Monoamine reuptake inhibitor

A monoamine reuptake inhibitor (MRI)[1] is a drug that acts as a reuptake inhibitor of one or more of the three major monoamine neurotransmitters serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine by blocking the action of one or more of the respective monoamine transporters (MATs), which include the serotonin transporter (SERT), norepinephrine transporter (NET), and dopamine transporter (DAT). This in turn results in an increase in the synaptic concentrations of one or more of these neurotransmitters and therefore an increase in monoaminergic neurotransmission.

Uses

The majority of currently approved antidepressants act predominantly or exclusively as MRIs, including the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), and almost all of the tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs).[2] Many psychostimulants used either in the treatment of ADHD or as appetite suppressants in the treatment of obesity also behave as MRIs, although notably amphetamine (and methamphetamine), which do act to some extent as monoamine reuptake inhibitors, exerts their effects primarily as releasing agents.[3][4] Additionally, psychostimulants acting as MRIs that affect dopamine such as cocaine and methylphenidate are often abused as recreational drugs.[5] As a result, many of them have become controlled substances, which in turn has resulted in the clandestine synthesis of a vast array of designer drugs for the purpose of bypassing drug laws; a prime example of such is the mixed monoamine reuptake inhibitor and releasing agent mephedrone.[6]

Types of MRIs

There are a variety of different kinds of MRIs, of which include the following:

Binding profiles

Binding profiles of MRIs at human MATs[7]
CompoundSERTNETDATTypeClass
Amfonelic acidNDND207DRIStimulant
Amineptine*[8][9]>100,000 (rat)10,000 (rat)1,000–1,400 (rat)DRIStimulant
Amitriptyline4.30353,250SNRITCA
Amoxapine5816.04,310SNRITeCA
Amphetamine>100,000NDNDNDRAStimulant
  D-Amphetamine>100,0005302,900NDRAStimulant
  L-Amphetamine>100,000NDNDNRAStimulant
Atomoxetine7751,451SNRIStimulant
Bupropion9,10052,000520NDRIStimulant
Butriptyline1,3605,1003,940N/A (IA)TCA
Chlorphenamine15.21,4401,060SRIAntihistamine
Citalopram1.164,07028,100SRISSRI
  Escitalopram[10]1.17,84127,410SRISSRI
Clomipramine0.28382,190SNRITCA
Cocaethylene[11]3,878>10,000555SDRIStimulant
Cocaine[11]304779478SNDRIStimulant
Cocaine [12]313±17 (IC50)292±34 (IC50)211±19 (IC50)SNDRIStimulant
Desipramine17.60.833,190SNRITCA
Desmethylcitalopram3.61,82018,300SRISSRI
Desmethylsertraline3.0390129SRISSRI
Desmethylsibutramine[13]152049SNDRISNRI
  (R)-Desmethylsibutramine44412SNDRISNRI
  (S)-Desmethylsibutramine9,200870180SNDRISNRI
Desoxypipradrol[14]53,70055050NDRIStimulant
Desvenlafaxine*[15]47531NDSNRISNRI
Didesmethylsibutramine[13]201545SNDRISNRI
  (R)-Didesmethylsibutramine140138.9SNDRISNRI
  (S)-Didesmethylsibutramine4,3006212SNDRISNRI
Diphenhydramine3,8009602,200N/A (IA)Antihistamine
Dosulepin (dothiepin)8.6465,310SNRITCA
Doxepin6829.512,100SNRITCA
Duloxetine*[16]3.720439SNRISNRI
Etoperidone89020,00052,000SRISARI
Femoxetine11.07602,050SRISSRI
Fluoxetine0.812403,600SRISSRI
Fluvoxamine2.21,3009,200SRISSRI
GBR-12935[11]2892774.90DRIStimulant
Hydroxybupropion[17]ND1.7 (IC50)>10 (IC50)NDRIStimulant
Imipramine1.40378,500SNRITCA
Indatraline[11]3.1012.61.90SNDRIStimulant
Iprindole1,6201,2626,530N/A (IA)TCA
Lofepramine705.418,000SNRITCA
Maprotiline5,80011.11,000NRITeCA
Mazindol390.458.1NDRIStimulant
MDPV[18]3,349264.1NDRIStimulant
Methamphetamine>100,000NDNDNDRAStimulant
  D-Methamphetamine>100,0006602,800NDRAStimulant
  L-Methamphetamine>100,000NDNDNRAStimulant
Methylphenidate>10,000788121NDRIStimulant
  D-Methylphenidate>10,000206161NDRIStimulant
  L-Methylphenidate>6,700>10,0002,250NDRIStimulant
Mianserin4,000719,400NRITeCA
Milnacipran*[16]15168>100,000SNRISNRI
  Levomilnacipran*[19]19.010.5>100,000SNRISNRI
Mirtazapine>100,0004,600>100,000N/A (IA)TeCA
Modafinil*[20]>50,000136,0004,043DRIStimulant
Nefazodone200360360SNDRISARI
Nefopam[21]2933531SNDRIAnalgesic
Nisoxetine[11]4272.31,235NRIStimulant
Nomifensine1,01015.656NDRIStimulant
Norfluoxetine1.471,426420SRISSRI
Nortriptyline184.371,140SNRITCA
Oxaprotiline3,9004.94,340NRITeCA
Paroxetine0.1340490SRISSRI
Protriptyline19.61.412,100SNRITCA
Reboxetine[22]1291.1>10,000NRIStimulant
Sertraline0.2942025SRISSRI
Sibutramine[13]298–2,800350–5,451943–1,200SNDRISNRI
Trazodone1608,5007,400SRISARI
Trimipramine1492,4503,780SRITCA
Vanoxerine[11]73.279.24.3DRIStimulant
Venlafaxine*[16]1451,4203,070SNRISNRI
Vilazodone*[23]0.2~60NDSRISMS
Viloxazine17,300155>100,000NRIStimulant
Vortioxetine*[24]5.4890 (rat)140 (rat)SRISMS
Zimelidine1529,40011,700SRISSRI
Values are Ki (nM) or, in some cases (*), IC50 (nM). The smaller the value, the more strongly the
drug binds to or inhibits the transporter.

See also

References

  1. Axel AM, Mikkelsen JD, Hansen HH (June 2010). "Tesofensine, a novel triple monoamine reuptake inhibitor, induces appetite suppression by indirect stimulation of alpha1 adrenoceptor and dopamine D1 receptor pathways in the diet-induced obese rat". Neuropsychopharmacology. 35 (7): 1464–76. doi:10.1038/npp.2010.16. PMC 3055463. PMID 20200509.
  2. Richard Finkel; Michelle Alexia Clark; Pamela C. Champe; Luigi X. Cubeddu (16 July 2008). Lippincott's Illustrated Reviews: Pharmacology. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 141. ISBN 978-0-7817-7155-9. Retrieved 12 May 2012.
  3. Walker, Q. David; Morris, Sarah E.; Arrant, Andrew E.; Nagel, Jacqueline M.; Parylak, Sarah; Zhou, Guiying; Caster, Joseph M.; Kuhn, Cynthia M. (October 2010). "Dopamine Uptake Inhibitors but Not Dopamine Releasers Induce Greater Increases in Motor Behavior and Extracellular Dopamine in Adolescent Rats Than in Adult Male Rats". The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 335 (1): 124–132. doi:10.1124/jpet.110.167320. ISSN 0022-3565. PMC 2957786. PMID 20605908.
  4. Stefan Offermanns; Walter Rosenthal (2008). Encyclopedia of Molecular Pharmacology. Springer. p. 1039. ISBN 978-3-540-38916-3. Retrieved 12 May 2012.
  5. Pedro Ruiz; Eric C. Strain (15 April 2011). Lowinson and Ruiz's Substance Abuse: A Comprehensive Textbook. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 55. ISBN 978-1-60547-277-5. Retrieved 12 May 2012.
  6. Hadlock GC, Webb KM, McFadden LM, et al. (November 2011). "4-Methylmethcathinone (mephedrone): neuropharmacological effects of a designer stimulant of abuse". The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 339 (2): 530–6. doi:10.1124/jpet.111.184119. PMC 3200001. PMID 21810934.
  7. Tatsumi M, Groshan K, Blakely RD, Richelson E (1997). "Pharmacological profile of antidepressants and related compounds at human monoamine transporters" (PDF). Eur. J. Pharmacol. 340 (2–3): 249–58. doi:10.1016/s0014-2999(97)01393-9. PMID 9537821.
  8. Ceci A, Garattini S, Gobbi M, Mennini T (1986). "Effect of long term amineptine treatment on pre- and postsynaptic mechanisms in rat brain". Br. J. Pharmacol. 88 (1): 269–75. doi:10.1111/j.1476-5381.1986.tb09495.x. PMC 1917102. PMID 3708219.
  9. Garattini S, Mennini T (1989). "Pharmacology of amineptine: synthesis and updating". Clin Neuropharmacol. 12 Suppl 2: S13–8. doi:10.1097/00002826-198912002-00003. PMID 2698268.
  10. Owens JM, Knight DL, Nemeroff CB (2002). "[Second generation SSRIS: human monoamine transporter binding profile of escitalopram and R-fluoxetine]". Encephale (in French). 28 (4): 350–5. PMID 12232544.
  11. Rothman RB, Baumann MH (2003). "Monoamine transporters and psychostimulant drugs". Eur. J. Pharmacol. 479 (1–3): 23–40. doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2003.08.054. PMID 14612135.
  12. http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/system/files/publications/1814/TDAS15001ENN.pdf
  13. Nisoli E, Carruba MO (2000). "An assessment of the safety and efficacy of sibutramine, an anti-obesity drug with a novel mechanism of action". Obes Rev. 1 (2): 127–39. doi:10.1046/j.1467-789x.2000.00020.x. PMID 12119986.
  14. Iversen L, Gibbons S, Treble R, Setola V, Huang XP, Roth BL (2013). "Neurochemical profiles of some novel psychoactive substances". Eur. J. Pharmacol. 700 (1–3): 147–51. doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2012.12.006. PMC 3582025. PMID 23261499.
  15. Deecher DC, Beyer CE, Johnston G, Bray J, Shah S, Abou-Gharbia M, Andree TH (2006). "Desvenlafaxine succinate: A new serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor". J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 318 (2): 657–65. doi:10.1124/jpet.106.103382. PMID 16675639.
  16. Vaishnavi SN, Nemeroff CB, Plott SJ, Rao SG, Kranzler J, Owens MJ (2004). "Milnacipran: a comparative analysis of human monoamine uptake and transporter binding affinity". Biol. Psychiatry. 55 (3): 320–2. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2003.07.006. PMID 14744476.
  17. Damaj, MI; Carroll, FI; Eaton, JB; Navarro, HA; Blough, BE; Mirza, S; Lukas, RJ; Martin, BR (September 2004). "Enantioselective effects of hydroxy metabolites of bupropion on behavior and on function of monoamine transporters and nicotinic receptors". Molecular Pharmacology. 66 (3): 675–82. doi:10.1124/mol.104.001313. PMID 15322260.
  18. Baumann MH, Partilla JS, Lehner KR, Thorndike EB, Hoffman AF, Holy M, Rothman RB, Goldberg SR, Lupica CR, Sitte HH, Brandt SD, Tella SR, Cozzi NV, Schindler CW (2013). "Powerful cocaine-like actions of 3,4-methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV), a principal constituent of psychoactive 'bath salts' products". Neuropsychopharmacology. 38 (4): 552–62. doi:10.1038/npp.2012.204. PMC 3572453. PMID 23072836.
  19. Auclair AL, Martel JC, Assié MB, Bardin L, Heusler P, Cussac D, Marien M, Newman-Tancredi A, O'Connor JA, Depoortère R (2013). "Levomilnacipran (F2695), a norepinephrine-preferring SNRI: profile in vitro and in models of depression and anxiety". Neuropharmacology. 70: 338–47. doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.02.024. PMID 23499664.
  20. Zolkowska D, Jain R, Rothman RB, Partilla JS, Roth BL, Setola V, Prisinzano TE, Baumann MH (2009). "Evidence for the involvement of dopamine transporters in behavioral stimulant effects of modafinil". J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 329 (2): 738–46. doi:10.1124/jpet.108.146142. PMC 2672878. PMID 19197004.
  21. Gregori-Puigjané E, Setola V, Hert J, Crews BA, Irwin JJ, Lounkine E, Marnett L, Roth BL, Shoichet BK (2012). "Identifying mechanism-of-action targets for drugs and probes". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 109 (28): 11178–83. doi:10.1073/pnas.1204524109. PMC 3396511. PMID 22711801.
  22. Bymaster FP, McNamara RK, Tran PV (2003). "New approaches to developing antidepressants by enhancing monoaminergic neurotransmission". Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 12 (4): 531–43. doi:10.1517/13543784.12.4.531. PMID 12665410.
  23. Page ME, Cryan JF, Sullivan A, Dalvi A, Saucy B, Manning DR, Lucki I (2002). "Behavioral and neurochemical effects of 5-(4-[4-(5-Cyano-3-indolyl)-butyl)-butyl]-1-piperazinyl)-benzofuran-2-carboxamide (EMD 68843): a combined selective inhibitor of serotonin reuptake and 5-hydroxytryptamine(1A) receptor partial agonist". J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 302 (3): 1220–7. doi:10.1124/jpet.102.034280. PMID 12183683.
  24. Bang-Andersen B, Ruhland T, Jørgensen M, Smith G, Frederiksen K, Jensen KG, Zhong H, Nielsen SM, Hogg S, Mørk A, Stensbøl TB (2011). "Discovery of 1-[2-(2,4-dimethylphenylsulfanyl)phenyl]piperazine (Lu AA21004): a novel multimodal compound for the treatment of major depressive disorder". J. Med. Chem. 54 (9): 3206–21. doi:10.1021/jm101459g. PMID 21486038.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.