List of rovers on extraterrestrial bodies

A rover is a planetary surface exploration vehicle designed to move across the surface of a planet or other celestial body. Rovers are used to explore, collect information and take samples of the surface. This is a list of all rovers on extraterrestrial bodies in the Solar System. Since 1970, there have been four lunar rovers (excludes the three Lunar Roving Vehicles on Apollo 15, 16, 17 as they were carried no payloads and were just meant for moving the astronauts, their equipments and lunar samples on lunar surface from one place to another), four mars rovers, and 3 asteroid rovers that have successfully landed and roved on these extraterrestrial surfaces.

Key

Colour key:

– Mission completed successfully (or partially successfully)		– Failed or cancelled mission
– Mission en route or in progress (including mission extensions)		– Planned mission

Moon

Mission	Rover	Country/Agency	Date of landing	Coordinates	Operational time	Distance travelled	Notes
Luna 17	Lunokhod 1	USSR	17 November 1970	38.2378°N 35.0017°W / 38.2378; -35.0017 (Lunokhod 1)	322 days	10.5 km (6.5 mi)	First rover on extraterrestrial body
Luna 21	Lunokhod 2	USSR	15 January 1971	25.85°N 30.45°E / 25.85; 30.45 (Lunokhod 2)	236 days	39 km (24 mi)	Farthest distance traveled on the Moon.
Chang'e 3	Yutu	CNSA	14 December 2013	44.12°N 19.51°W / 44.12; -19.51 (Yutu)	42 days (mobile) 973 days (total)	114.8 m (377 ft)	First Chinese extraterrestrial rover and first soft landing on the Moon in over 35 years. Immobile after 42 days from landing.
Chang'e 4	Yutu-2	CNSA	3 January 2019	44.8°S 175.9°E / -44.8; 175.9 (Yutu 2)	762 days	565.9 m (1,857 ft)[1] as of 25 October 2020	First soft landing on the far side of the Moon. Longest fully functioning rover on the Moon.
Chandrayaan-2	Pragyan	ISRO	6 September 2019	70.90°S 22.78°E / -70.90; 22.78 (Vikram lander)	0 days	0 km	Lost when Vikram lander crash landed on the Moon
VIPER		NASA	December 2022		100 days (planned)

Mars

Mission	Rover	Country/Agency	Date of landing	Coordinates	Operational time	Distance travelled	Notes
Mars 2	Prop-M Rover	USSR	27 November 1971	45°S 47°E	0 days	0 km	Lost when Mars 2 lander crash landed on Mars
Mars 3	Prop-M Rover	USSR	2 December 1971	45°S 202°E	0 days	0 km	Lost when Mars 3 lander stopped communicating about 20 seconds after landing
Mars Pathfinder	Sojourner	NASA	5 July 1996	38.2378°N 35.0017°W / 38.2378; -35.0017 (Sojourner)	85 days	100 m (330 ft)	First successful rover on Mars
Mars Exploration Rover	Spirit	NASA	4 January 2004	14.5684°S 175.472636°E / -14.5684; 175.472636 (Spirit)	2269 days	7.73 km (4.80 mi)
Mars Exploration Rover	Opportunity	NASA	25 January 2004	1.9462°S 354.4734°E / -1.9462; 354.4734 (Opportunity)	5498 days	45.16 km (28.06 mi)	Longest distance travelled by any rover and most days operated
Mars Science Laboratory	Curiosity	NASA	25 January 2012	4.5895°S 137.4417°E / -4.5895; 137.4417 (Curiosity)	3103 days	22.97 km (14.27 mi)[2] as of 22 July 2020	Currently active
Mars 2020	Perseverance	NASA	18 February 2021	18.3793167°N 77.5792887°E / 18.3793167; 77.5792887 (Mars 2020)	668 days (planned)		En route - successfully launched from Cape Canaveral on July 30, 2020
Tianwen-1		CNSA	April 2021				En route
ExoMars	Rosalind Franklin	ESA	2023	18.275°N 335.368°E / 18.275; 335.368 (Rosalind Franklin)	420 days (planned)		Planned to launch 2022

Asteroids

Body	Mission	Rover	Country/Agency	Date of landing	Location	Operational time	Distance travelled	Notes
162173 Ryugu	Hayabusa2	MINERVA-II Rover-1A	JAXA	21 September 2019	Tritonis	36 days[3]		Successfully landed, returned images, and hopped along surface. First rovers on an asteroid.
		MINERVA-II Rover-1B	JAXA	21 September 2019	Tritonis	3 days[3]		Successfully landed, returned images, and hopped along surface. First rovers on an asteroid.
		MASCOT	CNES/DLR	3 October 2018	Alice's Wonderland	17 h 14 min[4]	~17.9 m (59 ft)[4]	Successfully landed, returned images from the surface, and performed multiple hops along surface
		MINERVA-II Rover-2	JAXA	October 2019	Unknown	0 days	0 m	Failed before deployment, so it was released in orbit around the asteroid to perform gravitational measurements before it impacted a few days later

Gallery

Spirit artificially added to image (taken by itself) of Larry's Lookout
Spirit Martian sunset by Spirit at Gusev crater, May 19, 2005.
Lunokhod 1 Soviet Lunokhod moonrover from the 1970s.

References

"China's lunar rover travels 565.9 meters on moon". China Internet Information Center. 25 October 2020. Retrieved 8 November 2020.
"Where Is Curiosity?". mars.nasa.gov. NASA. Retrieved 22 July 2020.
Yoshimitsu, Tetsuo; Kubota, Takashi; Tomiki, Atsushi; Yoshikaw, Kent (2019-10-24). Operation results of MINERVA-II twin rovers onboard Hayabusa2 asteroid explorer (PDF). 70th International Astronautical Congress. International Astronautical Federation. Retrieved 2020-01-25.
Davis, Jason (28 August 2019). "Hayabusa2 Lander Mania: Results from MASCOT, Plans for MINERVA-II2". The Planetary Society. Retrieved 2020-01-25.

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[1] "China's lunar rover travels 565.9 meters on moon". China Internet Information Center. 25 October 2020. Retrieved 8 November 2020.

[where-is-curiosity?-2] "Where Is Curiosity?". mars.nasa.gov. NASA. Retrieved 22 July 2020.

[MINVERA-II_results-3] Yoshimitsu, Tetsuo; Kubota, Takashi; Tomiki, Atsushi; Yoshikaw, Kent (2019-10-24). Operation results of MINERVA-II twin rovers onboard Hayabusa2 asteroid explorer (PDF). 70th International Astronautical Congress. International Astronautical Federation. Retrieved 2020-01-25.

[MASCOT_results-4] Davis, Jason (28 August 2019). "Hayabusa2 Lander Mania: Results from MASCOT, Plans for MINERVA-II2". The Planetary Society. Retrieved 2020-01-25.