List of Indian Nobel laureates

The Nobel Prize is a set of annual international awards bestowed on "those who conferred the greatest benefit on humankind" in the fields of Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, Literature, Peace and Economic Sciences,[upper-alpha 1][2] instituted by Alfred Nobel's last will, which specified that a part of his fortune be used to create the prizes. Each laureate (recipient) receives a gold medal, a diploma and a sum of money, which is decided annually by the Nobel Foundation.[3] The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences awards the Nobel Prize in Physics, the Nobel Prize in Chemistry and the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel; the Nobel Assembly at the Karolinska Institute awards the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine; the Swedish Academy awards the Nobel Prize in Literature; and the Norwegian Nobel Committee awards the Nobel Peace Prize. They are widely recognized as one of the most prestigious honours awarded in the aforementioned fields.[4]

The Nobel Prize
Rabindranath Tagore was the first person of Indian origin, first Asian and first non European to be awarded with the Literature Nobel Prize.[1] He received the prize for Literature in 1913.

First instituted in 1901, a total of 904 individuals (852 men and 52 women) and 24 organizations were awarded the Nobel Prize between 1901 and 2018.[5] Among the total recipients, 13 are Indians (five Indian citizens and eight of Indian ancestry or residency). Rabindranath Tagore was the first Indian citizen to be awarded and also first Asian to be awarded in 1913 and Mother Teresa is the only woman among the list of recipients.[6] Notably, Sri Aurobindo, the Indian poet, philosopher, nationalist and developer of integral yoga, was nominated unsuccessfully for the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1943 and for the Nobel Peace Prize in 1950.[7][8]

On 1 December 1999, the Norwegian Nobel Committee confirmed that Mahatma Gandhi was nominated unsuccessfully for the Peace Prize five times (from 1937 to 1939, in 1947 and a few days before he was assassinated in January 1948).[9] In 2006, Geir Lundestad, the Secretary of Norwegian Nobel Committee, cited it as "the greatest omission in our 106-year history".[10][11][12]

Laureates

Indians under British Rule
Citizens of British Raj

The following are the Nobel laureates who were citizens of the British Raj at the time they were awarded the Nobel Prize

Year Laureate Field Rationale Ref.
1913 Rabindranath Tagore (Bengali) (Ancestral Place: Bardhaman District, West Bengal, India) Literature "Because of his profoundly sensitive, fresh and beautiful verse, by which, with consummate skill, he has made his poetic thought, expressed in his own English words, a part of the literature of the West." [13]
1930 C. V. Raman (Tamil) (Ancestral Place: Tiruchirapalli District, Tamil Nadu, India) Physics "For his work on the scattering of light and for the discovery of the effect named after him." [14]

Indian citizens
Citizens of the Republic of India

The following are the Nobel laureates who were citizens of Republic of India at the time they were awarded the Nobel Prize and Nobel Memorial Prize.

Year Laureate Field Rationale Ref.
1998 Amartya Sen (Bengali) (Ancestral Place: Dhaka District, East Bengal, Bangladesh) Economics "For his contributions to welfare economics." [15]
2007
Rajendra K. Pachauri (Hindi) (Ancestral Place: Nainital District, Uttarakhand, India) Peace "for their efforts to build up and disseminate greater knowledge about man-made climate change, and to lay the foundations for the measures that are needed to counteract such change" [16]
2014 Kailash Satyarthi (Hindi) (Ancestral Place: Vidisha District, Madhya Pradesh, India)
[upper-alpha 2]		 Peace "For their struggle against the suppression of children and young people and for the right of all children to education." [17]

Overseas citizens of Indian origin

The following are Nobel laureates born in British India or who are of Indian origin but subsequently non-citizens of India; however, they are still often included in lists of Indian Nobel laureates and Nobel Memorial Prize laureates.

Year Laureate Nationality Field Rationale Ref.
1968 Har Gobind Khorana (Punjabi) (Ancestral Place: Multan District, West Punjab, Pakistan) [upper-alpha 3]  United States
(born in Raipur, British India)		 Physiology or Medicine "For their interpretation of the genetic code and its function in protein synthesis." [18]
1983 Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar (Tamil) (Ancestral Place: Tiruchirapalli District, Tamil Nadu, India) [upper-alpha 4]  United States
(born in Lahore, British India)		 Physics "For his theoretical studies of the physical processes of importance to the structure and evolution of the stars." [19]
2009 Venki Ramakrishnan (Tamil) (Ancestral Place: Cuddalore District, Tamil Nadu, India [upper-alpha 5]  UK
 USA (born in Chidambaram, India)		 Chemistry "For Structure and function of the ribosome,macromolecular crystallography" [20]
2019 Abhijit Banerjee (Bengali) (Ancestral Place: Jashore District, East Bengal, Bangladesh) [upper-alpha 6]  United States
(born in Mumbai, India)		 Economics "For their experimental approach to alleviating global poverty" [21]

Others

The following are Nobel laureates who were born in India or were residents in India when they became recipients of the Nobel Prize but were not Indian citizens.

Year Laureate Country of residence Field Rationale Ref.
1902 Ronald Ross  United Kingdom
(born in Almora, British India)		 Physiology or Medicine "For his work on malaria, by which he has shown how it enters the organism and thereby has laid the foundation for successful research on this disease and methods of combating it." [22]
1907 Rudyard Kipling  United Kingdom
(born in Bombay, British India)		 Literature "In consideration of the power of observation, originality of imagination, virility of ideas and remarkable talent for narration which characterize the creations of this world-famous author." [23]
1979 Mother Teresa
 India
(born in Skopje, Ottoman Empire)		 Peace "In recognition of [her] work in bringing help to suffering humanity" [24]
1989 14th Dalai Lama  India
(born in Taktser, Tibet)		 Peace "For his consistent resistance to the use of violence in his people’s struggle to regain their liberty." [25]

See also

Notes
  1. The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences is an additional prize that was established in 1968 by the Bank of Sweden and was first awarded in 1969. Although not technically a Nobel Prize, it is identified with the award and the winners are announced with the Nobel Prize recipients, and the Prize in Economic Sciences is presented at the Nobel Prize Award Ceremony.[2]
  2. Shared with Malala Yousafzai
  3. Shared with Robert W. Holley and Marshall W. Nirenberg
  4. Shared with William Alfred Fowler
  5. Shared with Thomas A. Steitz and Ada Yonath
  6. Shared with Esther Duflo, his wife and Michael Kremer.

References
  1. Kasturi, Charu Sudan (25 August 2013). "Nobel tribute to Lalatendu kabi - Stockholm to Calcutta, Sweden lines up centenary events". The Telegraph India. Archived from the original on 5 December 2018. Retrieved 5 December 2018.
  2. "Nobel Prizes–Britannica". Encyclopaedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 29 April 2015. Retrieved 7 November 2018.
  3. "The Nobel Prize". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 5 June 2013. Retrieved 7 November 2018.
  4. "A short guide to the Nobel Prize". Swedish Institute. 7 December 2018. Archived from the original on 24 January 2019. Retrieved 27 January 2019.
  5. Media, Nobel (22 November 2018). "Nobel Prize facts". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 6 November 2018. Retrieved 22 November 2018.
  6. "From 1913 to 2014: Indian Nobel Prize winners". The Hindu. 10 October 2014. Retrieved 14 November 2018.
  7. Rajinder Singh (September 2012). "Aurobindo Gosh's Nobel nomination". Science and Culture. p. 442. Archived from the original on 8 August 2016. Retrieved 7 November 2018.
  8. Media, Nobel (22 November 2018). "Aurobindo Ghosh Nomination archive". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 22 November 2018. Retrieved 22 November 2018.
  9. Levinovitz, Agneta Wallin (2001). The Nobel Prize: The First 100 Years. London: Imperial College Press, London. pp. 181–186. ISBN 9789810246655.
  10. Tønnesson, Øyvind (1 December 1999). "Mahatma Gandhi, the Missing Laureate". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 2 June 2017. Retrieved 7 November 2018.
  11. Ghosh, Avijit (17 October 2006). "We missed Mahatma Gandhi". The Times of India. Retrieved 5 December 2018.
  12. Wolchover, Natalie (10 May 2011). "No Peace for Gandhi". NBCNews. Archived from the original on 7 December 2018. Retrieved 6 December 2018.
  13. "Rabindranath Tagore". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 11 June 2017. Retrieved 7 November 2018.
  14. "C V Raman". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 17 September 2015. Retrieved 7 November 2018.
  15. "Amartya Sen". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 14 November 2018.
  16. "The Nobel Peace Prize 2007". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 6 August 2020.
  17. "The Nobel Peace Prize 2014". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 10 June 2017. Retrieved 7 November 2018.
  18. "H. Gobind Khorana". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 1 June 2017. Retrieved 7 November 2018.
  19. "Subramanyan Chandrasekhar". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 17 June 2017. Retrieved 7 November 2018.
  20. "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2009". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 23 May 2020.
  21. "The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 2019". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 14 October 2019.
  22. "Ronald Ross". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 15 June 2017. Retrieved 7 November 2018.
  23. "Rudyard Kipling". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 17 June 2017. Retrieved 7 November 2018.
  24. "Mother Teresa Agnes". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 11 June 2017. Retrieved 7 November 2018.
  25. "Dalai Lama 14th". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 14 April 2015. Retrieved 8 November 2018.

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