Río Cachirí Group

Río Cachirí Group
Stratigraphic range: Devonian
419–360 Ma

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Río Cachirí Group; Stratigraphic range: Devonian; 419–360 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
Type	Geological group
Unit of	Cesar-Ranchería Basin, Serranía del Perijá
Sub-units	Caño Grande Fm., Caño del Oeste Fm., Campo Chico Fm., Los Guineos Fm.
Underlies	Carboniferous sequence
Overlies	Perijá Formation
Thickness	~1,100 m (3,600 ft) (Colombia); 2,438 m (7,999 ft) (Venezuela)
Lithology
Primary	Shale, sandstone
Other	Limestone
Location
Coordinates	10°50′03″N 72°14′23″W
Region	Cesar, La Guajira; Zulia
Country	Colombia; Venezuela
Extent	~110 km (68 mi) (Venezuela)
Type section
Named for	Río Cachirí
Named by	Liddle
Location	Mara
Year defined	1928
Coordinates	10°50′03″N 72°14′23″W
Region	Zulia
Country	Venezuela
Thickness at type section	2,438 m (7,999 ft)
	; Paleogeography of the Middle Devonian; 380 Ma, by Stampfli & Borel

The Río Cachirí Group (Spanish: Grupo Río Cachirí, PZc) is a geological group of the Cesar-Ranchería Basin, Colombia and the Serranía del Perijá of the northernmost Colombian and Venezuelan Andes. The group of shales, sandstones and limestones is of Devonian age and has a maximum thickness in the Venezuelan section of 2,438 metres (7,999 ft). The group contains abundant fauna; crinoids, bryozoa, brachiopods and molluscs have been found in the group.

Etymology and definition

The formation was defined by Liddle in 1928 in Río Cachirí, part of Mara, Zulia, in the Venezuelan part of the Serranía del Perijá, and the same author subdivided the group into three formations in 1943. In 1972, Bowen added a fourth formation to the group.[1]

Description

Lithologies

The group contains black, grey and red shales, grey micaceous sandstones, quartzitic sandstones and red and bluish grey limestones.[1]

Stratigraphy and correlation

The Río Cachirí Group, dated to span the Devonian, is subdivided into the Caño Grande, Caño del Oeste, Campo Chico and Los Guineos Formations. The maximum thickness has been recorded in Venezuela, with 2,438 metres (7,999 ft), while the thickness on the Colombian side of the range does not exceed 1,100 metres (3,600 ft).[1] The group is recognised along a section of approximately 110 kilometres (68 mi) in the Venezuelan terrain.[2] The group unconformably overlies the Perijá Formation and is overlain by an unnamed Carboniferous sequence. The Río Cachirí Group is time-equivalent with the Floresta and Cuche Formations of the Floresta Massif, Altiplano Cundiboyacense and the Quetame Group of the Eastern Ranges.[3] The sediments of the Río Cachirí Group were deposited in an epicontinental sea at the edge of the Paleo-Tethys Ocean.[1]

Fossil content

The group contains abundant fossils of crinoids, bryozoa, brachiopods and molluscs as Acrospirifer olssoni, Spirifer kingi, Leptaena boyaca, Fenestella venezuelansis, Neospirifer latus, Composita subtilita, Phricodrotis planoconvexa and Pecten sp.[4]

Outcrops

Type locality of the Río Cachirí Group in Venezuela

Apart from its type locality on the eastern flank of the Serranía del Perijá in Zulia, Venezuela, the formation is also found in other parts of the mountain range, on the Colombian western side in the east of San Diego and Curumaní, Cesar.[5][6]

Regional correlations

Stratigraphy of the Llanos Basin and surrounding provinces
Ma	Age	Regional events	Catatumbo	Cordillera	proximal Llanos	distal Llanos	Putumayo	VSM	Environments	Maximum thickness	Petroleum geology	Notes
0.01	Holocene	Holocene volcanism Seismic activity	alluvium								Overburden
1	Pleistocene	Pleistocene volcanism Andean orogeny 3 Glaciations	Guayabo	Soatá Sabana	Necesidad	Guayabo	Gigante Neiva		Alluvial to fluvial (Guayabo)	550 m (1,800 ft) (Guayabo)		[7][8][9][10]
2.6	Pliocene	Pliocene volcanism Andean orogeny 3 GABI		Subachoque			Gigante Neiva
5.3	Messinian	Andean orogeny 3 Foreland		Marichuela			Caimán	Honda				[9][11]
13.5	Langhian	Regional flooding	León	hiatus	Caja	León	Caimán		Lacustrine (León)	400 m (1,300 ft) (León)	Seal	[10][12]
16.2	Burdigalian	Miocene inundations Andean orogeny 2	C1		Carbonera C1		Ospina		Proximal fluvio-deltaic (C1)	850 m (2,790 ft) (Carbonera)	Reservoir	[11][10]
17.3			C2		Carbonera C2				Distal lacustrine-deltaic (C2)		Seal
19			C3		Carbonera C3				Proximal fluvio-deltaic (C3)		Reservoir
21	Early Miocene	Pebas wetlands	C4		Carbonera C4			Barzalosa	Distal fluvio-deltaic (C4)		Seal
23	Late Oligocene	Andean orogeny 1 Foredeep	C5		Carbonera C5		Orito		Proximal fluvio-deltaic (C5)		Reservoir	[8][11]
25	Late Oligocene		C6		Carbonera C6		Orito		Distal fluvio-lacustrine (C6)		Seal
28	Early Oligocene		C7		C7		Pepino	Gualanday	Proximal deltaic-marine (C7)		Reservoir	[8][11][13]
32	Oligo-Eocene		C8	Usme	C8	onlap			Marine-deltaic (C8)		Seal Source	[13]
35	Late Eocene		Mirador	Usme	Mirador				Coastal (Mirador)	240 m (790 ft) (Mirador)	Reservoir	[10][14]
40	Middle Eocene			Regadera				hiatus
45	Middle Eocene
50	Early Eocene		Socha		Los Cuervos				Deltaic (Los Cuervos)	260 m (850 ft) (Los Cuervos)	Seal Source	[10][14]
55	Late Paleocene	PETM 2000 ppm CO₂	Los Cuervos	Bogotá	Los Cuervos			Gualanday	Deltaic (Los Cuervos)	260 m (850 ft) (Los Cuervos)	Seal Source
60	Early Paleocene	SALMA	Barco	Guaduas	Barco		Rumiyaco	Gualanday	Fluvial (Barco)	225 m (738 ft) (Barco)	Reservoir	[7][8][11][10][15]
65	Maastrichtian	KT extinction	Catatumbo	Guadalupe				Monserrate	Deltaic-fluvial (Guadalupe)	750 m (2,460 ft) (Guadalupe)	Reservoir	[7][10]
72	Campanian	End of rifting	Colón-Mito Juan					Monserrate				[10][16]
83	Santonian						Villeta/Güagüaquí
86	Coniacian
89	Turonian	Cenomanian-Turonian anoxic event	La Luna	Chipaque	Gachetá	hiatus			Restricted marine (all)	500 m (1,600 ft) (Gachetá)	Source	[7][10][17]
93	Cenomanian	Rift 2		Chipaque	Gachetá				Restricted marine (all)	500 m (1,600 ft) (Gachetá)	Source
100	Albian			Une	Une		Caballos		Deltaic (Une)	500 m (1,600 ft) (Une)	Reservoir	[11][17]
113	Aptian		Capacho	Fómeque			Motema	Yaví	Open marine (Fómeque)	800 m (2,600 ft) (Fómeque)	Source (Fóm)	[8][10][18]
125	Barremian	High biodiversity	Aguardiente	Paja					Shallow to open marine (Paja)	940 m (3,080 ft) (Paja)	Reservoir	[7]
129	Hauterivian	Rift 1	Tibú- Mercedes	Las Juntas	hiatus				Deltaic (Las Juntas)	910 m (2,990 ft) (Las Juntas)	Reservoir (LJun)	[7]
133	Valanginian		Río Negro	Cáqueza Macanal Rosablanca					Restricted marine (Macanal)	2,935 m (9,629 ft) (Macanal)	Source (Mac)	[8][19]
140	Berriasian		Girón	Cáqueza Macanal Rosablanca					Restricted marine (Macanal)	2,935 m (9,629 ft) (Macanal)	Source (Mac)
145	Tithonian	Break-up of Pangea	Jordán	Arcabuco	Buenavista Batá		Saldaña		Alluvial, fluvial (Buenavista)	110 m (360 ft) (Buenavista)	"Jurassic"	[11][20]
150	Early-Mid Jurassic	Passive margin 2	La Quinta	Montebel Noreán	hiatus		Saldaña		Coastal tuff (La Quinta)	100 m (330 ft) (La Quinta)		[21]
201	Late Triassic	Passive margin 2	Mucuchachi	Montebel Noreán			Payandé					[11]
235	Early Triassic	Pangea		hiatus							"Paleozoic"
250	Permian	Pangea
300	Late Carboniferous	Famatinian orogeny						Cerro Neiva ()				[22]
340	Early Carboniferous	Fossil fish Romer's gap		Cuche (355-385)	Farallones ()			Cerro Neiva ()	Deltaic, estuarine (Cuche)	900 m (3,000 ft) (Cuche)
360	Late Devonian	Passive margin 1	Río Cachirí (360-419)	Cuche (355-385)	Farallones ()			Ambicá ()	Alluvial-fluvial-reef (Farallones)	2,400 m (7,900 ft) (Farallones)		[19][23][24][25][26]
390	Early Devonian	High biodiversity	Floresta (387-400) El Tíbet					Ambicá ()	Shallow marine (Floresta)	600 m (2,000 ft) (Floresta)
410	Late Silurian	Silurian mystery	Floresta (387-400) El Tíbet
425	Early Silurian	Silurian mystery	hiatus
440	Late Ordovician	Rich fauna in Bolivia	San Pedro (450-490)		Duda ()
470	Early Ordovician	First fossils	San Pedro (450-490)	Busbanzá (>470±22) Chuscales Otengá	Guape ()		Río Nevado ()	Hígado () Agua Blanca Venado (470-475)				[27][28][29]
488	Late Cambrian	Regional intrusions	Chicamocha (490-515)	Quetame ()	Ariarí ()		SJ del Guaviare (490-590)	San Isidro ()				[30][31]
515	Early Cambrian	Cambrian explosion		Quetame ()				San Isidro ()				[29][32]
542	Ediacaran	Break-up of Rodinia		pre-Quetame		post-Parguaza		El Barro ()	Yellow: allochthonous basement (Chibcha Terrane) Green: autochthonous basement (Río Negro-Juruena Province)		Basement	[33][34]
600	Neoproterozoic	Cariri Velhos orogeny	Bucaramanga (600-1400)				pre-Guaviare					[30]
800	Neoproterozoic	Snowball Earth										[35]
1000	Mesoproterozoic	Sunsás orogeny			Ariarí (1000)			La Urraca (1030-1100)				[36][37][38][39]
1300		Rondônia-Juruá orogeny			pre-Ariarí	Parguaza (1300-1400)		Garzón (1180-1550)				[40]
1400			pre-Bucaramanga					Garzón (1180-1550)				[41]
1600	Paleoproterozoic					Maimachi (1500-1700)		pre-Garzón				[42]
1800		Tapajós orogeny				Mitú (1800)						[40][42]
1950		Transamazonic orogeny				pre-Mitú						[40]
2200		Columbia
2530	Archean	Carajas-Imataca orogeny										[40]
3100	Archean	Kenorland
Sources

Legend

group
important formation
fossiliferous formation
minor formation
(age in Ma)
proximal Llanos (Medina)[note 1]
distal Llanos (Saltarin 1A well)[note 2]

Notes

based on Duarte et al. (2019)[43], García González et al. (2009),[44] and geological report of Villavicencio[45]
based on Duarte et al. (2019)[43] and the hydrocarbon potential evaluation performed by the UIS and ANH in 2009[46]

References

Ayala, 2009, p.20
Hernández Ferrer, 2011, p.47
Ayala, 2009, p.21
García González et al., 2007, p.68
Plancha 34, 2007
Plancha 48, 2008
García González et al., 2009, p.27
García González et al., 2009, p.50
García González et al., 2009, p.85
Barrero et al., 2007, p.60
Barrero et al., 2007, p.58
Plancha 111, 2001, p.29
Plancha 177, 2015, p.39
Plancha 111, 2001, p.26
Plancha 111, 2001, p.24
Plancha 111, 2001, p.23
Pulido & Gómez, 2001, p.32
Pulido & Gómez, 2001, p.30
Pulido & Gómez, 2001, pp.21-26
Pulido & Gómez, 2001, p.28
Correa Martínez et al., 2019, p.49
Plancha 303, 2002, p.27
Terraza et al., 2008, p.22
Plancha 229, 2015, pp.46-55
Plancha 303, 2002, p.26
Moreno Sánchez et al., 2009, p.53
Mantilla Figueroa et al., 2015, p.43
Manosalva Sánchez et al., 2017, p.84
Plancha 303, 2002, p.24
Mantilla Figueroa et al., 2015, p.42
Arango Mejía et al., 2012, p.25
Plancha 350, 2011, p.49
Pulido & Gómez, 2001, pp.17-21
Plancha 111, 2001, p.13
Plancha 303, 2002, p.23
Plancha 348, 2015, p.38
Planchas 367-414, 2003, p.35
Toro Toro et al., 2014, p.22
Plancha 303, 2002, p.21
Bonilla et al., 2016, p.19
Gómez Tapias et al., 2015, p.209
Bonilla et al., 2016, p.22
Duarte et al., 2019
García González et al., 2009
Pulido & Gómez, 2001
García González et al., 2009, p.60

Bibliography

Ayala Calvo, Rosa Carolina. 2009. Análisis tectonoestratigráfico y de procedencia en la Subcuenca de Cesar: Relación con los sistemas petroleros (MSc. thesis), 1–255. Universidad Simón Bolívar. Accessed 2017-06-14.
García González, Mario; Ricardo Mier Umaña; Luis Enrique Cruz Guevara, and Mauricio Vásquez. 2009. Informe Ejecutivo - evaluación del potencial hidrocarburífero de las cuencas colombianas, 1–219. Universidad Industrial de Santander.
Hernández Ferrer, Mauricio Esteban. 2011. Actualización de la geología de superficie en la Sierra de Perijá mediante la utilización de imágenes satelitales, 1–125. Simón Bolívar University. Accessed 2017-08-03.

Maps

Colmenares, Fabio; Milena Mesa; Jairo Roncancio; Edgar Arciniegas; Pablo Pedraza; Agustín Cardona; César Silva; Jhoamna Romero, and Sonia Alvarado and Oscar Romero, Felipe Vargas, Carlos Santamaría. 2007. Plancha 34 - Agustín Codazzi - 1:100,000, 1. INGEOMINAS. Accessed 2017-06-14.
Hernández, Marina, and Jairo Clavijo. 2008. Plancha 48 - La Jagua de Ibirico - 1:100,000, 1. INGEOMINAS. Accessed 2017-06-14.

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[46] sed on Duarte et al. (2019)[43], García González et al. (2009),[44] and geological report of Villavicencio[45]

[48] sed on Duarte et al. (2019)[43] and the hydrocarbon potential evaluation performed by the UIS and ANH in 2009[46]

[Ayala_p20-1] Ayala, 2009, p.20

[Hernandez_p47-2] Hernández Ferrer, 2011, p.47

[Ayala_p21-3] Ayala, 2009, p.21

[ANH2007b_p68-4] García González et al., 2007, p.68

[Plancha34-5] Plancha 34, 2007

[Plancha48-6] Plancha 48, 2008

[UISANH2009_p27-7] García González et al., 2009, p.27

[UISANH2009_p50-8] García González et al., 2009, p.50

[UISANH2009_p85-9] García González et al., 2009, p.85

[ANH2007_p60-10] Barrero et al., 2007, p.60

[ANH2007_p58-11] Barrero et al., 2007, p.58

[Plancha111_p29-12] Plancha 111, 2001, p.29

[Plancha177_p39-13] Plancha 177, 2015, p.39

[Plancha111_p26-14] Plancha 111, 2001, p.26

[Plancha111_p24-15] Plancha 111, 2001, p.24

[Plancha111_p23-16] Plancha 111, 2001, p.23

[Pulido2001_p32-17] Pulido & Gómez, 2001, p.32

[Pulido2001_p30-18] Pulido & Gómez, 2001, p.30

[Pulido2001_pp21_26-19] Pulido & Gómez, 2001, pp.21-26

[Pulido2001_p28-20] Pulido & Gómez, 2001, p.28

[Correa2019_p49-21] Correa Martínez et al., 2019, p.49

[Plancha303_p27-22] Plancha 303, 2002, p.27

[Terraza2008_p22-23] Terraza et al., 2008, p.22

[Plancha229_pp46_55-24] Plancha 229, 2015, pp.46-55

[Plancha303_p26-25] Plancha 303, 2002, p.26

[Moreno2009_p53-26] Moreno Sánchez et al., 2009, p.53

[Figueroa2015_p43-27] Mantilla Figueroa et al., 2015, p.43

[Manosalva2017_p84-28] Manosalva Sánchez et al., 2017, p.84

[Plancha303_p24-29] Plancha 303, 2002, p.24

[Figueroa2015_p42-30] Mantilla Figueroa et al., 2015, p.42

[Arango2012_p25-31] Arango Mejía et al., 2012, p.25

[Plancha350_p49-32] Plancha 350, 2011, p.49

[Pulido2001_pp17_21-33] Pulido & Gómez, 2001, pp.17-21

[Plancha111_p13-34] Plancha 111, 2001, p.13

[Plancha303_p23-35] Plancha 303, 2002, p.23

[Plancha348_p38-36] Plancha 348, 2015, p.38

[Plancha367_414_p35-37] Planchas 367-414, 2003, p.35

[Toro2014_p22-38] Toro Toro et al., 2014, p.22

[Plancha303_p21-39] Plancha 303, 2002, p.21

[Bonilla2016_p19-40] Bonilla et al., 2016, p.19

[GeoMap2015_p209-41] Gómez Tapias et al., 2015, p.209

[Bonilla2016_p22-42] Bonilla et al., 2016, p.22

[Duarte2019-43] Duarte et al., 2019

[UISANH2009-44] García González et al., 2009

[Pulido2001-45] Pulido & Gómez, 2001

[UISANH2009_p60-47] García González et al., 2009, p.60