List of Jewish Nobel laureates

Nobel Prizes[note 1] have been awarded to over 900 individuals,[1] of whom at least 20% were Jews.[2] The number of Jewish people receiving Nobel prizes has been the subject of some attention.[3]

Sign on Nobel Laureates Boulevard in Rishon LeZion saluting Jewish Nobel laureates

Israeli academics Elay Ben-Gal and Yeshayahu Leibowitz began an encyclopedia of Jewish Nobel laureates and interview as many as possible about their life and work.

Jews have been recipients of all six awards. The first Jewish recipient, Adolf von Baeyer, was awarded the prize in Chemistry in 1905. Albert A. Michelson, the first American to win the Nobel prize in 1910, was born into a Jewish family, although he was agnostic. As of 2020, the most recent unambiguously Jewish recipients are physiology or medicine laureate Harvey J. Alter, literature laureate Louise Glück and economics laureate Paul Milgrom. The 2020 physics laureates Roger Penrose and Andrea Ghez are of Jewish heritage by matrilineal and patrilineal descent respectively, though Penrose is an avowed atheist who does not consider himself Jewish.[4]

Jewish laureates Elie Wiesel and Imre Kertész survived the extermination camps during the Holocaust,[5] while François Englert survived by being hidden in orphanages and children's homes.[6] Others, such as Walter Kohn, Otto Stern, Albert Einstein, Hans Krebs and Martin Karplus had to flee Nazi Germany to avoid persecution.[7][8][9] Still others, including Rita Levi-Montalcini, Herbert Hauptman, Robert Furchgott, Arthur Kornberg, and Jerome Karle experienced significant antisemitism in their careers.[8][10]

Arthur Ashkin, a 96-year-old American Jew was, at the time of his award, the oldest person to receive a Nobel Prize.[11][12]

Chemistry
Year Laureate Country Rationale
1905 Adolf von Baeyer[13][14][15][16] Germany "[for] the advancement of organic chemistry and the chemical industry, through his work on organic dyes and hydroaromatic compounds"[17]
1906 Henri Moissan[13][14][15][16][18] France "[for his] investigation and isolation of the element fluorine, and for [the] electric furnace called after him"[19]
1910 Otto Wallach[13][14][15][16] Germany "[for] his services to organic chemistry and the chemical industry by his pioneer work in the field of alicyclic compounds"[20]
1915 Richard Willstätter[13][14][15][16] Germany "for his researches on plant pigments, especially chlorophyll"[21]
1918 Fritz Haber[13][14][15][16][22] Germany "for the synthesis of ammonia from its elements"[23]
1943 George de Hevesy[13][14][15][16] Hungary "for his work on the use of isotopes as tracers in the study of chemical processes"[24]
1961 Melvin Calvin[13][14][15][16] United States "for his research on the carbon dioxide assimilation in plants"[25]
1962 Max Perutz[13][14][15][16][26] United Kingdom / Austria "for their studies of the structures of globular proteins"[27]
1972 Christian B. Anfinsen[13][16][28] United States "for his work on ribonuclease, especially concerning the connection between the amino acid sequence and the biologically active conformation"[29]
William Howard Stein[13][14][16] "for their contribution to the understanding of the connection between chemical structure and catalytic activity of the active centre of the ribonuclease molecule"[29]
1977 Ilya Prigogine[13][14][16][30] Belgium "for his contributions to non-equilibrium thermodynamics, particularly the theory of dissipative structures"[31]
1979 Herbert C. Brown[13][14][16][32] United States "for their development of the use of boron- and phosphorus-containing compounds, respectively, into important reagents in organic synthesis"[33]
1980 Paul Berg[13][14][16][34] United States "for his fundamental studies of the biochemistry of nucleic acids, with particular regard to recombinant-DNA"[35]
Walter Gilbert[13][14][16] "for their contributions concerning the determination of base sequences in nucleic acids"[35]
1981 Roald Hoffmann[13][14][16] United States "for their theories, developed independently, concerning the course of chemical reactions"[36]
1982 Aaron Klug[13][14][16] United Kingdom "for his development of crystallographic electron microscopy and his structural elucidation of biologically important nucleic acid-protein complexes"[37]
1985 Jerome Karle[10][13][14][16][38][39] United States "for their outstanding achievements in developing direct methods for the determination of crystal structures"[40]
Herbert A. Hauptman[8][13][14][16][41][42]
1986 John Polanyi[43] Polanyi's Nobel lecture upon receipt of the award was entitled "Some Concepts in Reaction Dynamics."[44] Hungary / Canada "for his work in chemical kinetics.[43]
1989 Sidney Altman[13][14][16] Canada / United States "for their discovery of catalytic properties of RNA"[45]
1992 Rudolph A. Marcus[13][14][16] United States "for his contributions to the theory of electron transfer reactions in chemical systems"[46]
1994 George Andrew Olah[47][13][16] Hungary "for his contribution to carbocation chemistry"[48]
1996 Harry Kroto[16][49] United Kingdom "for the discovery of fullerenes"[50]
1998 Walter Kohn[7][8][13][16][51] United States / Austria "for his development of the density-functional theory"[52]
2000 Alan J. Heeger[13][14][16][53] United States "for the discovery and development of conductive polymers"[54]
2004 Aaron Ciechanover[16][55][56] Israel "for the discovery of ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation"[57]
Avram Hershko[16][55]
Irwin Rose[16][58][59] United States
2006 Roger D. Kornberg[55][60][61] United States "for his studies of the molecular basis of eukaryotic transcription"[62][63]
2008 Martin Chalfie[64] United States "for the discovery and development of the green fluorescent protein, GFP"[65]
2009 Ada Yonath[55] Israel "for studies of the structure and function of the ribosome"[66]
2011 Dan Shechtman[67] Israel "for the discovery of quasicrystals"[68]
2012 Robert Lefkowitz[69] United States "for studies of G-protein-coupled receptors"[70]
2013 Arieh Warshel[9][71] Israel "for the development of multiscale models for complex chemical systems"[72]
Michael Levitt[9][71] United States / United Kingdom / Israel [73][74]
Martin Karplus[9][71] United States / Austria [75]

Physiology or Medicine
Year Laureate Country Rationale
1908 Élie Metchnikoff[15][16][76] Russia "in recognition of their work on immunity"[77]
Paul Ehrlich[15][16][76] Germany
1914 Robert Bárány[15][16][76] Austria-Hungary "for his work on the physiology and pathology of the vestibular apparatus"[78]
1922 Otto Fritz Meyerhof[15][16][76] Germany "for his discovery of the fixed relationship between the consumption of oxygen and the metabolism of lactic acid in the muscle"[79]
1930 Karl Landsteiner[15][16][76] Austria "for his discovery of human blood groups"[80]
1931 Otto Heinrich Warburg[15][16] Germany "for his discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme"[81]
1936 Otto Loewi[15][16][76] Austria "for their discoveries relating to chemical transmission of nerve impulses"[82]
1944 Joseph Erlanger[15][16][76][83] United States "for their discoveries relating to the highly differentiated functions of single nerve fibres"[84]
1945 Ernst Boris Chain[15][16][76] United Kingdom "for the discovery of penicillin and its curative effect in various infectious diseases"[85]
1946 Hermann Joseph Muller[15][16][76] United States "for the discovery of the production of mutations by means of X-ray irradiation"[86]
1947 Gerty Cori[16][76] United States "for their discovery of the course of the catalytic conversion of glycogen"[87]
1950 Tadeusz Reichstein[15][16][76] Switzerland / Poland "for their discoveries relating to the hormones of the adrenal cortex, their structure and biological effects"[88]
1952 Selman Waksman[15][16][76] United States "for his discovery of streptomycin, the first antibiotic effective against tuberculosis"[89]
1953 Hans Adolf Krebs[8][15][16][76] United Kingdom "for his discovery of the citric acid cycle"[90]
Fritz Albert Lipmann[76] United States "for his discovery of co-enzyme A and its importance for intermediary metabolism"[90]
1958 Joshua Lederberg[15][16][76] United States "for his discoveries concerning genetic recombination and the organization of the genetic material of bacteria"[91]
1959 Arthur Kornberg[10][15][16][76] United States "for their discovery of the mechanisms in the biological synthesis of ribonucleic acid and deoxyribonucleic acid"[92]
1964 Konrad Emil Bloch[15][16][76][93] United States "for their discoveries concerning the mechanism and regulation of the cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism"[94]
1965 François Jacob[15][16][76] France "for their discoveries concerning genetic control of enzyme and virus synthesis"[95]
André Michel Lwoff[15][16][76]
1967 George Wald[15][16][76] United States "for their discoveries concerning the primary physiological and chemical visual processes in the eye"[96]
1968 Marshall Warren Nirenberg[15][16][76] United States "for their interpretation of the genetic code and its function in protein synthesis"[97]
1969 Salvador Luria[15][16][76] United States / Italy "for their discoveries concerning the replication mechanism and the genetic structure of viruses"[98]
1970 Julius Axelrod[16][76] United States "for their discoveries concerning the humoral transmittors in the nerve terminals and the mechanism for their storage, release and inactivation"[99]
Bernard Katz[15][16][76] United Kingdom
1972 Gerald Edelman[16][76] United States "for their discoveries concerning the chemical structure of antibodies"[100]
1975 David Baltimore[16][76] United States "for their discoveries concerning the interaction between tumor viruses and the genetic material of the cell"[101]
Howard Martin Temin[16][76]
1976 Baruch Samuel Blumberg[16][76] United States "for their discoveries concerning new mechanisms for the origin and dissemination of infectious diseases"[102]
1977 Rosalyn Sussman Yalow[16][34][76] United States "for the development of radioimmunoassays of peptide hormones"[103]
1978 Daniel Nathans[16][76] United States "for the discovery of restriction enzymes and their application to problems of molecular genetics"[104]
1980 Baruj Benacerraf[16][76] United States "for their discoveries concerning genetically determined structures on the cell surface that regulate immunological reactions"[105]
1982 John Vane[106] United States along with Sune Bergström and Bengt Samuelsson for "their discoveries concerning prostaglandins and related biologically active substances".[107]
1984 César Milstein[16][34][76] Argentina
 "for theories concerning the specificity in development and control of the immune system and the discovery of the principle for production of monoclonal antibodies"[108]
1985 Michael Stuart Brown[16][76] United States "for their discoveries concerning the regulation of cholesterol metabolism"[109]
Joseph L. Goldstein[16][76]
1986 Stanley Cohen[16][34][76] United States "for their discoveries of growth factors"[110]
Rita Levi-Montalcini[16][76][111] Italy
1988 Gertrude B. Elion[16][76] United States "for their discoveries of important principles for drug treatment"[112]
1989 Harold E. Varmus[16][34][76] United States "for their discovery of the cellular origin of retroviral oncogenes"[113]
1994 Alfred G. Gilman[16][76] United States "for their discovery of G-proteins and the role of these proteins in signal transduction in cells"[114]
Martin Rodbell[16][76]
1997 Stanley B. Prusiner[16][76] United States "for his discovery of prions – a new biological principle of infection"[115]
1998 Robert F. Furchgott[8][16][76] United States "for their discoveries concerning nitric oxide as a signalling molecule in the cardiovascular system"[116]
2000 Paul Greengard[16][76] United States "for their discoveries concerning signal transduction in the nervous system"[117]
Eric Kandel[16][76] United States / Austria
2002 Sydney Brenner[16][76] United Kingdom "for their discoveries concerning 'genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death'"[118]
H. Robert Horvitz[16][76] United States
2004 Richard Axel[16][76][83][119] United States "for their discoveries of odorant receptors and the organization of the olfactory system"[120]
2006 Andrew Fire[76] United States "for his discovery of RNA interference – gene silencing by double-stranded RNA"[121]
2011 Ralph M. Steinman[67][76][122][123] Canada for "his discovery of the dendritic cell and its role in adaptive immunity"[124]
Bruce Beutler[67][76][125] United States "for their discoveries concerning the activation of innate immunity"
2013 James E. Rothman[9][126][127] United States "for their discoveries of machinery regulating vesicle traffic, a major transport system in our cells"[128]
Randy Schekman[9][126][127]
2017 Michael Rosbash United States "for their discoveries of molecular mechanisms controlling the circadian rhythm".[129]
2020 Harvey J. Alter United States "for the discovery of Hepatitis C virus.".[130]

Physics
Year Laureate Country Rationale
1907 Albert A. Michelson[14][15][131] United States "for his optical precision instruments and the spectroscopic and metrological investigations carried out with their aid"[132]
1908 Gabriel Lippmann[14][15][131] France "for his method of reproducing colours photographically based on the phenomenon of interference"[133]
1921 Albert Einstein[14][15][131][134] Germany / Switzerland "for his services to Theoretical Physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect"[135]
1922 Niels Bohr[14][15][131][134] Denmark "for his services in the investigation of the structure of atoms and of the radiation emanating from them"[136]
1925 James Franck[14][131] Germany "for their discovery of the laws governing the impact of an electron upon an atom"[137]
Gustav Hertz[14][15]
1943 Otto Stern[14][131] United States "for his contribution to the development of the molecular ray method and his discovery of the magnetic moment of the proton"[138]
1944 Isidor Isaac Rabi[14][15][131] United States "for his resonance method for recording the magnetic properties of atomic nuclei"[139]
1945 Wolfgang Pauli[131][140] Austria "for the discovery of the Exclusion Principle, also called the Pauli principle"[141]
1952 Felix Bloch[14][15][131] United States / Switzerland "for their development of new methods for nuclear magnetic precision measurements and discoveries in connection therewith"[142]
1954 Max Born[14][15][131] United Kingdom "for his fundamental research in quantum mechanics, especially for his statistical interpretation of the wavefunction"[143]
1958 Ilya Frank[131][144] Soviet Union "for the discovery and the interpretation of the Cherenkov effect"[145]
Igor Tamm[14][15][131][144][146]
1959 Emilio Gino Segrè[14][15][131] Italy "for their discovery of the antiproton"[147]
1960 Donald A. Glaser[14][15][131] United States "for the invention of the bubble chamber"[148]
1961 Robert Hofstadter[14][15][131] United States "for his pioneering studies of electron scattering in atomic nuclei and for his thereby achieved discoveries concerning the structure of the nucleons"[149]
1962 Lev Landau[14][15][131][144][150] Soviet Union "for his pioneering theories for condensed matter, especially liquid helium"[151][152]
1963 Eugene Wigner[131][153] United States "for his contributions to the theory of the atomic nucleus and the elementary particles, particularly through the discovery and application of fundamental symmetry principles"[154]
1965 Richard Feynman[14][15][131][155] United States "for their fundamental work in quantum electrodynamics, with deep-ploughing consequences for the physics of elementary particles"[156]
Julian Schwinger[14][15][131]
1967 Hans Bethe[131] United States "for his contributions to the theory of nuclear reactions, especially his discoveries concerning the energy production in stars"[157]
1969 Murray Gell-Mann[14][15][131][158] United States "for his contributions and discoveries concerning the classification of elementary particles and their interactions"[159]
1971 Dennis Gabor[14][131] United Kingdom "for his invention and development of the holographic method"[160]
1972 Leon Cooper[131][161][162] United States "for his jointly developed theory of superconductivity, usually called the BCS-theory"[163]
1973 Brian David Josephson[14] United Kingdom "for his theoretical predictions of the properties of a supercurrent through a tunnel barrier, in particular those phenomena which are generally known as the Josephson effect"[164]
1975 Aage Niels Bohr[165] Denmark "for the discovery of the connection between collective motion and particle motion in atomic nuclei and the development of the theory of the structure of the atomic nucleus based on this connection"[166]
Ben Roy Mottelson[14][131]
1976 Burton Richter[14][131] United States "for his pioneering work in the discovery of a heavy elementary particle of a new kind"[167]
1978 Arno Allan Penzias[14][131] United States "for his discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation"[168]
1979 Sheldon Lee Glashow[14][131] United States "for their contributions to the theory of the unified weak and electromagnetic interaction between elementary particles, including, inter alia, the prediction of the weak neutral current"[169]
Steven Weinberg[14][131]
1981 Arthur Leonard Schawlow United States "for their contribution to the development of laser spectroscopy"[170]
1987 Karl Alexander Müller[131] Switzerland "for their important breakthrough in the discovery of superconductivity in ceramic materials"[171]
1988 Leon M. Lederman[14][34][131] United States "for the neutrino beam method and the demonstration of the doublet structure of the leptons through the discovery of the muon neutrino"[172]
Melvin Schwartz[14][131]
Jack Steinberger[14][131]
1990 Jerome Isaac Friedman[131] United States "for his pioneering investigations concerning deep inelastic scattering of electrons on protons and bound neutrons, which have been of essential importance for the development of the quark model in particle physics"[173]
1992 Georges Charpak[131] France / Poland "for his invention and development of particle detectors, in particular the multiwire proportional chamber"[174]
1995 Martin Lewis Perl[131] United States "'for the discovery of the tau lepton' and 'for pioneering experimental contributions to lepton physics'"[175]
Frederick Reines[131] "'for the detection of the neutrino' and 'for pioneering experimental contributions to lepton physics'"[175]
1996 David Morris Lee[47][131] United States "for their discovery of superfluidity in helium-3"[176]
Douglas D. Osheroff[47]
1997 Claude Cohen-Tannoudji[131] France "for development of methods to cool and trap atoms with laser light"[177]
2000 Zhores Alferov[47][131] Russia "for developing semiconductor heterostructures used in high-speed- and optoelectronics"[178]
2003 Alexei Alexeyevich Abrikosov[131] Russia / United States "for pioneering contributions to the theory of superconductors and superfluids"[179]
Vitaly Ginzburg[131] Russia
2004 David Gross[55][131][180] United States "for the discovery of asymptotic freedom in the theory of the strong interaction"[181]
H. David Politzer[131]
2005 Roy J. Glauber[131] United States "for his contribution to the quantum theory of optical coherence"[182]
2011 Adam Riess[67][131][183][184][185] United States "for the discovery of the accelerating expansion of the Universe through observations of distant supernovae"[186]
Saul Perlmutter[67][131][187][188]
2012 Serge Haroche[189] France "for ground-breaking experimental methods that enable measuring and manipulation of individual quantum systems"[190]
2013 François Englert[6][9][191][192] Belgium "for the theoretical discovery of a mechanism that contributes to our understanding of the origin of mass of subatomic particles, and which recently was confirmed through the discovery of the predicted fundamental particle, by the ATLAS and CMS experiments at CERN's Large Hadron Collider"[193]
2016 J. Michael Kosterlitz[194] United Kingdom "for discoveries in condensed-matter physics that have transformed the understanding of matter that assumes strange shapes"
2017 Rainer Weiss[195] United States "for decisive contributions to the LIGO detector and the observation of gravitational waves"
Barry Barish[196][197]
2018 Arthur Ashkin United States "'for groundbreaking inventions in the field of laser physics', in particular 'for the optical tweezers and their application to biological systems'"
2020 Roger Penrose United Kingdom "for the discovery that black hole formation is a robust prediction of the general theory of relativity"
Andrea Ghez United States "for the discovery of a supermassive compact object at the centre of our galaxy"

Literature
Year Laureate Country Rationale
1910 Paul Heyse[47][198] Germany "as a tribute to the consummate artistry, permeated with idealism, which he has demonstrated during his long productive career as a lyric poet, dramatist, novelist and writer of world-renowned short stories"[199]
1927 Henri Bergson[198] France "in recognition of his rich and vitalizing ideas and the brilliant skill with which they have been presented"[200]
1958 Boris Pasternak[198] Soviet Union "for his important achievement both in contemporary lyrical poetry and in the field of the great Russian epic tradition"[201]
1966 Shmuel Yosef Agnon[198] Israel "for his profoundly characteristic narrative art with motifs from the life of the Jewish people"[202]
Nelly Sachs[198] Sweden "for her outstanding lyrical and dramatic writing, which interprets Israel's destiny with touching strength"[202]
1976 Saul Bellow[198] United States "for the human understanding and subtle analysis of contemporary culture that are combined in his work"[203]
1978 Isaac Bashevis Singer[198] United States / Poland "for his impassioned narrative art which, with roots in a Polish-Jewish cultural tradition, brings universal human conditions to life"[204]
1981 Elias Canetti[198] United Kingdom "for writings marked by a broad outlook, a wealth of ideas and artistic power"[205]
1987 Joseph Brodsky[198] United States "for an all-embracing authorship, imbued with clarity of thought and poetic intensity"[206]
1991 Nadine Gordimer[198] South Africa "who through her magnificent epic writing has – in the words of Alfred Nobel – been of very great benefit to humanity"[207]
2002 Imre Kertész[198][208][209] Hungary "for writing that upholds the fragile experience of the individual against the barbaric arbitrariness of history"[210]
2004 Elfriede Jelinek[211] Austria "for her musical flow of voices and counter-voices in novels and plays that with extraordinary linguistic zeal reveal the absurdity of society's clichés and their subjugating power"[212]
2005 Harold Pinter[198][213] United Kingdom "who in his plays uncovers the precipice under everyday prattle and forces entry into oppression's closed rooms"[214]
2014 Patrick Modiano[215]

[216]

 France "for the art of memory with which he has evoked the most ungraspable human destinies and uncovered the life-world of the occupation"[217]
2016 Bob Dylan United States "for having created new poetic expressions within the great American song tradition"
2020 Louise Glück United States "for her unmistakable poetic voice that with austere beauty makes individual existence universal."[218]

Economics
Year Laureate Country Rationale
1970 Paul Samuelson[219][220] United States "for the scientific work through which he has developed static and dynamic economic theory and actively contributed to raising the level of analysis in economic science"[221]
1971 Simon Kuznets[219][222] United States "for his empirically founded interpretation of economic growth which has led to new and deepened insight into the economic and social structure and process of development"[223]
1972 Kenneth Arrow[219][224] United States "for his pioneering contributions to general economic equilibrium theory and welfare theory"[225]
1973 Wassily Leontief[219] Russia / Germany / United States "for the development of the input-output method and for its application to important economic problems"[226]
1975 Leonid Kantorovich[219] Soviet Union "for his contributions to the theory of optimum allocation of resources"[227]
1976 Milton Friedman[219][224][228] United States "for his achievements in the fields of consumption analysis, monetary history and theory and for his demonstration of the complexity of stabilization policy"[229]
1978 Herbert A. Simon[219][230] United States "for his pioneering research into the decision-making process within economic organizations"[231]
1980 Lawrence Klein[219][230] United States "for the creation of econometric models and the application to the analysis of economic fluctuations and economic policies"[232]
1985 Franco Modigliani[219][220] Italy / United States "for his pioneering analyses of saving and of financial markets"[233]
1987 Robert Solow[219] United States "for his contributions to the theory of economic growth""[234]
1990 Harry Markowitz[219][230] United States "for their pioneering work in the theory of financial economics""[235]
Merton Miller[219][230]
1992 Gary Becker[219][230] United States "for having extended the domain of microeconomic analysis to a wide range of human behaviour and interaction, including nonmarket behaviour""[236]
1993 Robert Fogel[219][230] United States "for having renewed research in economic history by applying economic theory and quantitative methods in order to explain economic and institutional change"[237]
1994 John Harsanyi[219][230][238] Hungary "for their pioneering analysis of equilibria in the theory of non-cooperative games"[239]

 Reinhard Selten[240] Germany
1997 Myron Scholes[219][230][241] Canada "for a new method to determine the value of derivatives"[242][243]
Robert C. Merton[244] United States
2001 Joseph Stiglitz[219][230] "for their analyses of markets with asymmetric information"[245]
George Akerlof[246] United States
2002 Daniel Kahneman[219][230] Israel / United States "for having integrated insights from psychological research into economic science, especially concerning human judgment and decision-making under uncertainty"[247]
2005 Robert Aumann[219][248] Israel / United States "for having enhanced our understanding of conflict and cooperation through game-theory analysis"[249]
2007 Leonid Hurwicz[219][250][251][252][253] United States / Poland "for having laid the foundations of mechanism design theory"[254]
Eric Maskin[219][253][255] United States
Roger Myerson[219][253]
2008 Paul Krugman[219][256] United States "for his analysis of trade patterns and location of economic activity"[257]
2009 Elinor Ostrom[258][259] United States "for her analysis of economic governance, especially the commons"[260]
2010 Peter Diamond[261][262] United States "for his analysis of markets with search frictions"[263]
2012 Alvin E. Roth[264] United States "for the theory of stable allocations and the practice of market design"[265]
2016 Oliver Hart[266] United States "contributions to contract theory"
2017 Richard Thaler[267] United States "contributions have built a bridge between the economic and psychological analyses of individual decision-making"
2018 William Nordhaus[268][269] United States "for integrating climate change into long-run macroeconomic analysis"[270]
2019 Michael Kremer[271] United States "for their experimental approach to alleviating global poverty"
2020 Paul Milgrom United States "for improvements to auction theory and inventions of new auction formats"

Peace
Year Laureate Country Rationale
1911 Tobias Michael Carel Asser[272] The Netherlands "Initiator of the Conferences on International Private Law at the Hague; Cabinet Minister; Lawyer"[273]
Alfred Hermann Fried[274] Austria "Journalist; Founder of Die Friedenswarte"[273]
1968 René Cassin France "President of the European Court for Human Rights"[275]
1973 Henry A. Kissinger[276] United States "For the 1973 Paris agreement intended to bring about a cease-fire in the Vietnam War and a withdrawal of the American forces"[277][278]
1978 Menachem Begin[279] Israel "for the Camp David Agreement, which brought about a negotiated peace between Egypt and Israel"[280]
1986 Elie Wiesel[281] United States "Chairman of "The President's Commission on the Holocaust""[282]
1994 Yitzhak Rabin Israel "to honour a political act which called for great courage on both sides, and which has opened up opportunities for a new development towards fraternity in the Middle East."[283]
Shimon Peres
1995 Joseph Rotblat Poland "for his efforts to diminish the part played by nuclear arms in international politics and, in the longer run, to eliminate such arms"[284]

Forced to decline prize

Boris Pasternak, a Russian Jew, winner of the 1958 prize for literature, initially accepted the award, but—after intense pressure from Soviet authorities—subsequently declined it.[285][286][287][288]

Jewish laureates per country

Below is a chart of all Jewish Nobel laureates per country (updated to 2020 laureates). Some laureates are counted more than once if have multiple citizenship.

Country Number of Jewish Nobel laureates
 United States 127
 United Kingdom 15
 Germany 13
 Israel 12
 France 10
 Russia/ Soviet Union 10
 Austria 10
 Poland 5
 Hungary 4
 Italy 4
 South Africa 4
  Switzerland 4
 Canada 3
 Denmark 3
 Belgium 2
 Argentina 1
 Sweden 1
 Netherlands 1

Nobel Laureates Boulevard
Monument and plaque honoring 2002 Economics Laureate Daniel Kahneman on Nobel Laureates Boulevard/Promenade in Rishon LeZion, Israel

The Israeli city of Rishon LeZion has an avenue dedicated to honoring all Jewish Nobel laureates. The street, called Tayelet Hatanei Pras Nobel (Nobel Laureates Boulevard/Promenade), has a monument with attached plaque for each Nobel laureate. The scientific adviser of the project was Prof. Israel Hanukoglu.[289]

See also

Notes
    1. The Nobel Prize is an annual, international prize first awarded in 1901 for achievements in Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, Literature, and Peace. An associated prize in Economics has been awarded since 1969. (See "Nobel Prize" (2007), in Encyclopædia Britannica, accessed 14 November 2007, from Encyclopædia Britannica Online: "An additional award, the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel, was established in 1968 by the Bank of Sweden and was first awarded in 1969")

    References
    1. All Nobel Prizes
      • "A remarkable week for Jewish Nobelהש Prize winners". The Jewish Chronicle. October 10, 2013. Jews have won more than 20 per cent of the 850-plus prizes awarded, despite making up just 0.2 per cent of world’s population.
      • "One-of-five Nobel Prize Laureates are Jewish". Israel High-Tech & Investment Report. December 2004. Retrieved 2010-02-15.
      • "Jews make up less than 0.32% of mankind". ynetnews. October 0012.
      • Brooks, David (January 11, 2010). "The Tel Aviv Cluster". The New York Times. p. A23. Jews are a famously accomplished group. They make up 0.2 percent of the world population, but 54 percent of the world chess champions, 27 percent of the Nobel physics laureates and 31 percent of the medicine laureates. Jews make up 2 percent of the U.S. population, but 21 percent of the Ivy League student bodies, 26 percent of the Kennedy Center honorees, 37 percent of the Academy Award-winning directors, 38 percent of those on a recent Business Week list of leading philanthropists, 51 percent of the Pulitzer Prize winners for nonfiction.
      • Dobbs, Stephen Mark (October 12, 2001). "As the Nobel Prize marks centennial, Jews constitute 1/5 of laureates". j. Retrieved January 23, 2009. Throughout the 20th century, Jews, more so than any other minority, ethnic or cultural group, have been recipients of the Nobel Prize – perhaps the most distinguished award for human endeavor in the six fields for which it is given. Remarkably, Jews constitute almost one-fifth of all Nobel laureates. This, in a world in which Jews number just a fraction of 1 percent of the population.
      • Ted Falcon, David Blatner (2001). "28". Judaism for dummies. John Wiley & Sons. Similarly, because Jews make up less than a quarter of one percent of the world's population, it's surprising that over 20 percent of Nobel prizes have been awarded to Jews or people of Jewish descent.CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
      • Lawrence E. Harrison (2008). The Central Liberal Truth: How Politics Can Change a Culture and Save It. Oxford University Press. p. 102. That achievement is symbolized by the fact that 15 to 20 percent of Nobel Prizes have been won by Jews, who represent two tenths of one percent of the world's population.
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