List of rocket launch sites

This article constitutes a list of rocket launch sites. Some of these sites are known as spaceports or cosmodromes. A single rocket launch is sufficient for inclusion in the table, as long as the site is properly documented through a reference. Missile locations with no launches are not included in the list. Proposed and planned sites and sites under construction are not included in the main tabulation, but may appear in condensed lists under the tables.

A shorter list of spaceports for human spaceflight and satellite launches is available in the article Spaceport.

Table specification

Sorting order
  • operational date;
  • Countries in alphabetical order within a table;
  • Launch sites within a country are sorted chronologically according to start of operations.

rocket names

Column specification
  • Country – territory of the site (the organisation responsible for the launches may reside elsewhere, as indicated in the notes column;
  • Location – Name of launch site (sometimes also province etc.)
  • Coordinates – geographical coordinates
  • Operational date – the period of years of launch activities
  • Number of rocket launches – the total number of launches, including failed launches
  • Heaviest rocket launched – total mass at lift-off
  • Highest achieved altitude – height in km above launch site
  • Notes – comments

Africa
Country Location Coordinates Operational date Number of rocket launches Heaviest rocket launched Highest achieved altitude Notes
French Algeria Centre interarmées d'essais d'engins spéciaux (CIEES), Hammaguir 31.09951°N 2.83581°W / 31.09951; -2.83581 (Hammaguir) 1947–1967 230   18 000 kg   Orbital   Operated by France.[1]
 Algeria Reggane 26.71895°N 0.27691°E / 26.71895; 0.27691 (Reggane) 1961–1965 10      
 Zaire Shaba North, Kapani Tonneo OTRAG Launch Center 7.92587°S 28.52766°E / -7.92587; 28.52766 (Kapani Tonneo) 1977–1978 3     <50 km   German OTRAG rockets.[2]
 Egypt Jabal Hamzah ballistic missile test and launch facility 30°07′32.7″N 30°36′18.5″E 1962–1973 6       Testing SRBMs Al Zafir and Al Kahir[3][4]
 Kenya Broglio Space Centre (San Marco), Malindi 2.94080°S 40.21340°E / -2.94080; 40.21340 (San Marco platform) 1964–1988 27   20 000 kg   Orbital   Scout rockets, operated by ASI and Sapienza University of Rome, Italy.[5]
Libya Sabha, Tawiwa OTRAG Launch Center 26.99392°N 14.46425°E / 26.99392; 14.46425 (Sabha) 1981–1982     50 km   German OTRAG rockets.[6]
 Mauritania Nouadhibou 20.92856°N 17.03153°W / 20.92856; -17.03153 (Nouadhibou) 1973–1973 1       During a solar eclipse
 South Africa Overberg South African Test Centre 34.60265°S 20.30248°E / -34.60265; 20.30248 (Overberg) 1989–1990       Launched test mission rockets only.[7]

Asia

Note that some Russian cosmodromes appear in this section, some in the Europe section.

Country Location Coordinates Operational date Heaviest rocket launched Highest achieved altitude Notes
 China Base 603, Shijiedu, Guangde 30.93743°N 119.20575°E / 30.93743; 119.20575 (Shijiedu) 1960–1966 1 000 kg   <60 km  
 China Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center 40.96056°N 100.29833°E / 40.96056; 100.29833 (Jiuquan) 1970– 464 000 kg   Orbital   Human spaceflight[8]
 China Taiyuan Satellite Launch Center 39.14321°N 111.96741°E / 39.14321; 111.96741 (Taiyuan) 1980–   Orbital   Polar satellites[9]
 China Xichang Satellite Launch Center 28.24646°N 102.02814°E / 28.24646; 102.02814 (Xichang) 1984–   Lunar   Geo-synchronous satellites, lunar probes.[10][11]
 China Wenchang Satellite Launch Center 19°36′52.17″N 110°57′4.08″E 2016– 879 000 kg   Orbital   New site on Hainan Island with pads for Long March 5 and Long March 7 rockets
 China Jingyu 42.0°N 126.5°E / 42.0; 126.5 (Jingyu)    
 India Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre, Thiruvananthapuram (Thumba), Kerala 8.5314°N 76.8690°E / 8.5314; 76.8690 (Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre) 1962–     [12]
 India Satish Dhawan Space Centre (Sriharikota), Andhra Pradesh 13.73740°N 80.23510°E / 13.73740; 80.23510 (Sriharikota) 1971– 690, 000 kg   Interplanetary   Satellites and lunar probes;[13]
 India Dr.Abdul Kalam Island, Bhadrak, Odisha 20.75804°N 87.085533°E / 20.75804; 87.085533 (Dr.Abdul kalam Island)     Military testing facility;[14]
 Indonesia LAPAN Rocket Launcher Station, Pameungpeuk, Garut 7.646643°S 107.689018°E / -7.646643; 107.689018 (Pameungpeuk) 1965– 765 kg   100 km  
 Iran Qom Space Center 34.65000°N 50.90000°E / 34.65000; 50.90000 (Qom) 1991     Military testing[15]
 Iran Emamshahr Space Center 36.42000°N 55.02000°E / 36.42000; 55.02000 (Emamshahr) 1998     Military testing and sounding rockets for ISA.[16]
 Iran Semnan spaceport 35.234631°N 53.920941°E / 35.234631; 53.920941 (Semnan) 2009–   Orbital  
 Iraq Al-Anbar Test Center 32.78220°N 44.29962°E / 32.78220; 44.29962 (Al-Anbar) 1989     Out of function[17]
 Israel Palmachim Air Force Base 31.88484°N 34.68020°E / 31.88484; 34.68020 (Palmachim) 1987– 70 000 kg   Orbital   [18]
 Japan Akita Rocket Range 39.57148°N 140.05785°E / 39.57148; 140.05785 (Akita) 1956–1990   343 km  
 Japan Uchinoura Space Center 31.25186°N 131.07914°E / 31.25186; 131.07914 (Uchinoura) 1962– 139 000 kg   Interplanetary   [19]
 Japan Tanegashima Space Center, Tanegashima Island 30.39096°N 130.96813°E / 30.39096; 130.96813 (Tanegashima) 1967– 445 000 kg   Interplanetary   [20]
 Japan Ryori 39.03000°N 141.83000°E / 39.03000; 141.83000 (Ryori) 1970–    
 Japan Niijima 34.33766°N 139.26575°E / 34.33766; 139.26575 (Niijima) 1963–1965     Eighteen launches of small rockets[21][22]
 Japan Obachi 40.70342°N 141.36938°E / 40.70342; 141.36938 (Obachi)    
 Soviet Union/ Kazakhstan

(Operated by  Russia)

Baikonur Cosmodrome, Tyuratam 45.95515°N 63.35028°E / 45.95515; 63.35028 (Baikonur) 1957– 2 400 000 kg   Interplanetary   First satellite, first human. Operated by Russia.[23]
 Soviet Union/ Kazakhstan Sary Shagan 46.38000°N 72.87000°E / 46.38000; 72.87000 (Sary Shagan) 1958–    
 North Korea Musudan-ri 40.85572°N 129.66587°E / 40.85572; 129.66587 (Musudan-ri) 1998–     Military rockets; satellite launch[24]
 North Korea Sohae 39.660°N 124.705°E / 39.660; 124.705 (Sohae) 2012–     Military rockets; satellite launch[25]
 South Korea Anhueng 36.70211°N 126.47158°E / 36.70211; 126.47158 (Anhueng) 1993–    
 South Korea Naro Space Center, Gohueng 34.42585°N 127.52793°E / 34.42585; 127.52793 (Naro) 2008   Orbital   Attempted satellite launches[26]
 Maldives Gan Island 0.69328°S 73.15672°E / -0.69328; 73.15672 (Gan Island)     Several rockets of the Kookaburra type were launched from a pad at 0°41' S and 73°9' E[27]
 Pakistan Sonmiani Satellite Launch Center, Las Bela, Balochistan 25.19242°N 66.74881°E / 25.19242; 66.74881 (Sonmiani) 1960s –[28]     Sounding rockets, missile testing, for SUPARCO.[29]
 Pakistan Tilla Satellite Launch Center, Jhelum District, Punjab 33.39610°N 73.29608°E / 33.39610; 73.29608 (Tilla) 1980s –[30]     Sounding rockets, missile testing, for SUPARCO.[31]
 Soviet Union Kheysa 80.45000°N 58.05000°E / 80.45000; 58.05000 (Kheysa) 1956–1980    
 Soviet Union/  Russia Svobodny Cosmodrome, Amur Oblast 51.83441°N 128.27570°E / 51.83441; 128.27570 (Svobodny) 1957–2007 47 000 kg   Orbital   ICBM base converted for satellites[32]
 Soviet Union Sovetskaya Gavan 48.97000°N 140.30000°E / 48.97000; 140.30000 (Sovetskaya Gavan) 1963–1964   402 km  
 Soviet Union/  Russia Okhotsk 59°22′N 143°15′E 1981–2005   1000 km  
 Russia Yasny Cosmodrome (formerly Dombarovskiy), Orenburg Oblast 51.20706°N 59.85003°E / 51.20706; 59.85003 (Dombarovskiy) 2006– 211 000 kg   Orbital   ICBM base converted for satellites[33]
 Russia Vostochny Cosmodrome, Amur Oblast, Russia[34] 51.883°N 128.333°E / 51.883; 128.333 (Vostochny) 28 April 2016[35]–     Facility on Russian territory to supplement Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan
 Taiwan Haiqian 22.10°N 120.90°E / 22.10; 120.90 (Gangzi) 1988– 10 000 kg   300 km   Science and technology development

Proposed or planned spaceports and rocket launch sites in Asia

Europe

Note that some European countries operate spaceports in Africa, South America, or other equatorial regions. These spaceports are listed in this article according to their geographical location. Some Russian-controlled launch sites are listed as being in Asia.

Note that some Russian cosmodromes appear in this section, some in the section Asia

[37]

Country Location Coordinates Operational date Number of rocket launches Heaviest rocket launched Highest achieved altitude Notes
 Bulgaria Ahtopol 42.085846°N 27.955125°E / 42.085846; 27.955125 (Ahtopol) 1984 - 1990 28 475 kg   90 km  
 France Ile du Levant 43.04507°N 6.47887°E / 43.04507; 6.47887 (Ile de Levant) 1948–      
 Germany Rocket Launch Site Berlin, Berlin-Tegel 52.35000°N 13.21000°E / 52.35000; 13.21000 (Raketenflugplatz Tegel) 1930–1933     4 km  
 Germany Peenemünde/Greifswalder Oie 54.14300°N 13.79400°E / 54.14300; 13.79400 (Peenemünde Greifswalder Oie) 1942–1945 >3000   12 500 kg   175 km   V-2 rockets during World War II, first rocket to reach space 20 June 1944
 West Germany Cuxhaven 53.84884°N 8.59154°E / 53.84884; 8.59154 (Cuxhaven)) 1945–1964     >110 km 
 West Germany Hespenbusch, Großenkneten 52.939002°N 8.312515°E / 52.939002; 8.312515 (Hespenbusch) 1952–1957     <10 km  
 Germany Zingst 54.44008°N 12.78431°E / 54.44008; 12.78431 (Zingst) 1970–1992 67   130 kg   80 km  
 Greece Koroni 36.7698°N 21.9316°E / 36.7698; 21.9316 (Koroni) 1966–1989 371     114 km  
 Iceland Vik 63.41891°N 19.00463°W / 63.41891; -19.00463 (Vik) 1964–1965 2      
 Italy Salto di Quirra 39.52731°N 9.63303°E / 39.52731; 9.63303 (Salto di Quirra) 1964–      
 Norway Andøya Space Center 69.29430°N 16.02070°E / 69.29430; 16.02070 (And?ya) 1962– >1200   800 kg     Rockets to the upper atmosphere.[38]
 Norway Marka 58.20000°N 7.30000°E / 58.20000; 7.30000 (Marka) 1983–1984   16 kg    
 Norway SvalRak 78.2234°N 15.6470°E / 78.2234; 15.6470 (SvalRak) 1997–      
Nazi-occupied Poland SS-Proving Ground Westpreußen today Poland (Tuchola Forest) 53.61970°N 17.98492°E / 53.61970; 17.98492 (Tuchola Forest) 1944–1945       Nazi-German V-2 rockets
 Germany Leba in Pommern since 1945 part of Poland 54.76904°N 17.59355°E / 54.76904; 17.59355 (Łeba) 1941–1945       Nazi-German rockets
 Poland Łeba-Rąbka 54.754486°N 17.517919°E / 54.754486; 17.517919 (Łeba) 1963–1973 36       Polish rockets
Nazi-occupied Poland V-2 missile launch site, Blizna 50.18190°N 21.61620°E / 50.18190; 21.61620 (Blizna) 1943–1944 139       Nazi-German V-2 rockets
 Soviet Union/ Russia Kapustin Yar Cosmodrome, Astrakhan Oblast 48.57807°N 46.25420°E / 48.57807; 46.25420 (Kapustin Yar) 1957–     Orbital   Previously for satellite launches[39]
 Soviet Union/ Russia Nyonoksa 64.64928°N 39.18721°E / 64.64928; 39.18721 (Nyonoksa) 1965–1997      
 Soviet Union/ Russia Plesetsk Cosmodrome 62°55′32″N 40°34′40″E 1966– >1000   760 000 kg   Orbital  
 Spain El Arenosillo 37.09687°N 6.73863°W / 37.09687; -6.73863 (El Arenosillo) 1966– >500     720 km[40]  
 Sweden Nausta 66.357202°N 19.275813°E / 66.357202; 19.275813 (Nausta) 1961–1961 1   30 kg   <80 km   Arcas rocket for atmospheric research.[41]
 Sweden Kronogård 66.4147°N 19.2767°E / 66.4147; 19.2767 (Kronogård) 1961–1964 18   700 kg   135 km   Arcas, Nike-Cajun and Nike-Apache rockets for atmospheric research.
 Sweden Esrange, Kiruna 67.89342°N 21.10429°E / 67.89342; 21.10429 (Kiruna) 1966–1972 150   700 kg   237 km   Operated by ESRO.[42]
 Sweden Esrange, Kiruna 67.89342°N 21.10429°E / 67.89342; 21.10429 (Kiruna) 1972– 300   12 400 kg   717 km   Operated by SSC.[42] Major programmes: Maxus, TEXUS, Maser, stratospheric balloons.
 United Kingdom Highdown Test Site, Isle of Wight 50.6639345°N 1.5763664°W / 50.6639345; -1.5763664 (The Needles) 1956–1971 0   This site was used for static tests of assembled rockets only prior to them being shipped to Australia for launch.[43]
 United Kingdom South Uist 57.33000°N 7.33000°W / 57.33000; -7.33000 (South Uist) 1959– 1 (2015) approx 1300 kg plus payload   First space launch from the UK took place from here in October 2015 as part of 'At Sea Demonstration 15' . The rocket was an American 'Terrier-Orion' sounding rocket.[44]

Proposed or planned spaceports in Europe

North America
Country Location Coordinates Operational date Number of rocket launches Heaviest rocket launched Highest achieved altitude Notes
 Canada Churchill Rocket Research Range, Manitoba 58.73430°N 93.82030°W / 58.73430; -93.82030 (Fort Churchill) 1954–1998 >3500       Canadian Army.[53]
 Canada Resolute Bay, Nunavut 74.6870°N 94.8962°W / 74.6870; -94.8962 (Resolute Bay) 1966–1971 17       National Research Council Canada.[54]
 Canada Hall Beach, Nunavut 68.77607°N 81.24346°W / 68.77607; -81.24346 (Hall Beach) 1971–1971 7     270 km  
 Canada Southend, Saskatchewan 56°20′N 103°14′W 1980–1980 2   1 200 kg    
 Greenland ( Denmark) Thule Air Base 76.4240°N 68.2936°W / 76.4240; -68.2936 (Thule) 1964–1980       Former US Air Force launch site[55]
 United States Clark University, Worcester, Massachusetts 42°15′04″N 71°49′23″W 1915–1920s       Robert H. Goddard's first experimental rockets, starting with a powder-based rocket.[56](p74)
 United States Auburn, Massachusetts 42°12′N 71°50′W 1926–1930s       Robert H. Goddard's first liquid fuel rockets[56](p143)
 United States Wallops Flight Facility, Delmarva Peninsula, Virginia 37.84621°N 75.47938°W / 37.84621; -75.47938 (Wallops Island) 1945– >1600       Now operated by NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center.[57] In 2019, Rocket Lab built their first US launch facility here.[58]
 United States White Sands Missile Range, New Mexico 32.56460°N 106.35908°W / 32.56460; -106.35908 (White Sands) 1946– >7500       Military and civilian flights. Served as alternate landing site for the Space Shuttle.[59]
 United States Nevada Test and Training Range (formerly Nellis Air Force Range) 36.77150°N 116.11374°W / 36.77150; -116.11374 (Nevada Test and Training Range) 1948– >2000       [60]
 United States Cape Canaveral Space Force Station, Florida 28.46675°N 80.55852°W / 28.46675; -80.55852 (Cape Canaveral) 1956– >1000     Interstellar   Commercial and U.S. Government unmanned missions. Adjacent to NASA KSC.
 United States Vandenberg Air Force Base, California 34.77204°N 120.60124°W / 34.77204; -120.60124 (Vandenberg) 1958– >500     Interplanetary  Satellites, ballistic missile tests. Government and commercial launches.[61] Also launches SpaceX rockets.
 United States Kennedy Space Center, Florida 28.6082°N 80.6040°W / 28.6082; -80.6040 (Kennedy Space Center) 1962– 151   3 000 000 kg   Interplanetary   Launched each NASA manned mission. Adjacent to Cape Canaveral Air Force Station.
 United States Pacific Missile Range Facility, Hawaii 22.02278°N 159.785°W / 22.02278; -159.785 1963–       Used for testing of antiballistic missile and missile tracking by the US Navy.
 United States Keweenaw, Michigan 47.42980°N 87.71443°W / 47.42980; -87.71443 (Keweenaw) 1964–1971 >50   770 kg   <160 km   Currently inactive
 United States Pacific Spaceport Complex, Kodiak, Alaska 57.43533°N 152.33931°W / 57.43533; -152.33931 (Kodiak) 1991– 26   86 000 kg   Orbital   Ballistic missile interceptor tests, satellite launches. Alaska Aerospace Corporation.[62]
 United States Mid-Atlantic Regional Spaceport (MARS), Delmarva Peninsula, Virginia 37.833378°N 75.483284°W / 37.833378; -75.483284 (Mid-Atlantic Regional Spaceport) 1995– 22   89 805 kg   Lunar   Operates in partnership with NASA, adjacent to Wallops Flight Facility. Designed for both commercial and government launches.[63]
 United States Mojave Air and Space Port, California 35.05910°N 118.14880°W / 35.05910; -118.14880 (Mojave) 2003– >20     112 km   Adjacent to Edwards AFB. Privately funded, horizontal-launch spaceport. Xoie, Xombie, Xodiac (Masten Space Systems); SpaceShipOne, SpaceShipTwo (Scaled Composites, Virgin Galactic); Launcher One (Virgin Orbit).
 United States Spaceport America, Upham, New Mexico 32.88943°N 106.99945°W / 32.88943; -106.99945 (Spaceport America) 2006– >50       Sub-orbital commercial and planned space tourist launches. Operated by the state of New Mexico with Virgin Galactic as the anchor tenant.[64][65][66][67] Adjacent to White Sands Missile Range.

Additional rocket launch sites in North America

Please delete items or move them to the table above with appropriate data and references.

Proposed or planned spaceports in North America

South America
Country Location Coordinates Operational date Number of rocket launches Heaviest rocket launched Highest achieved altitude Notes
 Argentina Puerto Belgrano 38.9628°S 61.715°W / -38.9628; -61.715 (Puerto Belgrano) TBA Launch pad for Tronador II under construction (CONAE)
 Argentina Punta Indio 35.523889°S 57.183889°W / -35.523889; -57.183889 (Punta Indio) 2014– 3   7 076 kg  [81] 2.2 km   Civilian Launch Test Site (CONAE)
 Argentina CELPA 30.12737°S 66.34082°W / -30.12737; -66.34082 (CELPA) 1962–1974 / 2011– 100 (approximately)  933 kg   550 km   Military Launch Test Site (CITIDEF)
 Argentina Serrezuela 30.6333°S 65.3833°W / -30.6333; -65.3833 (Serrezuela) 2009 1   500 kg   40 km   Military test (Gradicom I)
 Argentina Las Palmas 27.09531°S 58.75352°W / -27.09531; -58.75352 (Las Palmas) 1966–1966 2   3 400 kg   270 km   During a solar eclipse, with Titus rockets.
 Argentina Tartagal 22.76158°S 63.82381°W / -22.76158; -63.82381 (Tartagal) 1966–1966       During a solar eclipse
 Argentina Mar Chiquita 37.72427°S 57.40512°W / -37.72427; -57.40512 (Mar Chiquita) 1968–1972 11      
 Argentina Villa Reynolds 33.72460°S 65.37730°W / -33.72460; -65.37730 (Villa Reynolds) 1973–1973 2      
 Argentina Pampa de Achala 31.5833°S 64.8333°W / -31.5833; -64.8333 (Pampa de Achala) 1961–1962 8   28 kg   25 km   First Argentine launch site.
 Brazil Natal/Barreira 5.86600°S 35.38300°W / -5.86600; -35.38300 (Natal) 1965– 233     1100 km  
 Brazil Praia do Cassino 32.08338°S 52.16725°W / -32.08338; -52.16725 (Praia do Cassino) 1966–1966 27      
 Brazil Alcântara Launch Center, Maranhão 2.3160°S 44.3676°W / -2.3160; -44.3676 (Alcantara) 1990– 35   6 737 kg   956 km   Brazilian Air Force, Brazilian Space Agency. Planned satellite launches.
 French Guiana Guiana Space Centre, Kourou 5.23739°N 52.76950°W / 5.23739; -52.76950 (Kourou) 1968– <200   777 000 kg   Interplanetary   Operated by CNES for ESA; launch base for Arianespace. Commercial and governmental launches.
 Peru Chilca Launch Range 12.50477°S 76.79849°W / -12.50477; -76.79849 (Chilca Launch Range) 1974-1983 <65     590 km   Sounding rocket launch location.[82]
 Peru Chilca PLOB, Punta Lobos Range 12.50000°S 76.8000°W / -12.50000; -76.8000 (Punta Lobos Range) 1983 32   2 000 kg   590 km   Sounding rocket launch location. Possibly part of, or identical to, Chilca Launch Range.

[83][84]

Dutch Suriname Coronie 5.87241°N 56.28908°W / 5.87241; -56.28908 (Coronie) 1965–1965 4     205 km  

Oceania
Country Location Coordinates Operational date Number of rocket launches Heaviest rocket launched Highest achieved altitude Notes
 Australia Woomera Test Range, SA 30.95875°S 136.50366°E / -30.95875; 136.50366 (Woomera) 1950s–   28 000 kg   Orbital   Australian government research facility. Missile testing, 2 satellite launches.
 Australia Carnarvon, WA 24.48564°S 113.40866°E / -24.48564; 113.40866 (Carnarvon) 1964–1965 12     120 km  
 Australia Lancelin, WA 30.98309°S 115.31774°E / -30.98309; 115.31774 (Lancelin) 1974–1974 2       During a total solar eclipse
 Australia Koonibba Test Range, SA 31.885558°S 133.448686°E / -31.885558; 133.448686 (Koonibba Test Range) 2020– 2   85 km  
 Australia Whalers Way Orbital Launch Complex, SA 34.934°S 135.6523°E / -34.934; 135.6523 (Lancelin) 2020?– Proposed
 Australia Gulkula, NT 2021?– Proposed
 Marshall Islands Reagan Test Site, Omelek Island, Kwajalein Atoll 9.048167°N 167.743083°E / 9.048167; 167.743083 (Omelek) 1950s–   39 000 kg   Orbital   US-controlled ICBM base converted for satellites. SpaceX Falcon 1. Close to the equator.
 New Zealand Birdling's Flat 43.81700°S 172.68300°E / -43.81700; 172.68300 (Carnarvon)       Formerly proposed launch site for Rocket Lab, never developed.
 New Zealand Mahia 39.26044°S 177.86431°E / -39.26044; 177.86431 (Mahia) 2017– 13 10 500 kg Orbital   First commercial spaceport in the southern hemisphere.

Past and/or planned only
  • Weipa, on the Cape York Peninsula, Queensland. The Cape York Space Agency was established by the government to develop a launch facility for Ukrainian Zenit launches at Weipa. However, traditional owners represented by the Cape York Land Council blocked the proposal.[85][86]
  • Christmas Island, Australian external territory.
    • Site planned 1997 by the Asia Pacific Space Centre, but did not go ahead due to insufficient backing.[87]
    • Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) conducted Phase I of a High Speed Flight Demonstration (HSFD) at Aeon Field on Christmas Island in 2002.[88]

Launches at sea
Country Location Coordinates Operational date Number of rocket launches Heaviest rocket launched Highest achieved altitude Notes
Ocean Odyssey complex Mobile 1999– 30   462 000 kg   Orbital   Mobile satellite launch platform operated by Sea Launch. Uses a converted oil platform that plies between Long Beach, California, where a Zenit-3SL rocket is collected, and the equator, where the rocket is launched.
 Russia Russian Delta class submarines Mobile 1998– 2   30 000 kg   Orbital   Launch of unmanned satellites into Earth orbit via converted SLBM missile Shtil from the Barents Sea.
 Denmark MLP Sputnik 55°02′57″N 15°36′11″E 2010– 4   1 630 kg   8.2 km   Mobile satellite launch platform operated by Copenhagen Suborbitals.

Additional rocket launch sites in the oceans and Antarctica

Please delete items or move them to the table above with appropriate data and references.

See also
  • Launch pad
  • Spaceport, including lists of spaceports that have achieved satellite launches and launches of humans

References
  1. "Hammaguira". Astronautix.com. Archived from the original on 9 February 2014. Retrieved 11 August 2017.
  2. "Kapani Tonneo". Astronautix.com. Archived from the original on 2 December 2013. Retrieved 11 August 2017.
  3. "Jabal Hamzah". Encyclopedia Astronautica. Archived from the original on 23 May 2020.
  4. "Egypt – Missile". NTI (Nuclear Threat Initiative). James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies. Archived from the original on 9 March 2016.
  5. "San Marco". Encyclopedia Astronautica. Retrieved 1 June 2020.
  6. "Tawiwa". Astronautix.com. Retrieved 11 August 2017.
  7. "Overberg". Astronautix.com. Archived from the original on 2 December 2013. Retrieved 11 August 2017.
  8. "Jiuquan". Astronautix.com. Retrieved 11 August 2017.
  9. "Taiyuan". Astronautix.com. Retrieved 11 August 2017.
  10. ""嫦娥一号"发射时间确定 但未到公布时机". XINHUA Online. July 7, 2007. Archived from the original on October 29, 2007. Retrieved August 2, 2007.
  11. "Xichang". Astronautix.com. Archived from the original on 29 January 2005. Retrieved 11 August 2017.
  12. Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre (VSSC) Archived 2006-04-26 at the Wayback Machine, ISRO
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