Provinces of Sri Lanka

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After the British took control of the entire island of Ceylon in 1815 it was divided into three ethnic based administrative structures: Low Country Sinhalese, Kandyan Sinhalese and Tamil. In 1829 the British established the Colebrooke–Cameron Commission to review the colonial government of Ceylon, including its administrative structures.[3] The Commission recommended that the existing three ethnic based administrations be unified into a single administration divided into five geographic provinces.[3] Accordingly, on 1 October 1833 five provinces under one administration came into being:[4][5][6][7]

• Central Province – composed of the central Kandyan provinces.
• Eastern Province – composed of the maritime districts of Batticaloa and Trincomalee, and the Kandyan provinces of Bintenna and Tamankaduwa.
• Northern Province – composed of the maritime districts of Jaffna, Mannar and Vanni, and the Kandyan province of Nuwara Kalawiya.
• Southern Province – composed of the maritime districts of Galle, Hambantota, Matara and Tangalle, and the Kandyan provinces of Lower Uva, Saffragam and Wellassa.
• Western Province – composed of the maritime districts of Colombo, Chilaw and Puttalam, and the Kandyan provinces of Three Korales, Four Korales, Seven Korales and Lower Bulathgama.

Over the next fifty years four additional provinces were created, taking the total number to nine:[6][7][8]

• North Western Province was created in 1845 from northern Western Province (districts of Chilaw, Puttalam and Seven Korales).[9]
• North Central Province was created in 1873 from southern Northern Province (district of Nuwara Kalawiya) and north-western Eastern Province (district of Tamankaduwa).[10]
• Uva Province was created in 1886 from parts of Central Province, Eastern Province (district of Bintenna) and Southern Province (district of Wellassa).[10]
• Sabaragamuwa Province was created in 1889.[11]

The short lived North Eastern Province

The number of provinces remained static until September 1988 when, in accordance with the Indo-Lanka Accord, President Jayewardene issued proclamations enabling the Northern and Eastern provinces to be one administrative unit administered by one elected Council, creating the North Eastern Province.[12] The proclamations were only meant to be a temporary measure until a referendum was held in the Eastern Province on a permanent merger between the two provinces. However, the referendum was never held and successive Sri Lankan presidents issued proclamations annually extending the life of the "temporary" entity.[13] The merger was bitterly opposed by Sri Lankan nationalists. On 14 July 2006, after a long campaign against the merger, the JVP filed three separate petitions with the Supreme Court of Sri Lanka requesting a separate Provincial Council for the East.[12] On 16 October 2006 the Supreme Court ruled that the proclamations issued by President Jayewardene were null and void and had no legal effect.[12] The North-East Province was formally de-merged into the Northern and Eastern provinces on 1 January 2007.

Sri Lanka currently has nine provinces, seven of which have had provincial councils from the start.[2]

All population data are from the most recent census of Sri Lanka, in 2012.

Province	Area map	Provincial capital	Date Created	Land area in km2 (mi2)[14]	Inland water area in km2 (mi2)[14]	Total area in km2 (mi2)[14]	Population (2012)[15]	Population density per km2 (per mi2)[lower-alpha 1]
Central		Kandy	1 October 1833	5,575 (2,153)	99 (38)	5,674 (2,191)	2,571,557	461 (1,190)
Eastern		Trincomalee	1 October 1833	9,361 (3,614)	635 (245)	9,996 (3,859)	1,555,510	166 (430)
North Central		Anuradhapura	1873	9,741 (3,761)	731 (282)	10,472 (4,043)	1,266,663	130 (340)
Northern		Jaffna	1 October 1833	8,290 (3,200)	594 (229)	8,884 (3,430)	1,061,315	128 (330)
North Western		Kurunegala	1845	7,506 (2,898)	382 (147)	7,888 (3,046)	2,380,861	317 (820)
Sabaragamuwa		Ratnapura	1889	4,921 (1,900)	47 (18)	4,968 (1,918)	1,928,655	392 (1,020)
Southern		Galle	1 October 1833	5,383 (2,078)	161 (62)	5,544 (2,141)	2,477,285	460 (1,200)
Uva		Badulla	1886	8,335 (3,218)	165 (64)	8,500 (3,300)	1,266,463	152 (390)
Western		Colombo	1 October 1833	3,593 (1,387)	91 (35)	3,684 (1,422)	5,851,130	1,628 (4,220)
Total				62,705 (24,211)	2,905 (1,122)	65,610 (25,330)	20,359,439	325 (840)