücksburg[eu 11]Last reigning King (1964–1973).Hereditary1973
 Montenegro Nikola 24 March 1986Petrović-NjegošGreat-grandson of King Nikola I (1910–1918).Hereditary1918
Duchy of Warsaw Rüdiger 6 October 2012Wettin[eu 12]4th-great-grandnephew of King Fryderyk August I (1807-1815).Hereditary1815
Alexander 23 July 2012Saxe-Gessaphe
Portugal Duarte Pio 24 December 1976Braganza[eu 13]Great-grandson of King Miguel I (1828–1834).Hereditary1910
 Romania Margareta[eu 14] 5 December 2017Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen[eu 15]Daughter of King Michael I (1927–1930 and 1940–1947).Hereditary1947[54]
Paul-Philippe Hohenzollern 27 January 2006 Grandson of King Carol II (1930–1940).
Karl Friedrich 5 December 2017 Great-grand-nephew of King Ferdinand I (1914–1927).[eu 16]
Russia Maria Vladimirovna 21 April 1992Romanov[eu 17]Great-great-granddaughter of Emperor Alexander II (1855–1881).[eu 18]Hereditary1917
Karl Emich of Leiningen 1 June 2013Great-great-grandson of Emperor Alexander II (1855-1881).
Andrew Romanov 31 December 2016 Great-great-grandson of Emperor Nicholas I (1825–1855).[eu 18]
 Serbia Predrag Jakovljevic July 2015ObrenovićDescendant of the brother of Prince Miloš (1815–1860).Hereditary1903[55]
Alexander, Crown Prince of Yugoslavia 3 November 1970KarađorđevićGreat-grandson of King Peter I (1903–1918), of the Karađorđević line of kings.Hereditary1918
 Yugoslavia Alexander, Crown Prince of Yugoslavia 3 November 1970KarađorđevićSon of King Peter II (1934–1941).Hereditaryde facto 1941
de jure 1945

Germany

The German Empire was a federation of a score of smaller monarchies, all of which are now abolished under modern republican Germany, although a handful of monarchs never abdicated their titles. Also, some smaller states ceased to exist at an earlier stage e.g. they were annexed by Prussia after the Austro-Prussian War of 1866. As a result, there are a large number of claimants to various German thrones. Since the dissolution of the German empire, however, a number of former royal dynasties have become extinct in the male line, and are therefore not included in the list below. Mecklenburg–Schwerin became extinct in 2001, Saxe-Altenburg in 1991, and Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt and Schwarzburg-Sondershausen in 1971.

In all cases the succession is hereditary.

StatePretenderSinceHouseClaimAbolitionRef(s)
Empire
 Germany Georg Friedrich 26 September 1994HohenzollernGreat-great-grandson of Kaiser Wilhelm II (1888–1918).Hereditary1918[56][57]
Kingdoms
 Bavaria Franz, Duke of Bavaria 8 July 1996WittelsbachGreat-grandson of King Ludwig III (1913–1918).Hereditary1918
 Hanover Ernst August 9 December 1987Hanover[eu 19]Great-great-grandson of King Georg V (1851–1866).Hereditary1866[58]
 Prussia Georg Friedrich 26 September 1994HohenzollernGreat-great-grandson of King Wilhelm II (1888–1918).Hereditary1918[56]
 Saxony Rüdiger 6 October 2012Wettin[eu 12]Great-grandson of King Friedrich August III (1904–1918).Hereditary1918
Alexander 23 July 2012Saxe-GessapheGreat-grandson of King Friedrich August III (1904–1918).
 Württemberg Charles 17 April 1975WürttembergGrandnephew of King Wilhelm II (1891–1918).Hereditary1918
Grand Duchies
 Baden Maximilian 27 October 1963ZähringenGreat-great-grandson of Grand Duke Leopold I (1830–1852).Hereditary1918
Hesse and by Rhine Donatus 23 May 2013Hesse11th cousin twice removed of Grand Duke Ernst Ludwig (1892–1918).Hereditary1918
Mecklenburg-Strelitz Borwin 26 January 1996Mecklenburg[eu 20]Great-great-great-grandson of Grand Duke Georg (1816–1860).Hereditary1918
Oldenburg Christian 20 September 2014Holstein-Gottorp[eu 21]Great-grandson of Grand Duke Friedrich August II (1900–1918).Hereditary1918
Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach Michael 14 October 1988Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach[eu 6]Grandson of Grand Duke Wilhelm Ernst (1901–1918).Hereditary1918
Duchies
Anhalt Julius Eduard 9 October 1963AscaniaSon of Duke Joachim Ernst (1918).Hereditary1918
Saxe-Coburg-Gotha Andreas 23 January 1998Saxe-Coburg and Gotha[eu 6]Grandson of Duke Carl Eduard (1900–1918).Hereditary1918[59]
Saxe-Meiningen Konrad 4 October 1984Saxe-Meiningen[eu 6]Great-grandson of Duke Georg II (1866–1914).Hereditary1918
Schleswig-Holstein Christoph 30 September 1980Glücksburg[eu 11]Great-great-grandnephew of Duke Frederik VII (1808–1863).Hereditary1866
Principalities
Hohenzollern[eu 22] Karl Friedrich 16 September 2010Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen[eu 23]Great-great-grandson of Prince Karl Anton (1848–1849).Hereditary1850[60]
Lippe Stephan 20 August 2015LippeGrandson of Leopold IV, Prince of Lippe (1905–1918).Hereditary1918
Friedrich Wilhelm 15 June 1990Grandnephew of Leopold IV, Prince of Lippe (1905–1918).
Reuss[eu 24] Heinrich XIV 20 June 2012ReussRelative of Prince Heinrich XXVII (1913–1918).[eu 25]Hereditary1918
Schaumburg-Lippe Alexander 28 August 2003LippeGrandnephew of Prince Adolf II (1911–1918).Hereditary1918[61]
Schwarzburg Friedrich Magnus 4 November 1984Schwarzburg-RudolstadtGreat-grandson of Prince Friedrich Günther (1807–1867).Hereditary1918[62][63]
Friedrich Magnus 4 November 1984Schwarzburg-SondershausenRelative of Prince Günther Victor (1909–1918).1918[62][63]
Waldeck and Pyrmont Wittekind 30 November 1967WaldeckGrandson of Prince Friedrich (1893–1918).Hereditary1918[64]

Italy

Until the mid-nineteenth century, the Italian peninsula comprised a number of states, some of which were monarchies. During the Italian unification, the monarchs of such agglomerated states lost their sovereignty and their titles became purely ceremonial. The resultant throne of the Kingdom of Italy was held by the former king of Sardinia.

StatePretenderSinceHouseClaimSuccessionAbolitionRef(s)
 Italy Amedeo 18 March 1983SavoyGreat-great-grandson of King Vittorio Emanuele II (1861–1878).Hereditary1946[65][66]
Vittorio Emanuele, Prince of Naples[eu 26] 15 December 1969Heir apparent and son of King Umberto II (1946).
Pre-unification
Mantua Maurizio 18 September 1943GonzagaDescendant of Marquis Federico I (1478–1484).Hereditary1708[68]
Modena Lorenzo 7 February 1996Austria-Este[eu 3]Great-grandnephew of Franz Ferdinand, adopted heir of Duke Francesco V (1846–1859).Hereditary1859
 Parma Carlos 18 August 2010Bourbon-Parma[eu 8]Great-grandson of Duke Roberto I (1854–1859).Hereditary1859[69][70]
Tuscany Sigismondo[eu 27] 18 June 1993Habsburg-Lorraine[eu 3]Great-great-grandson of Grand Duke Ferdinando IV (1859).Hereditary1859[71]
 Two Sicilies Pedro of Calabria 5 October 2015Bourbon[eu 28]Descendants of King Ferdinando II (1830–1859).Hereditary1861
Carlo of Castro 20 March 2008

Lithuania

Following the country's independence from Russia in 1918, the Council of Lithuania voted to establish a monarchy, and invited Prince Wilhelm, the Duke of Urach[eu 29], to take the throne as king. Wilhelm accepted the nomination in July 1918, and adopted the regnal name Mindaugas II. During the subsequent German Revolution, however, the Council withdrew its decision in November 1918, and Wilhelm was never crowned. His grandson Wilhelm Albert, Duke of Urach, is the head of the family since 9 February 1991. His marriage in 1992 was morganatic and so in 2009 his brother, Prince Inigo of Urach, visited Lithuania and announced that if offered the throne he would be ready to assume it.[72]

State Pretender Since House Claim Succession Abolition Ref(s)
Lithuania Wilhelm Albert 9 February 1991WürttembergGrandson of King Wilhelm Karl (1918–1928).Hereditary1918

Oceania

In each case the succession is hereditary.

StatePretenderSinceHouseClaimAbolitionRef(s)
Easter Island Valentino Riroroko Tuki July 2011MiruDescendant of King Riro Kāinga (1892–1898/1899).1888[73]
Hawaiʻi Abigail Kawānanakoa 20 May 1969Kawānanakoa[oc 1]Descendant of David Kawānanakoa, heir apparent of Queen Liliʻuokalani (1891–1893).1895
Quentin Kawānanakoa 29 July 1997
Owana Salazar[oc 2] 19 September 1988Laʻanui[oc 3]Descendant of Kalokuokamaile, half-brother of King Kamehameha I (1795–1819).
Tahiti Léopold Pōmare[oc 4] Pōmare Descendant of Queen Pōmare IV (1827–1877). 1880 [78]
Joinville Pōmare[oc 5] 28 May 2009

See also

Notes

Africa
  1. As the last living sister and daughter of the last and second-to-last kings respectively, Princess Rosa Paula Iribagiza is considered the head of the royal household. According to the relevant laws of succession, however, the crown must pass to a male member of the family.
  2. Jean-Bédel Bokassa was Crown Prince of the Central African Empire from its inception on 4 December 1976 until its abolition on 20 September 1979.
  3. Fuad II previously reigned as King of Egypt and the Sudan during his infancy, from 26 July 1952 until the monarchy's official abolition in 1953. He reigned in absentia, and under a regent.
  4. Designated heir presumptive by his grandfather the Emperor on 14 April 1974. Confirmed as heir apparent by his father Amha Selassie I on 6 April 1988. He has used the title of crown prince since 7 April 1989, when his father was proclaimed emperor-in-exile. He is recognised as heir to the throne by the Imperial Crown Council.
  5. The Solomonic dynasty of Ethiopia claims descent from King Solomon of Israel, who belonged to the House of David. Both of the current claimants are from the House of Shoa, which represents the junior branch of the dynasty.
  6. According to the 1955 Constitution,[1] the Emperor designated his successor from members of his own family, with the rule of primogeniture preferred but not necessarily followed. Candidates for the succession must be descendants of the Solomonic dynasty, in the male or female line. They must also be practising members of the Ethiopian Orthodox Church, and their candidature must be approved by the Imperial Crown Council. If the Emperor has no direct descendants, or if the crown prince is unable to perform his dynastic duties, the Crown Council selects the successor from amongst the members of the Solomonic dynasty.
  7. Lij Girma claims that all governments in Ethiopia since the 1916 deposition of his grandfather are illegitimate, and as such, as the seniormost descendant of Iyasu V, he claims to be the nation's rightful monarch.
  8. Iyasu V was heir apparent of Menelik II and succeeded as Emperor upon the latter's death, but was never crowned. His reign was terminated with the sanction of the Church following allegations of conversion to Islam.
  9. Succession is limited to members of two lineages of the Kilukeni: the Kinlaza and the Kimpanzu, both descended from Afonso I. It is unclear as to which of the two lines the current pretender belongs.
  10. During the civil war period beginning in 1669, the line of succession was disputed between two lines of descendants of Afonso I: the Kinlaza and the Kimpanzu.[2] Under Pedro IV (1695–1718), who restored unity to the kingdom in 1709, it was established that the Manikongo was to be elected by a council of six, and that succession would rotate between the two lineages. This system functioned sporadically, with considerable fighting, until the kingship was extinguished by the Portuguese in 1914.[3]
  11. Emmanuel Bushayija was chosen on 9 January 2017[4] to succeed his paternal uncle Kigeli V Ndahindurwa, who was deposed on 28 January 1961.[5]
  12. The royal Abanyiginya clan of Tutsis.[6]
  13. The mwami is selected from amongst members of the various royal clans by the Abiru, a traditional council of Tutsi and Hutu elders.[7]
  14. Jamshid previously reigned as sultan from 1 July 1963 until the monarchy's abolition in 1964.

Americas
  1. The imperial family of Brazil is descended from the Houses of Bragança and Orléans. The current line of succession is disputed between two branches: the Vassouras branch, headed by Prince Luiz, and the Petrópolis branch, headed by Prince Pedro Carlos.
  2. The current line of succession to the Mexican throne is descended from the House of Iturbide and Habsburg, which respectively ruled the First (1822–1823) and Second (1864–1867) Empires of Mexico. Succession in the Habsburg line passed to the Iturbide family through Emperor Maximilian I's formal adoption of Agustín de Iturbide y Green and Salvador de Iturbide y Marzán, two grandsons of Emperor Agustín I.

Asia
  1. Ahmad Shah, second son of the last reigning king, was Crown Prince of Afghanistan from 26 November 1942 until the monarchy's end in 1973.
  2. Jin Yuzhang is a nephew of Puyi (1908–1912), the last emperor of China, and the eldest son of Jin Youzhi.
  3. The emperors of the Qing dynasty were from the Manchu clan Aisin Gioro.
  4. The House of Champasakti is a branch of the Khun Lo dynasty of Laos.
  5. Rezā, eldest son of the last reigning shah, was Crown Prince of Iran from birth, on 31 October 1960, until the monarchy was deposed in 1979.
  6. Another claimant to the throne (since 1956) is Sharif Ali bin al-Hussein, of the same family, but his claim is not considered by some to fulfill the requirements of the former monarchy's laws of succession. Furthermore, his reigning Hāshemite relatives in Jordan have supported Ra'ad's claim, rather than Sharif Ali's.[22]
  7. The name "Hashimites" refers to members of the Hāshim clan, a sept of the Quraysh tribe to which the Prophet Muhammad belonged.[23]
  8. Ra'ad's father, Prince Zeid, was appointed Head of the Royal House of Iraq following the assassination of King Faisal II during the coup d'état in 1958. Zeid was the son of Hussein bin Ali, King of Hejaz.
  9. Yi Ku appointed Yi Won, one of his first cousins once removed, as his heir in 10 July 2005 before his death.[25] The status of Yi Won as the leader of Jeonju Lee Royal Family Association, however, didn't become valid until 22 July 2005.[26] Yi Won later officially became the director of the family association on June 27, 2007.[27]
  10. The House of Yi consists of the descendants of the Joseon dynasty.
  11. Yi Seok claimed that, in the will of late crown princess Yi Bangja, he was named as "first successor”.[29]
  12. After the monarchy was abolished in 1975, the senior members of the royal family were imprisoned by the military. The deaths of the former king, queen, and crown prince were confirmed by the Lao authorities on 17 December 1989. The dates of actual death were not released, but the current heir, who is the eldest son of the late crown prince, escaped imprisonment and arrived in Thailand on 3 August 1981. He was confirmed as the successor to his grandfather by the Royal Council in Exile on 19 September 1997.
  13. The sultans of the Ottoman Empire also held the title Caliph of Islam, thus claiming to be the spiritual leaders of all Muslims. The Ottoman Caliphate was abolished by the Grand National Assembly of Turkey in 1924.[33]
  14. Many of the kings of the Qasimid dynasty also held the title Imam and Commander of the Faithful, and were the spiritual leaders of the Zaidiyyah branch of Shi'a Islam. The Imamate ended with the republican revolution in 1962.
  15. Alternatively known as Thibaw, or officially as Dutawadi.
  16. Sao Oo Kya was imprisoned by the Burmese military regime in 2005.
  17. Alternatively written as Kyaingtong or Keng Tung.
  18. Sao Hso Hom reigned as saopha from 19 July 1947, until the national coup d'état deposed him in 1962.
  19. Gyanendra reigned as King of Nepal between 7 November 1950 and 8 January 1951, and again from 4 June 2001 until the monarchy was abolished in 2008.
  20. Members of the Shah dynasty of Nepal are descended from the Parmar clan of Rajputs from the former state of Narsinghgarh in modern India.
  21. Binod is the eldest son of Princess Shanti Singh of Nepal (one of the ten people who died in the Nepalese royal massacre). Binod is also the Director of Hotel Sherpa.
  22. Succession to the throne, whilst hereditary, is also subject to confirmation from the reigning King of Nepal.
  23. Prakash reigned as raja from 13 November 2002 until 2008, when the constituent monarchies of Nepal were abolished.
  24. A Tibetan kingdom known locally as Lo, the name "Mustang" is actually a Nepalese corruption of Manthang, the state's capital. Its ruler was styled Raja of Mustang by the Nepalese, and Lo rGyal-po (King of Lo) in Tibetan.
  25. Jigme reigned as raja from 1964 until 2008, when the constituent monarchies of Nepal were abolished.
  26. The surname "Bista" was adopted by the last reigning raja and his family.
  27. A branch of the House of Bagrationi. During the partition of the kingdom in the 15th Century, the Bagratid dynasty split into two main lineages: the Mukhrani line of Kartli, and the Gruzinsky line of Kakheti. It is between these two lineages that the leadership of the Royal House of Georgia is now disputed.

Europe
  1. If reigning, he would be known as "Karl II of Austria" and "Károly V of Hungary".
  2. On 31 May 1961, Karl's father Otto renounced all claims to the Austrian throne in order to return from exile. He relinquished his position as head of the House of Habsburg to Karl on 1 January 2007.
  3. A branch of the House of Lorraine cognatically descended from the House of Habsburg. The ducal family of Modena, which was historically descended from the House of Este, traditionally uses the name Austria-Este, which has continued to be adopted as a title by the current line.
  4. The Austro-Hungarian monarch held the crowns of Austria and Hungary, and also reigned as King of Bohemia, King of Croatia, and more.
  5. Simeon II reigned as Tsar of Bulgaria from 28 August 1943 until the monarchy was deposed in the Communist revolution of 1946. After returning to the country from exile in 1996, he later served as elected Prime Minister between 24 July 2001 and 17 August 2005.
  6. A sept of the Ernestine branch of the House of Wettin.
  7. The House of Bourbon is a branch of the Capetian Dynasty.
  8. A branch of the House of Bourbon.
  9. Charles Napoléon is the current head of the House of Bonaparte. His son, Jean Christophe, was posthumously appointed heir to the imperial claim in the will of his grandfather, Louis Napoléon.
  10. Constantine II reigned as King of the Hellenes from 6 March 1964 until the monarchy's abolition in 1973.
  11. Officially the House of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg, which is a branch of the House of Oldenburg.
  12. The kings of Saxony belonged to the Albertine branch of the House of Wettin.
  13. A branch of the House of Aviz.
  14. Margareta's father Michael I reigned as King of Romania between 20 July 1927 and 8 June 1930, and again from 6 September 1940 until the monarchy's abolition during the Communist revolution of 1947. A rival claim to the throne is maintained by the descendants of Carol Lambrino, Michael's elder half-brother from his father's first marriage. Carol Lambrino's eldest son, Paul-Philippe, has maintained his claim to the throne since his father's death on 27 January 2006.
  15. A line of the House of Hohenzollern.
  16. Heir under the 1923 constitution, which stipulates Salic law.
  17. The House of Romanov is a line of the House of Holstein-Gottorp, which itself is a branch of the House of Oldenburg.
  18. Full title: Emperor and Autocrat of All the Russias, used since 1721, although commonly designated Tsar. The emperors of Russia were also the Grand Dukes of Finland from 1809 until 1917, and the Kings of Poland from 1815 until 1916.
  19. The House of Hanover is a branch of the House of Welf, which itself is a branch of the House of Este.
  20. The royal family of Mecklenburg-Strelitz belongs to the Strelitz branch of the House of Mecklenburg.
  21. A branch of the House of Oldenburg.
  22. The principalities of Hohenzollern-Hechingen and Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen were created in 1576 from the partition of the territory of Hohenzollern. When the Hechingen lineage became extinct in 1869, the heirs of the Princes of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen reclaimed the title Prince of Hohenzollern.
  23. A branch of the House of Hohenzollern.
  24. The territory of Reuss was partitioned between the sons of the reigning prince in 1564, eventually resulting in the principalities of Reuss Elder Line and Reuss Younger Line. The elder lineage expired in 1927 through the death of Heinrich XXVII, and inheritance passed to the junior line of Köstritz, whose heirs now claim the title Prince Reuss.
  25. For details on the unusual numbering system of the Reuss-Köstritz lineage, see the main article.
  26. Vittorio Emanuele, only son of King Umberto II, was heir presumptive to the throne of Italy from his birth on 12 February 1937 until the monarchy was abolished in 1946. He declared himself King of Italy in 1969, claiming that his father, having agreed to submit to a referendum on his position as head of state, had thereby abdicated his throne. The declaration came after his father called for Amedeo, Duke of Aosta to visit him in Cascais, allegedly to name him his heir.[67] Umberto II died on 18 March 1983.
  27. Leopold Franz, the previous head of the house, abdicated his right to the throne in favour of his son Sigismund upon the date of the former's second marriage in 1993. Sigismund succeeded as Grand Master of the Tuscan Orders (the Order of Saint Joseph and Order of Saint Stephen) on 12 April 1994.
  28. This branch is known as the House of Bourbon-Two Sicilies. The right to succession is currently disputed between two branches of the family.
  29. A branch of the House of Württemberg.

Oceania
  1. The House of Kawānanakoa was a collateral line of succession of the reigning Kalākaua dynasty.[74] The last queen, Liliʻuokalani, not having had any issue of her own, adopted and appointed the head of the Kawānanakoa as heir apparent. The House of Kawānanakoa is historically recognised as providing presumptive heirs to the throne should the monarchy be revived. Because of an early succession dispute within the family, there are currently two claimants from this dynasty.
  2. Noa Kalokuokamaile DeGuair is a descendant of the House of Kalokuokamaile, which was a collateral line of succession of the Kamehameha dynasty, the first line of Hawaiʻian kings. It became extinct in the male line during the time of the monarchy, and now survives through the female line as the House of Laʻanui.[75] The current descendants also belong to the Wilcox lineage of English and Italian descent. His claim on the throne is disputed.
  3. The House of Laʻanui consists of maternal descendants of the House of Kalokuokamaile,[75] the seniormost branch of the chiefly House of Keōua Nui.[76] It descends from the eldest half-brother of Hawaiʻi's first king, Kamehameha the Great, who united the small chiefdoms of the Hawaiʻian Islands under the Kamehameha dynasty in 1810. When the male heirs of this lineage died out in 1872, it was replaced by the Kalākaua dynasty who ruled till 1893. It claims closer kinship to the kingdom's first dynasty while the Kawānanakoa line claims closer kinship to the kingdom's last dynasty.[77]
  4. Recognised as the rightful heir to the Tahitian throne by a majority of the royal family's current members. He has migrated overseas, however, and currently lives in Paris.[78]
  5. An adopted member of the family. He was "enthroned" as Pomare XI during a ceremony attended by descendants of local chiefs. The enthronement was rejected by other members of the royal family.[78]

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Further reading

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