List of Apollo missions

The Apollo program was the third United States human spaceflight program carried out by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), which accomplished landing the first humans on the Moon from 1969 to 1972.[1] During the Apollo 11 mission, astronauts Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin landed their Apollo Lunar Module (LM) and walked on the lunar surface, while Michael Collins remained in lunar orbit in the command and service module (CSM), and all three landed safely on Earth on July 24, 1969.[2] Five subsequent Apollo missions also landed astronauts on the Moon, the last in December 1972. In these six spaceflights, twelve men walked on the Moon.[3]

Apollo program logo

Apollo ran from 1961 to 1972, with the first crewed flight in 1968. It achieved its goal of crewed lunar landing, despite the major setback of a 1967 Apollo 1 cabin fire that killed the entire crew during a prelaunch test.[4] After the first landing, sufficient flight hardware remained for nine follow-up landings with a plan for extended lunar geological and astrophysical exploration. Budget cuts forced the cancellation of three of these.[5] Five of the remaining six missions achieved successful landings, but the Apollo 13 landing was prevented by an oxygen tank explosion in transit to the Moon, which damaged the CSM's propulsion and life support. The crew returned to Earth safely by using the Lunar Module as a "lifeboat" for these functions.[6] Apollo used Saturn family rockets as launch vehicles, which were also used for an Apollo Applications Program, which consisted of Skylab, a space station that supported three crewed missions from 1973 through 1974, and the Apollo–Soyuz Test Project, a joint Earth orbit mission with the Soviet Union in 1975.[7]

Green triangles indicate locations of Apollo landings on the Moon

Apollo set several major human spaceflight milestones. It stands alone in sending crewed missions beyond low Earth orbit.[3] Apollo 8 was the first crewed spacecraft to orbit another celestial body, while the final Apollo 17 mission marked the sixth Moon landing and the ninth crewed mission beyond low Earth orbit. The program returned 842 pounds (382 kg) of lunar rocks and soil to Earth, greatly contributing to the understanding of the Moon's composition and geological history.[8] The program laid the foundation for NASA's subsequent human spaceflight capability. Apollo also spurred advances in many areas of technology incidental to rocketry and crewed spaceflight, including avionics, telecommunications, and computers.[9]

The Apollo program used four types of launch vehicles. The first was the Little Joe II, which was used for uncrewed suborbital launch escape system development.[10] The second was the Saturn I, which was used for uncrewed suborbital and orbital hardware development.[11] The third was the Saturn IB which was used for preparatory uncrewed missions and Apollo 7.[12] Last, the Saturn V which was used for uncrewed and crewed Earth orbit and lunar missions.[13] The Marshall Space Flight Center, which designed the Saturn rockets, referred to the flights as Saturn-Apollo (SA), while Kennedy Space Center referred to the flights as Apollo-Saturn (AS). This is why the uncrewed Saturn I flights are referred to as SA and the uncrewed Saturn IB are referred to as AS.

Alphabetical mission types

The Apollo program required sequential testing of several major mission elements in the runup to a crewed lunar landing. An alphabetical list of major mission types was proposed by Owen Maynard in September 1967.[14][15] Two "A-type" missions performed uncrewed tests of the CSM and the Saturn V, and one B-type mission performed an uncrewed test of the LM. The C-type mission, the first crewed flight of the CSM in Earth orbit, was performed by Apollo 7.

The list was revised upon George Low's proposal to commit a mission to lunar orbit ahead of schedule, an idea influenced by the status of the CSM as a proven craft and production delays of the LM.[16] Apollo 8 was reclassified from its original assignment as a D-type mission, a test of the complete CSM/LM spacecraft in Earth orbit, to a "C-prime" mission which would fly humans to the Moon. Once complete, it obviated the need for the E-type objective of a medium Earth orbital test. The D-type mission was instead performed by Apollo 9; the F-type mission, Apollo 10, flew the CSM/LM spacecraft to the Moon for final testing, without landing. The G-type mission, Apollo 11, performed the first lunar landing, the central goal of the program.

The initial A-G[14][17] list was expanded to include later mission types:[1]:466 H-type missions—Apollo 12, 13 (planned) and 14—would perform precision landings, and J-type missions—Apollo 15, 16 and 17—would perform thorough scientific investigation. The I-type objective, which called for extended lunar orbital surveillance of the Moon,[18] was incorporated into the J-type missions.[1]:466

Alphabetical mission types of the Apollo Program
Mission TypeMissionsDescription
A Apollo 4
Apollo 6		 "Unmanned flights of launch vehicles and the CSM, to demonstrate the adequacy of their design and to certify safety for men."[17][lower-alpha 1]
B Apollo 5 "Unmanned flight of the LM, to demonstrate the adequacy of its design and to certify its safety for men."[17]
C Apollo 7 "Manned flight to demonstrate performance and operability of the CSM."[17]
C' Apollo 8 "Command and service module manned flight demonstration in lunar orbit."[1]:466
D Apollo 9 "Manned flight of the complete lunar landing mission vehicle in low Earth orbit to demonstrate operability of all the equipment and (insofar as could be done in Earth orbit) to perform the maneuvers involved in the ultimate mission."[17]
E — "Manned flight of the complete lunar landing mission vehicle in Earth orbit to great distances from Earth."[17]
F Apollo 10 "A complete mission except for the final descent to and landing on the lunar surface."[17]
G Apollo 11 "The initial lunar landing mission."[17]
H Apollo 12
Apollo 13 (planned)
Apollo 14		 "Precision manned lunar landing demonstration and systematic lunar exploration."[1]:466
I — "Reserved for lunar survey missions (not used)."[18]
J Apollo 15
Apollo 16
Apollo 17		 "Extensive scientific investigation of Moon on lunar surface and from lunar orbit."[1]:466

Test flights

Uncrewed test missions

From 1961 to 1968, the Saturn launch vehicles and components of the Apollo spacecraft were tested in uncrewed flights.

There was some incongruity in the numbering and naming of the first three uncrewed Apollo-Saturn (AS), or Apollo flights. This is due to AS-204 being renamed to Apollo 1 posthumously. This crewed flight was to have followed the first three uncrewed flights. After the fire which killed the AS-204 crew on the pad during a test and training exercise, uncrewed Apollo flights resumed to test the Saturn V launch vehicle and the Lunar Module; these were designated Apollo 4, 5 and 6. The first crewed Apollo mission was thus Apollo 7. Simple "Apollo" numbers were never assigned to the first three uncrewed flights, although renaming AS-201, AS-202, and AS-203 as Apollo 1-A, Apollo 2 and Apollo 3, had been briefly considered.[4]

Mission LV Serial No Launch Remarks Refs
SA-1 Saturn I

SA-1

 27 October 1961

15:06 GMT

Launch Complex 34

 Test of Saturn I first stage S-I; dummy upper stages carried water [1][19][20]
SA-2 Saturn I

SA-2

 25 April 1962

14:00 GMT

Launch Complex 34

 Dummy upper stages released 22,900 U.S. gallons (86,685 l) of water into upper atmosphere, to investigate effects on radio transmission and changes in local weather conditions [1][19][20]
SA-3 Saturn I

SA-3

 16 November 1962

17:45 GMT

Launch Complex 34

 Repeat of SA-2 mission [1][19][20]
SA-4 Saturn I

SA-4

 28 March 1963

20:11 GMT

Launch Complex 34

 Test premature shutdown of a single S-I engine [1][19][20]
SA-5 Saturn I

SA-5

 29 January 1964

16:25 GMT

Launch Complex 37B

 First flight of live second stage. First orbital flight. [1][19][20]
AS-101 Saturn I

SA-6

 28 May 1964

17:07 GMT

Launch Complex 37B

 Tested first boilerplate Apollo command and service module (CSM) for structural integrity [1][20]
AS-102 Saturn I

SA-7

 18 September 1964

17:22 GMT

Launch Complex 37B

 Carried first programmable-in-flight computer on the Saturn I vehicle; last launch vehicle development flight [1][20]
AS-103 Saturn I

SA-9

 16 February 1965

14:37 GMT

Launch Complex 37B

 Carried first Pegasus micrometeorite satellite (Pegasus A) in addition to boilerplate CSM [1][20]
AS-104 Saturn I

SA-8

 25 May 1965

07:35 GMT

Launch Complex 37B

 Carried Pegasus B and boilerplate CSM [1][20]
AS-105 Saturn I

SA-10

 30 July 1965

13:00 GMT

Launch Complex 37B

 Carried Pegasus C and boilerplate CSM [1][20]
AS-201 Saturn IB AS-201 26 February 1966

16:12 GMT

Launch Complex 34

 First test of Saturn IB. First flight of Block I Apollo CSM. After a suborbital flight the CM landed in the Atlantic Ocean demonstrating the heat shield; however a propellant pressure loss caused premature SM engine shutdown. [1][4][19][20]
AS-203 Saturn IB AS-203 5 July 1966

14:53 GMT

Launch Complex 37B

 No Apollo spacecraft carried; successfully verified restartable S-IVB stage design for Saturn V. Additional testing designed to rupture the tank inadvertently destroyed the stage. [1][4][19][20]
AS-202 Saturn IB AS-202 25 August 1966

17:15 GMT

Launch Complex 34

 Longer duration suborbital to Pacific Ocean splashdown. CM heat shield tested to higher speed and successful SM firings. [1][4][19][20]
Apollo 4 Saturn V AS-501 9 November 1967

12:00 GMT

Launch Complex 39A

 First flight of Saturn V rocket; successfully demonstrated S-IVB third stage restart and tested CM heat shield at lunar re-entry speeds. [1][19][20]
Apollo 5 Saturn IB AS-204 22 January 1968

22:48 GMT

Launch Complex 37B

 First flight of LM; successfully fired descent engine and ascent engine; demonstrated "fire-in-the-hole" landing abort test. [1][19][20]
Apollo 6 Saturn V AS-502 4 April 1968

16:12 GMT

Launch Complex 39A

 Second flight of Saturn V; severe "pogo" vibrations caused two second-stage engines to shut down prematurely, and third stage restart to fail. SM engine used to achieve high-speed re-entry, though less than Apollo 4. NASA identified vibration fixes and declared Saturn V man-rated. [1][19][20]

Uncrewed launch escape system tests

From August 1963 to January 1966 a number of tests were conducted for development of the launch escape system (LES). These included simulated "pad aborts", which might occur while the Apollo-Saturn space vehicle was still on the launch pad, and flights on the Little Joe II rocket to simulate Mode I aborts which might occur while the vehicle was in the air.[1]

Pad Abort Test 2 with boilerplate command module
Mission Launch date
and vehicle if used		 Launch time Remarks Refs
QTV 28 August 1963
Little Joe II		 13:05 GMT Little Joe II qualification test [1][20]
Pad Abort Test 1 7 November 1963 16:00 GMT Launch escape system (LES) abort test from launch pad [1][20]
A-001 13 May 1964
Little Joe II		 13:00 GMT LES transonic test, success except for parachute failure [1][20]
A-002 8 December 1964 15:00 GMT LES maximum altitude, Max-Q abort test [1][20]
A-003 19 May 1965 13:01 GMT LES canard maximum altitude abort test [1][20]
Pad Abort Test 2 29 June 1965 13:00 GMT LES pad abort test of near Block-I CM [1][20]
A-004 20 January 1966 15:17 GMT LES test of maximum weight, tumbling Block-I CM [1][20]

Thermal-vacuum tests
Number Date Vehicle Crew Notes Refs
1 July 26, 1966 spacecraft 008
(Block 1)		 N/A
  • Flight time of 94 hours.
 [21]
2 August 2, 1966 spacecraft 008
(Block 1)		 Volunteers from MSC
  • Flight time of 183 hours
 [21]
3 October 26, 1966 spacecraft 008
(Block 1)		 Two astronauts and one military pilot
  • Flight time of 173 hours
 [21]
4 June 10, 1968 2TV-1[lower-alpha 2]
(Block II)		 N/A
  • 29 hours of mission simulation
 [21]
5 June 16, 1968 2TV-1[lower-alpha 2]
(Block II)
  • 177 hours of mission simulation
 [22]
6 August 24, 1968 2TV-1[lower-alpha 2]
(Block II)		 N/A
  • 61 hours simulation time
 [21]
7 September 4, 1968 2TV-1[lower-alpha 2]
(Block II)		 Military pilots assigned to NASA
  • 102 hours simulation time
 [21]
8 April 1, 1968 LTA-8 [lower-alpha 3]
(Lunar Module)		 N/A
  • 193 hours
 [21]
9 May 5, 1968 LTA-8 [lower-alpha 3]
(Lunar Module)
  • Jim Irwin
  • Gerald Gibbons
  • Glennon Kingsley
  • Joseph Gagliano
  • 84 hours simulation time
 [21][23][24]
10 May 24, 1968 LTA-8 [lower-alpha 3]
(Lunar Module)		 N/A
  • 288 hours simulation time
  • Uncrewed, except for Jim Irwin, Gerald Gibbons, Glennon Kingsley, Joseph Gagliano on:
    • May 27, 1968–10 hours
    • May 29, 1968–12 hours
 [21][23][24]
11 May 30, 1968 LTA-8 [lower-alpha 3]
(Lunar Module)		 N/A
  • 118 hours simulation time
  • Uncrewed, except for Jim Irwin, Gerald Gibbons, Glennon Kingsley, Joseph Gagliano on:
    • May 31, 1968–9 hours
    • June 1, 1968–14 hours
 [21][23][24]
12 June 5, 1968 LTA-8 [lower-alpha 3]
(Lunar Module)
  • Jim Irwin
  • Gerald Gibbons
  • Glennon Kingsley
  • Joseph Gagliano
 21 hours simulation time [21][23][24]

Crewed missions

The Block I CSM spacecraft did not have capability to fly with the LM, and the three crew positions were designated Command Pilot, Senior Pilot, and Pilot, based on U.S. Air Force pilot ratings. The Block II spacecraft was designed to fly with the Lunar Module, so the corresponding crew positions were designated Commander, Command Module Pilot, and Lunar Module Pilot regardless of whether a Lunar Module was present or not on any mission.[25]

A total of fifteen Saturn V vehicles were ordered (through AS-515), which would have been enough for three more Moon landing missions through Apollo 20. This flight was cancelled around the time of the Apollo 11 first landing mission to make the launch vehicle available for the Skylab space station. Shortly thereafter, Apollo 18 and 19 were cancelled in response to Congressional cuts in NASA's budget.[7]

Several of the missions involved extravehicular activity (EVA), spacewalks or moonwalks outside of the spacecraft. These were of three types: testing the lunar EVA suit in Earth orbit (Apollo 9), exploring the lunar surface, and retrieving film canisters from the Scientific Instrument Module stored in the Service Module.[26]

Mission Patch Launch date Crew Launch vehicle[lower-alpha 4] CM name LM name Duration Remarks Refs
Apollo 1
21 February 1967

Launch Complex 34 (planned)

 Gus Grissom
Ed White
Roger B. Chaffee		 Saturn IB
(AS-204)		 N/A N/A N/A Never launched. On 27 January 1967, a fire in the command module during a launch pad test killed the crew and destroyed the module. This flight was originally designated AS-204, and was renamed to Apollo 1 at the request of the crew's families. [1][19][27][28][29]
Apollo 7
11 October 1968

15:02 GMT

Launch Complex 34

 Wally Schirra
Donn F. Eisele
Walter Cunningham		 Saturn IB
(AS-205)		 N/A N/A 10d 20h
09m 03s		 Test flight of Block II CSM in Earth orbit; included first live TV broadcast from American spacecraft. [1][19][30][31][32]
Apollo 8
21 December 1968

12:51 GMT

Launch Complex 39A

 Frank Borman
James Lovell
William Anders		 Saturn V

(AS-503)

 N/A N/A 06d 03h

00m 42s

 First circumlunar flight of CSM, had ten lunar orbits in 20 hours. First crewed flight of Saturn V. [1][19][33][34][35]
Apollo 9
3 March 1969

16:00 GMT

Launch Complex 39A

 James McDivitt
David Scott
Rusty Schweickart		 Saturn V

(AS-504)

 Gumdrop Spider 10d 01h

00m 54s

 First crewed flight test of Lunar Module; tested propulsion, rendezvous and docking. EVA tested the Portable Life Support System (PLSS). [1][19][36][37][38]
Apollo 10
18 May 1969

16:49 GMT

Launch Complex 39B

 Thomas P. Stafford
John Young
Eugene Cernan		 Saturn V

(AS-505)

 Charlie Brown Snoopy 08d 00h

03m 23s

 "Dress rehearsal" for lunar landing. The LM descended to 8.4 nautical miles (15.6 km) from lunar surface. [1][19][39][40][41]
Apollo 11
16 July 1969

13:32 GMT

Launch Complex 39A

 Neil Armstrong
Michael Collins
Edwin "Buzz" Aldrin		 Saturn V

(AS-506)

 Columbia Eagle 08d 03h
18m 35s		 First crewed landing in Sea of Tranquility (Tranquility Base) including a single surface EVA. [1][19][2][42]
Apollo 12
14 November 1969

16:22 GMT

Launch Complex 39A

 Charles (Pete) Conrad
Richard F. Gordon Jr.
Alan Bean		 Saturn V

(AS-507)

 Yankee Clipper Intrepid 10d 04h
36m 24s		 First precise Moon landing in Ocean of Storms near Surveyor 3 probe. Two surface EVAs and returned parts of Surveyor to Earth. [1][19][43][44]
Apollo 13
11 April 1970

19:13 GMT

Launch Complex 39A

 James Lovell
Jack Swigert
Fred Haise		 Saturn V

(AS-508)

 Odyssey Aquarius 05d 22h
54m 41s		 Intended Fra Mauro landing cancelled after SM oxygen tank exploded. LM used as "lifeboat" for safe crew return. First S-IVB stage impact on Moon for active seismic test. [1][19][45][6]
Apollo 14
31 January 1971

21:03 GMT

Launch Complex 39A

 Alan Shepard
Stuart Roosa
Edgar Mitchell		 Saturn V

(AS-509)

 Kitty Hawk Antares 09d 00h
01m 58s		 Successful Fra Mauro landing. Broadcast first color TV images from lunar surface. Conducted first materials science experiments in space. Conducted two surface EVAs. [1][19][46][47]
Apollo 15
26 July 1971

13:34 GMT

Launch Complex 39A

 David Scott
Alfred Worden
James Irwin		 Saturn V

(AS-510)

 Endeavour Falcon 12d 07h
11m 53s		 Landing at Hadley–Apennine. First extended LM, three-day lunar stay. First use of Lunar Roving Vehicle. Conducted 3 lunar surface EVAs and one deep space EVA on return to retrieve orbital camera film from SM. [1][19][48][49]
Apollo 16
16 April 1972

17:54 GMT

Launch Complex 39A

 John Young
Ken Mattingly
Charles Duke		 Saturn V

(AS-511)

 Casper Orion 11d 01h
51m 05s		 Landing in Descartes Highlands. Conducted 3 lunar EVAs and one deep space EVA. [1][19][50][51]
Apollo 17
7 December 1972

05:33 GMT

Launch Complex 39A

 Eugene Cernan
Ronald Evans
Harrison Schmitt		 Saturn V

(AS-512)

 America Challenger 12d 13h
51m 59s		 Landing at Taurus–Littrow. First professional geologist on the Moon. First night launch. Conducted 3 lunar EVAs and one deep space EVA. [1][19][20][52]

Canceled missions
Main article: Canceled Apollo missions

Several planned missions of the Apollo program of the 1960s and 1970s were canceled for a variety of reasons, including changes in technical direction, the Apollo 1 fire, hardware delays, and budget limitations.

Mission name/designation Commander Command Module Pilot Lunar Module Pilot Mission date Date of cancellation Remarks Refs
AS-205 (a.k.a. Apollo 2) Walter Schirra Donn Eisele Walter Cunningham August 1967 22 December 1966 Deemed unnecessary; crew flew on Apollo 7 [53]
Apollo 18 Richard Gordon Vance Brand Harrison Schmitt February 1972 2 September 1970 Budget cuts [5][54]
Apollo 19 Fred Haise William Pogue Gerald Carr July 1972 2 September 1970 Budget cuts [5][54]
Apollo 20 Pete Conrad or Stuart Roosa Paul Weitz Jack Lousma December 1972 4 January 1970 Launch vehicle needed to launch Skylab [5][54][55]

Post-Apollo missions using Apollo hardware

There were several missions that used Apollo hardware after the cancellation of Apollo 18, Apollo 19, and Apollo 20.[56]

Order Launch Mission Launch vehicle Commander Pilot Science Pilot Duration Remarks Refs
1 14 May 1973

17:30 UTC Launch Complex 39A

 Skylab 1
 Saturn V

(AS-513 minus S-IVB)

 N/A N/A N/A N/A Uncrewed launch of the Skylab space station. The space station was later crewed by missions Skylab 2, Skylab 3 and Skylab 4. [19]
2 25 May 1973

13:00 GMT Launch Complex 39B

 Skylab 2[57]
 Saturn IB

(AS-206)

 Pete Conrad Paul J. Weitz Joseph P. Kerwin 28d 00h
49m 49s		 First crew of the Skylab space station. [19]
3 28 July 1973

11:10 GMT Launch Complex 39B

 Skylab 3[57]
 Saturn IB

(AS-207)

 Alan Bean Jack R. Lousma Owen K. Garriott 59d 11h
09m 34s		 Second Skylab station crew. Reaction Control System thruster malfunction nearly necessitated a Rescue Mission. [19]
4 16 November 1973

14:01 GMT Launch Complex 39B

 Skylab 4[57]
 Saturn IB

(AS-208)

 Gerald P. Carr William R. Pogue Edward Gibson 84d 01h
15m 31s		 Third and final Skylab crew. Penultimate flight of Apollo. [19]
5 15 July 1975

12:20 GMT Launch Complex 39B

 Apollo-Soyuz Test Project
 Saturn IB

(AS-210)

 Thomas P. Stafford Vance D. Brand Deke Slayton 09d 01h
28m 		 Final flight of both Apollo and the Saturn IB. Rendezvous and docking with Soyuz 19 spacecraft. The inadvertent entry of toxic gases into the cabin atmosphere created a potentially life-threatening health risk to the astronauts during re-entry. [19]

Notes
  1. Although the A-type designation was used in official documents to refer only to Apollo 4 and Apollo 6,[1]:466 specifically their uncrewed orbital flights of the CSM and use of the Saturn V rocket, Samuel C. Phillips also used the A-type designation to refer to AS-201, AS-203 and AS-202: "A. Unmanned flights of launch vehicles and the CSM, to demonstrate the adequacy of their design and to certify safety for men. Five of these flights were flown between February 1966 and April 1968; Apollo 6 was the last."[17]
  2. Block II Thermal Vacuum no.1
  3. Lunar Module Test Article no.8
  4. Serial number displayed in parentheses

References

 This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration.

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Bibliography

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