Innsbruck

Innsbruck (German: [ˈɪnsbʁʊk] (listen); Bavarian: Innschbruck, [ˈɪnʃprʊk]) is the capital of Tyrol and fifth-largest city in Austria. On the River Inn, at its junction with the Wipp Valley, which provides access to the Brenner Pass 30 km (18.6 mi) to the south, it had a population of 132,493 in 2018.

For places with similar names, see Innsbrook.
Innsbruck
From top, left to right: Bürgerstraße, Conradstraße, view of Innsbruck, St. Anne's Column in Maria-Theresien-Straße, Stift Wilten, Ambras Castle, Altes Landhaus
Coat of arms
Innsbruck
Location within Austria
Innsbruck
Innsbruck (Austria)
Coordinates: 47°16′06″N 11°23′36″E
Country Austria
StateTyrol
DistrictStatutory city
Government
 • MayorGeorg Willi
Area
 • City104.91 km2 (40.51 sq mi)
Elevation
574 m (1,883 ft)
Population
 (2018-01-01)[2]
 • City132,493
 • Density1,300/km2 (3,300/sq mi)
 • Metro
228,583
Time zoneUTC+1 (CET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)
Postal code
6010–6080
Area code0512
Vehicle registrationI
Websiteinnsbruck.at

In the broad valley between high mountains, the so-called North Chain in the Karwendel Alps (Hafelekarspitze, 2,334 metres or 7,657 feet) to the north and Patscherkofel (2,246 m or 7,369 ft) and Serles (2,718 m or 8,917 ft) to the south, Innsbruck is an internationally renowned winter sports centre; it hosted the 1964 and 1976 Winter Olympics as well as the 1984 and 1988 Winter Paralympics. It also hosted the first Winter Youth Olympics in 2012. The name means "bridge over the Inn".[3]

History

The earliest traces suggest initial inhabitation in the early Stone Age. Surviving pre-Roman place names show that the area has been populated continuously. In the 4th century the Romans established the army station Veldidena (the name survives in today's urban district Wilten) at Oenipons (Innsbruck), to protect the economically important commercial road from Verona-Brenner-Augsburg in their province of Raetia.

The first mention of Innsbruck dates back to the name Oeni Pontum or Oeni Pons which is Latin for bridge (pons) over the Inn (Oenus), which was an important crossing point over the Inn river. The Counts of Andechs acquired the town in 1180. In 1248 the town passed into the hands of the Counts of Tyrol.[4] The city's arms show a bird's-eye view of the Inn bridge, a design used since 1267. The route over the Brenner Pass was then a major transport and communications link between the north and the south of Europe, and the easiest route across the Alps. It was part of the Via Imperii, a medieval imperial road under special protection of the king. The revenues generated by serving as a transit station on this route enabled the city to flourish.

View of Innsbruck by Albrecht Dürer, 1495

Innsbruck became the capital of all Tyrol in 1429 and in the 15th century the city became a centre of European politics and culture as Emperor Maximilian I also resided in Innsbruck in the 1490s. The city benefited from the emperor's presence as can be seen for example in the Hofkirche. Here a funeral monument for Maximilian was planned and erected partly by his successors. The ensemble with a cenotaph and the bronze statues of real and mythical ancestors of the Habsburg emperor are one of the main artistic monuments of Innsbruck. A regular postal service between Innsbruck and Mechelen was established in 1490 by the Thurn-und-Taxis-Post.

Ambras Castle, 1679

In 1564 Ferdinand II, Archduke of Austria received the rulership over Tirol and other Further Austrian possessions administered from Innsbruck up to the 18th century. He had Schloss Ambras built and arranged there his unique Renaissance collections nowadays mainly part of Vienna's Kunsthistorisches Museum. Up to 1665 a stirps of the Habsburg dynasty ruled in Innsbruck with an independent court. In the 1620s the first opera house north of the Alps was erected in Innsbruck (Dogana).

In 1669 the university was founded. Also as a compensation for the court as Emperor Leopold I again reigned from Vienna and the Tyrolean stirps of the Habsburg dynasty had ended in 1665.

Andreas Hofer with his Consultants at the Hofburg by Franz Defregger, 1879

During the Napoleonic Wars Tyrol was ceded to Bavaria, ally of France. Andreas Hofer led a Tyrolean peasant army to victory in the Battles of Bergisel against the combined Bavarian and French forces, and then made Innsbruck the centre of his administration. The combined army later overran the Tyrolean militia army and until 1814 Innsbruck was part of Bavaria. After the Vienna Congress Austrian rule was restored. Until 1918, the town (one of the 4 autonomous towns in Tyrol) was part of the Austrian monarchy (Austria side after the compromise of 1867), head of the district of the same name, one of the 21 Bezirkshauptmannschaften in the Tyrol province.[5]

The Tyrolean hero Andreas Hofer was executed in Mantua; his remains were returned to Innsbruck in 1823 and interred in the Franciscan church.

During World War I, the only recorded action taking place in Innsbruck was near the end of the war. On February 20, 1918, Allied planes flying out of Italy raided Innsbruck, causing casualties among the Austrian troops there. No damage to the town is recorded.[6] In November 1918 Innsbruck and all Tyrol were occupied by the 20 to 22 thousand soldiers of the III Corps of the First Italian Army.[7]

In 1929, the first official Austrian Chess Championship was held in Innsbruck.

Annexation and bombing
Main article: Bombing of Innsbruck in World War II

In 1938 Austria was annexed by Nazi Germany in the Anschluss. Between 1943 and April 1945, Innsbruck experienced twenty-two air raids and suffered heavy damage.

Euroregion Tyrol-South Tyrol-Trentino

In 1996, the European Union approved further cultural and economic integration between the Austrian province of Tyrol and the Italian autonomous provinces of South Tyrol and Trentino by recognizing the creation of the Euroregion Tyrol-South Tyrol-Trentino.

Geography

Climate

Innsbruck has a humid continental climate (Köppen Dfb) using 0 °C (32 °F) isotherm or oceanic climate (Cfb) using the original −3 °C (27 °F) isotherm[8] since it has larger annual temperature differences than most of Central Europe due to its location in the centre of the Continent and its position around mountainous terrains. Winters are often very cold (colder than those of most major European cities) and snowy, although the foehn wind sometimes brings pronounced thaws.

Spring is brief; days start to get warm, often over 15 °C (59 °F), but nights remain cool or even freezing.

Summer is highly variable and unpredictable. Days can be cool 17 °C (63 °F) and rainy, or sunny and extremely hot, sometimes hitting 34 °C (93 °F). In summer, as expected for an alpine-influenced climate, the diurnal temperature variation is often very high as nights usually remain cool, being 12 °C (54 °F) on average, but sometimes dipping as low as 6 °C (43 °F).

The average annual temperature is 9 °C (48 °F).

Climate data for Innsbruck University (1981–2010, extremes 1777–present)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 19.8
(67.6)		 20.6
(69.1)		 24.8
(76.6)		 28.7
(83.7)		 33.7
(92.7)		 37.3
(99.1)		 37.4
(99.3)		 37.4
(99.3)		 31.7
(89.1)		 26.0
(78.8)		 23.0
(73.4)		 17.9
(64.2)		 37.4
(99.3)
Average high °C (°F) 3.6
(38.5)		 6.4
(43.5)		 11.8
(53.2)		 16.3
(61.3)		 21.4
(70.5)		 23.8
(74.8)		 26.0
(78.8)		 25.1
(77.2)		 20.8
(69.4)		 16.0
(60.8)		 8.6
(47.5)		 3.8
(38.8)		 15.3
(59.5)
Daily mean °C (°F) −1.0
(30.2)		 0.8
(33.4)		 5.4
(41.7)		 9.6
(49.3)		 14.6
(58.3)		 17.2
(63.0)		 19.2
(66.6)		 18.4
(65.1)		 14.4
(57.9)		 9.9
(49.8)		 3.9
(39.0)		 −0.1
(31.8)		 9.4
(48.9)
Average low °C (°F) −4.0
(24.8)		 −2.8
(27.0)		 1.0
(33.8)		 4.7
(40.5)		 9.1
(48.4)		 12.0
(53.6)		 13.9
(57.0)		 13.6
(56.5)		 10.2
(50.4)		 6.1
(43.0)		 1.0
(33.8)		 −2.7
(27.1)		 5.2
(41.4)
Record low °C (°F) −26.6
(−15.9)		 −26.9
(−16.4)		 −16.9
(1.6)		 −7.0
(19.4)		 −2.4
(27.7)		 0.6
(33.1)		 2.0
(35.6)		 3.3
(37.9)		 −1.0
(30.2)		 −9.0
(15.8)		 −15.2
(4.6)		 −31.3
(−24.3)		 −31.3
(−24.3)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 42
(1.7)		 41
(1.6)		 57
(2.2)		 58
(2.3)		 84
(3.3)		 115
(4.5)		 136
(5.4)		 130
(5.1)		 80
(3.1)		 59
(2.3)		 60
(2.4)		 51
(2.0)		 911
(35.9)
Average snowfall cm (inches) 25
(9.8)		 28
(11)		 12
(4.7)		 3
(1.2)		 0
(0)		 0
(0)		 0
(0)		 0
(0)		 0
(0)		 0
(0)		 11
(4.3)		 21
(8.3)		 99
(39)
Average relative humidity (%) (at 14:00) 60.8 52.9 46.1 43.1 43.7 46.6 46.8 49.7 50.6 52.3 60.8 60.8 51.7
Mean monthly sunshine hours 100 123 165 183 206 198 231 212 183 163 101 83 1,949
Percent possible sunshine 50.3 50.4 49.9 48.1 49.2 45.8 53.8 52.7 53.8 55.9 46.7 44.6 50.1
Source 1: Central Institute for Meteorology and Geodynamics[9][10][11][12][13]
Source 2: Meteo Climat (record highs and lows)[14]

Boroughs and statistical divisions
Cadastral settlements (red) and wards (grey) of Innsbruck

Innsbruck is divided into nine boroughs (cadastral settlements) that were formed from previously independent municipalities or villages.[16] These nine boroughs are further divided into twenty wards (cadastral districts). All wards are within one borough, except for the ward of Hungerburg (Upper Innsbruck), which is divided between two. For statistical purposes, Innsbruck is further divided into forty-two statistical units (Statistischer Bezirk) and 178 numbered blocks (Zählsprengel).[17]

The following are the nine boroughs with the population as of 31 October 2011:[18]

  • Innsbruck (inner city) (18.524), consisting of Oldtown (Altstadt), Dreiheiligen-Schlachthof, and Saggen
  • Wilten (15.772), consisting of Mentlberg, Sieglanger, and Wilten West
  • Pradl (30.890), consisting of Pradler-Saggen, Reichenau, and Tivoli
  • Hötting (31.246), consisting of Höttinger Au, Hötting West, Sadrach, Allerheiligen, Kranebitten, and part of Hungerburg
  • Mühlau (4.750), consisting of part of Hungerburg
  • Amras (5.403), consisting of Roßau
  • Arzl (10.293), consisting of Neuarzl and Olympisches Dorf
  • Vill (535)
  • Igls (2.204)

Places of interest


Mountains

Buildings and monuments
Imperial Hofburg (Kaiserliche Hofburg)
Goldenes Dachl (Golden Roof)

Museums
Tyrolean Folk Art Museum next to the Hofkirche in Innsbruck

Churches
Innsbruck Cathedral (Dom zu St. Jakob)
  • Court Church (Hofkirche)
  • Innsbruck Cathedral (Dom zu St. Jakob)
  • Old Ursuline Church
  • Jesuit Church
  • Church of Our Lady
  • Church of Our Lady of Perpectual Succour
  • Servite Church
  • Hospital Church
  • Ursuline Church
  • Wilten Abbey (Stift Wilten)
  • Wilten Basilica (Wiltener Basilika)
  • Holy Trinity Church
  • St. John's Church
  • St. Theresa's Church (Hungerburg)
  • Pradler Parish Church
  • St. Paul's State Memorial Church in the Reichenau
  • Evangelical Church of Christ
  • Evangelical Church of the Resurrection
  • Old Höttingen Parish Church
  • Höttingen Parish Church
  • Parish Church of St. Nicholas
  • Parish Church of Neu-Arzl
  • Parish Church of St. Norbert
  • Parish Church of Maria am Gestade
  • Parish Church of the Good Shepherd
  • Parish Church of St. George
  • Parish Church of St. Paul
  • Parish Church of St. Pirminius
  • Church of the Guardian Angel

Parks and gardens
  • Ambras Castle
  • Andreas Hofer's tomb
  • Armoury
  • City Tower (Stadtturm)
  • Helblinghaus
  • Hofgarten (Court Garden)
  • Hofkirche (Court Church)
  • Innsbruck at night
  • Innsbruck from the Inn river
  • Mariahilfkirche
  • Maximilian's Cenotaph and the Black Men
  • Old Inn Bridge
  • Old Town (Altstadt) with the Goldenes Dachl
  • Old Town from the Stadtturm
  • Servitenkirche
  • Siebenkreuzkapelle
  • Spitalskirche
  • Tyrolean State Museum (Tiroler Landesmuseum)
  • Triumphpforte
  • Wilten Abbey Church
  • Wilten Basilica
Panoramic view looking north

Government and politics
Panoramic view looking down with Serles in the background.

The results of the 2018 local elections were:

Culture

Cultural events

Innsbruck is a very popular tourist destination, organizing the following events every year:

  • Innsbrucker Tanzsommer
  • Bergsilvester (New Year's Eve)
  • Innsbrucker Festwochen der Alten Musik (Innsbruck Festival of Early Music)
  • Christkindlmarkt (Christmas fair)

In 1971 Author Douglas Adams was inspired to write the internationally successful The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy series while lying intoxicated in a field in Innsbruck. [19]

Sports
Bergiselschanze ski jumping facility

Due to its location between high mountains, Innsbruck serves as an ideal place for skiing in winter, ski-jumping and mountaineering in summer. There are several ski resorts around Innsbruck, with the Nordkette served by a cable car and additional chair lifts further up. Other ski resorts nearby include Axamer Lizum, Muttereralm, Patscherkofel, Igls, Seefeld, Tulfes and Stubai Valley. The glaciated terrain in the latter makes skiing possible even in summer months.

The Winter Olympic Games were held in Innsbruck twice, first in 1964, then again in 1976, when Colorado voters rejected a bond referendum in 1972 to finance the Denver games, originally awarded in 1970. The 1976 Winter Olympics were the last games held in the German-speaking Alps (Austria, Germany, or Switzerland).

Along with St. Moritz, Switzerland and Lake Placid, New York in the United States, it is one of three places which have twice hosted the Winter Games. It also hosted the 1984 and 1988 Winter Paralympics.

Innsbruck hosted the 1st Winter Youth Olympic Games in 2012.[20]

Innsbruck also hosts one of the 4 ski-jumping competitions of the 4 Hills Tournament every year.

Other notable events held in Innsbruck include the Air & Style Snowboard Contest from 1994 to 1999 and 2008 and the Ice Hockey World Championship in 2005. Together with the city of Seefeld, Innsbruck organized the Winter Universiade in 2005. Innsbruck's Bergiselschanze is one of the hills of the famous Four Hills Tournament.

Innsbruck is home to the football club FC Wacker Innsbruck, which plays in the Austrian Football Second League as of the 2019–20 season. Former teams include the FC Swarovski Tirol and FC Tirol Innsbruck. FC Wacker Innsbruck's stadium, Tivoli Neu, is one of eight stadiums which hosted Euro 2008 which took place in Switzerland and Austria in June 2008.

The city also hosted an American Football final, Eurobowl XXII between the Swarco Raiders Tirol and the Raiffeisen Vikings Vienna.

The city hosted opening round games in the 2011 IFAF World Championship, the official international American Football championship.

In 2018 Innsbruck hosted the IFSC Climbing World Championships 2018 from September 6 to September 16 and the 2018 UCI Road World Championships from September 22 to September 30.[21]

Language

Innsbruck is part of the Austro-Bavarian region of dialects and, more specifically, Southern Bavarian (Südbairisch).[22] Irina Windhaber, professor for linguistics at the Universität Innsbruck, has observed a trend among young people to choose more often Standard German language structures and pronunciation.[23]

Economy and infrastructure

Innsbruck is a substantial tourist centre, with more than a million overnight stays.

In Innsbruck, there are 86,186 employees and about 12,038 employers. 7,598 people are self-employed.[24] Nearly 35,000 people commute every day into Innsbruck from the surrounding communities in the area. The unemployment rate for the year 2012 was 4.2%.[25]

The national statistics office, Statistik Austria, does not produce economic data for the City of Innsbruck alone, but on aggregate level with the Innsbruck-Land District summarized as NUTS 3-region Innsbruck. In 2013, GDP per capita in the NUTS 3-region Innsbruck was €41,400 which is around 60% above the EU average.[26]

The headquarters of Tiroler Wasserkraft (Tiwag, energy production), Bank für Tirol und Vorarlberg (financial services), Tiroler Versicherung (insurance) and MED-EL (medical devices) are located in Innsbruck. The headquarters of Swarovski (glass), Felder Group (mechanical engineering) and Swarco (traffic technology) are located within 20 km (12 mi) from the city.

Residential property is very expensive by national standards. The average price per square metre in Innsbruck is €4,430 (2015), which is the second highest per square metre price among Austrian cities surpassed only by Salzburg (€4,823), but followed by Vienna (€3,980).[27]

Transport
Innsbruck Airport

Innsbruck is located along the A12/A13 highway corridor (Inn Valley Autobahn and Brenner Autobahn respectively), providing freeway access to Verona, Italy and Munich, Germany. The A12 and A13 converge near Innsbruck, at which point the A13 terminates.

Innsbruck Hauptbahnhof, the most important railway station of Innsbruck and Tyrol, is one of the busiest railway stations in Austria. It is served by the Lower Inn Valley line to Germany and eastern Austria, the Arlberg line to the west and the Brenner line, which connects northern Italy with southern Germany via the Brenner pass. Since December 2007 suburban services have been operated as the Innsbruck S-Bahn.

Innsbruck Airport is located in the suburb of Kranebitten, which is located in the west of the city. It provides services to airports including Frankfurt, London, Amsterdam and Vienna. It also handles regional flights around the Alps, as well as seasonal flights to other destinations. During the winter, activity increases significantly, due to the high number of skiers travelling to the region. The airport is approximately 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) from the centre of Innsbruck.

Trambahn in Innsbruck

Local public transport is provided by Innsbrucker Verkehrsbetriebe (IVB), a public authority operating a network of bus and tram routes. The metre-gauge tram network consists of four city lines, 1, 2, 3 and 5, and two lines serving the surrounding area: line 6, the Innsbrucker Mittelgebirgsbahn to Igls, and line STB, the Stubaitalbahn running through the Stubai Valley to Fulpmes. The network is planned to be enlarged during the coming years to reach the neighboring village Rum in the east and Völs in the west . Numerous bus lines serve the inner city and connect it with surrounding areas. Until 2007 the bus network included two trolleybus routes, but these were abandoned in preparation for planned expansion of the tram network.

In December 2007, the Hungerburgbahn, a funicular service to the district of Hungerburg, was reopened after a two-year closure for extensive rebuilding, with partial realignment and a new extension across the Inn River and into central Innsbruck. The line was also equipped with new vehicles. Because of the unique design of the stations, drafted by the famous architect Zaha Hadid, the funicular evolves immediately to a new emblem of the city.[28] The line was rebuilt by the Italian company Leitner, and can now carry up to 1,200 persons per hour.[29] It is operated by a private company, the 'Innsbrucker Nordkettenbahnen'.

Education

Innsbruck is a university city, with several locally based colleges and universities.

Innsbruck is home to the oldest grammar school (Gymnasium) of Western Austria, the "Akademisches Gymnasium Innsbruck". The school was founded in 1562 by the Jesuit order and was the precursor of the university, founded in 1669.

Innsbruck hosts several universities. The most well-known are the University of Innsbruck (Leopold-Franzens-Universität), the Innsbruck Medical University, and the university of applied sciences MCI Management Center Innsbruck.

Organizations

Notable residents
Margaretha von Habsburg
Anna of Tyrol
Léopold, Duke of Lorraine
Josef Speckbacher, 1891
Josef von Hormayr, 1850
Karl Schönherr
Otto Hofmann, 1945
Roderich Menzel, 1934
Otmar Suitner, 2007
Dietmar Schönherr, 2006
William Berger, 1967
Peter Noever, 2005
Armin Wolf, 2008
Eva Lind, 2007
Alice Tumler, 2015

Early times to 1600

1600 to 1700

1700 to 1850

1850 to 1880

1880 to 1900

1900 to 1918

1918 to 1930

1930 to 1955

1955 to modern times


International relations
See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Austria

Twin towns and sister cities

Partnerships

Austrian Service Abroad

The Austrian Service Abroad is a NGO, which provides positions for an alternative Austrian national service at 85 organizations in 35 countries worldwide in the sectors Holocaust Memorial Service, Social Service and Peace Service. It was founded by Andreas Maislinger and Andreas Hörtnagl in 1998 and is based in Innsbruck.

See also

References
Citations
  1. "Dauersiedlungsraum der Gemeinden Politischen Bezirke und Bundesländer - Gebietsstand 1.1.2018". Statistics Austria. Retrieved 10 March 2019.
  2. "Einwohnerzahl 1.1.2018 nach Gemeinden mit Status, Gebietsstand 1.1.2018". Statistics Austria. Retrieved 9 March 2019.
  3. Planet, Lonely. "History of Innsbruck - Lonely Planet Travel Information". lonelyplanet.com.
  4. Chizzali. Tyrol: Impressions of Tyrol. (Innsbruck: Alpina Printers and Publishers), p. 5
  5. Die postalischen Abstempelungen auf den österreichischen Postwertzeichen-Ausgaben 1867, 1883 und 1890, Wilhelm KLEIN, 1967
  6. Reynolds, Churchill, et al. The Story of the Great War, vol. 14. (New York: Collier and Son, 1919)
  7. "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-08-22. Retrieved 2017-08-22.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  8. "Innsbruck Climate & Temperature". innsbruck.climatemps.com.
  9. "Klimamittel 1981–2010: Lufttemperatur" (in German). Central Institute for Meteorology and Geodynamics. Archived from the original on 21 October 2019. Retrieved 9 November 2019.
  10. "Klimamittel 1981–2010: Niederschlag" (in German). Central Institute for Meteorology and Geodynamics. Archived from the original on 29 December 2014. Retrieved 9 November 2019.
  11. "Klimamittel 1981–2010: Schnee" (in German). Central Institute for Meteorology and Geodynamics. Archived from the original on 29 December 2014. Retrieved 9 November 2019.
  12. "Klimamittel 1981–2010: Luftfeuchtigkeit" (in German). Central Institute for Meteorology and Geodynamics. Archived from the original on 21 October 2019. Retrieved 9 November 2019.
  13. "Klimamittel 1981–2010: Strahlung" (in German). Central Institute for Meteorology and Geodynamics. Archived from the original on 29 December 2014. Retrieved 9 November 2019.
  14. "Station Innsbruck" (in French). Météo Climat. Retrieved 9 November 2019.
  15. "Klimadaten von Österreich 1971–2000" (in German). Central Institute for Meteorology and Geodynamics. Archived from the original on 12 October 2019. Retrieved 20 October 2019.
  16. "Landesrecht Tirol: Stadtrecht der Landeshauptstadt Innsbruck 1975 § 2". Rechts Informations System (RIS), Bundeskanzleramt Österreich. Archived from the original on 8 June 2014.
  17. "Räumliches Bezugssystem: Referat Statistik und Berichtswesen, Innsbruck". Landeshauptstadt Innsbruck. Archived from the original on 1 February 2014.
  18. "Registerzählung vom 31. Oktober 2011, Bevölkerung nach Ortschaften, Innsbruck (70101)" (PDF). Statistik Austria. 31 July 2013.
  19. Gary, Dexter (4 October 2009). "Title Deed: How the Book got its Name". The Telegraph.
  20. "International Olympic Committee – News". Olympic.org. Retrieved 2009-05-05.
  21. Climbing, Austria. "Kletter-WM Innsbruck Tirol 2018: IFSC Climbing World Championships". Innsbruck / Tirol 2018.
  22. Mayerthaler, Willi (1995). Infinitivprominenz in europäischen Sprachen: Der Alpen-Adria-Raum als Schnittstelle von Germanisch, Romanisch und Slawisch. Tübingen: Gunter Narr Verlag Tübingen. p. 72. ISBN 3823350625. Retrieved June 29, 2020.
  23. Burger, Sonja. "Dialekt bis Internet: Deutsche Sprache wird bunter". Die Presse. "Die Presse" Verlags-Gesellschaft m.b.H. Co KG. Retrieved June 29, 2020.
  24. "Gemeinde auf einen Blick" (PDF). Statistik Austria. Retrieved 2016-10-02.
  25. "City Statistics Illustrated". ec.europa.eu/eurostat. Retrieved 2015-12-29.
  26. "Regionales BIP und Hauptaggregate nach Wirtschaftsbereichen und 35 NUTS 3-Regionen". statistik.at. Retrieved 2015-12-29.
  27. "In Salzburg und Innsbruck ist Wohnraum teurer als in Wien". presse.com. Retrieved 2015-12-29.
  28. "Hungerburgbahn Innsbruck".
  29. "IF130 Hungerburgbahn".
  30. Serenity (band)
  31. Jérôme Steffenino, Marguerite Masson. "Ville de Grenoble –Coopérations et villes jumelles". Grenoble.fr. Retrieved 16 May 2013.
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  36. 友好・姉妹都市. Omachi City Hall (in Japanese). Omachi Municipal Office. Archived from the original on 2014-08-17. Retrieved 2014-08-17.
  37. "Kraków - Miasta Partnerskie" [Kraków -Partnership Cities]. Miejska Platforma Internetowa Magiczny Kraków (in Polish). Archived from the original on 2013-07-02. Retrieved 2013-08-10.
Bibliography

Further reading
Published in the 19th century
Published in the 20th century
  • "Innsbruck", Guide through Germany, Austria-Hungary, Switzerland, Italy, France, Belgium, Holland, the United Kingdom, Spain, Portugal, &c (9th ed.), Berlin: J.H. Herz, 1908, OCLC 36795367
  • "Innsbruck", The Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.), New York: Encyclopædia Britannica, 1910, OCLC 14782424
  • "Innsbruck", Austria-Hungary (11th ed.), Leipzig: Karl Baedeker, 1911, OL 18759934M
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