Floresta Formation

The Floresta Formation (Spanish: Formación Floresta, Df) is a geological formation of the Altiplano Cundiboyacense in the Eastern Ranges of the Colombian Andes. The sequence of siltstones, shales, coquinas and sandstone beds dates to the Devonian period; Late Emsian, Eifelian and Early Givetian epochs, and has a maximum thickness of 600 metres (2,000 ft). The unit is highly fossiliferous; brachiopods, bryozoans, gastropods, trilobites, corals and bivalves have been found in the Floresta Formation. Some fragments of Placoderm fish fossils were found in the Floresta Formation, while the overlying Cuche Formation is much richer in fish biodiversity.

Floresta Formation
Stratigraphic range: Late Emsian-Early Givetian
~400–387 Ma
Platyceras nodosum from the Floresta Formation
TypeGeological formation
UnderliesCuche Formation
OverliesEl Tíbet Formation
Thicknessup to 600 m (2,000 ft)
Lithology
PrimarySiltstone
OtherShale, coquina, sandstone
Location
Coordinates5°51′37.2″N 72°56′57.6″W
RegionAltiplano Cundiboyacense
Eastern Ranges, Andes
Country Colombia
Type section
Named forFloresta
Named byOlsson & Carter
LocationFloresta
Year defined1939
Coordinates5°51′37.2″N 72°56′57.6″W
Approximate paleocoordinates51.7°S 48.1°W / -51.7; -48.1
RegionBoyacá
Country Colombia
Thickness at type section600 m (2,000 ft)

Paleogeography of the Middle Devonian
380 Ma, by Stampfli & Borel

Etymology

The formation was first described as Floresta Series by Olsson and Carter in 1939. The current definition was given by Botero in 1950. The formation is named after Floresta, Boyacá, where the formation outcrops.[1]

Description

Lithologies

The Floresta Formation is characterized by a lower sequence of shales and ochre to beige siltstones with alternating coquinas, while the upper part consists of siltstones with sandy beds.[2]

Stratigraphy and depositional environment

The Floresta Formation overlies the El Tíbet Formation and is overlain by the Cuche Formation. The age has been estimated to be Late Emsian to Early Givetian.[3] Stratigraphically, the formation is time equivalent with the Portachuelo Formation around Quetame.[4] The Onondaga Formation of New York is considered time equivalent too.[5] The formation contains concretions and a high diversity of fossils. The formation was deposited in a transgressional and regressional epicontinental marine environment at the edge of the Paleo-Tethys Ocean.[6] The uppermost part of the formation has been deposited in a deltaic setting,[7] with the lower sequence formed in a coral reef environment.[8]

Fossil content

Remains of Barroisella sp.,[9] ?Tarutiglossa sp.,[10] Dipleura cf. dekayi, Dechenella boteroi,[11] Mannopyge sp., Cordania gasepiou, Viaphacops cristata,[12] Anchiopsis armata,[13] Synphoria stemmata, Coronura cf. lessepsensis,[14] Greenops cf. grabaui,[15] Belenopyge contusa, Kettneraspis callicera,[16] Placoderm fishes,[17] Platyceras nodosum,[18] Acrospirifer olssoni, Anoplotheca cf. silvetii, Atrypa harrisi, Australospirifer cf. antarcticus, Aviculopecten wellsi, Brachyspirifer palmerae, Camarotoechia dotis, Chonetes cf. billingsi, C. comstockii, C. cf. stubeli, Chonostrophia knodi, Cyclotrypa boyaca, C. carribeana, C. dickeyi, C. reticulata, C. stellata, Cymostrophia dickeyi, C. schucherti, C. waringi, Cypricardinia cf. subindenta, Cyrtina hamiltonensis, Dalmanites cf. patacamayaensis, Dictyostrophia cooperi, Elytha colombiana, Eodevonaria imperialis, Favosites aff. hamiltonensis, Fenestrellina colombiana, F. olssoni, F. acuta, F. quadrata, F. harrisi, Fistulipora anomala, F. megalopora, Florestacanthus morenoi, Heliophyllum halli,[18] Intrapora fragilis, I. megalopora, Leiorhynchus mysia, Leptaena boyaca, Meganteris australis, Megastrophia hopkinsi, M. pygmaea, Meristella wheeleri, Nucleospira concinna, Odontopleura callicera, Pentagonia gemmisulcata, Phacops cf. salteri, Pholidops florestae, Platyostoma lineata, Pleurodictyum americanum, Polypora elegantula, P. granulifera, Prismopora inornata, Schellwienella goldringae, Semicoscinium colombiensis, S. minutum, Spinocyrtia cf. valenteana, Spinulicosta spinulicosta, Spirifer kingi, Strophonella floweri, S. meridionalis, Sulcoretepora olssoni, S. subramosa, Taeniopora florestae, Tropidoleptus carinatus, Unitrypa casteri, Acanthograptus sp., Actinopteria sp, Amphigenia sp., Anthozoa sp., Camarotoechia sp., Cryptonella sp., Cyphaspis sp., Cryphaeus sp., Dalmanites sp., Derbyina sp., Gastropoda sp., Grammysia sp., Homalonotus sp., Leptostrophia sp., Mediospirifer sp., Orthoceras sp., Ostracoda sp., Orthis sp., Paraspirifer sp., Proetus sp., Pterinea sp., Strophodonta sp., Thamnopora sp., and Vitulina sp. have been described from the Floresta Formation.[19] Colombianaspis carvalhoae gen. et sp. nov., Schizobolus pilasiensis sp. nov. and Tarijactinoides sp. nov.,[16] were newly described in 2015.[3]

Outcrops
Type locality of the Floresta Formation in the north of the Altiplano Cundiboyacense

The Floresta Formation is found at the Floresta Massif around its type locality in Floresta, Boyacá,[20] stretching to the south until between Busbanzá and Nobsa and to the west close to Belén, Cerinza and Tutazá.[21] The formation is also found in the upper course of the Chicamocha River in the eponymous canyon.

Many of the fossils are on display in the paleontological museum of Floresta.

Regional correlations
Stratigraphy of the Llanos Basin and surrounding provinces
MaAgePaleomapRegional eventsCatatumboCordilleraproximal Llanosdistal LlanosPutumayoVSMEnvironmentsMaximum thicknessPetroleum geologyNotes
0.01Holocene
Holocene volcanism
Seismic activity		alluviumOverburden
1Pleistocene
Pleistocene volcanism
Andean orogeny 3
Glaciations		GuayaboSoatá
Sabana		NecesidadGuayaboGigante
Neiva		Alluvial to fluvial (Guayabo)550 m (1,800 ft)
(Guayabo)		[22][23][24][25]
2.6Pliocene
Pliocene volcanism
Andean orogeny 3
GABI		Subachoque
5.3MessinianAndean orogeny 3
Foreland		MarichuelaCaimánHonda[24][26]
13.5LanghianRegional floodingLeónhiatusCajaLeónLacustrine (León)400 m (1,300 ft)
(León)		Seal[25][27]
16.2BurdigalianMiocene inundations
Andean orogeny 2		C1Carbonera C1OspinaProximal fluvio-deltaic (C1)850 m (2,790 ft)
(Carbonera)		Reservoir[26][25]
17.3C2Carbonera C2Distal lacustrine-deltaic (C2)Seal
19C3Carbonera C3Proximal fluvio-deltaic (C3)Reservoir
21Early MiocenePebas wetlandsC4Carbonera C4BarzalosaDistal fluvio-deltaic (C4)Seal
23Late Oligocene
Andean orogeny 1
Foredeep		C5Carbonera C5OritoProximal fluvio-deltaic (C5)Reservoir[23][26]
25C6Carbonera C6Distal fluvio-lacustrine (C6)Seal
28Early OligoceneC7C7PepinoGualandayProximal deltaic-marine (C7)Reservoir[23][26][28]
32Oligo-EoceneC8UsmeC8onlapMarine-deltaic (C8)Seal
Source		[28]
35Late Eocene
MiradorMiradorCoastal (Mirador)240 m (790 ft)
(Mirador)		Reservoir[25][29]
40Middle EoceneRegaderahiatus
45
50Early Eocene
SochaLos CuervosDeltaic (Los Cuervos)260 m (850 ft)
(Los Cuervos)		Seal
Source		[25][29]
55Late PaleocenePETM
2000 ppm CO2		Los CuervosBogotáGualanday
60Early PaleoceneSALMABarcoGuaduasBarcoRumiyacoFluvial (Barco)225 m (738 ft)
(Barco)		Reservoir[22][23][26][25][30]
65Maastrichtian
KT extinctionCatatumboGuadalupeMonserrateDeltaic-fluvial (Guadalupe)750 m (2,460 ft)
(Guadalupe)		Reservoir[22][25]
72CampanianEnd of riftingColón-Mito Juan[25][31]
83SantonianVilleta/Güagüaquí
86Coniacian
89TuronianCenomanian-Turonian anoxic eventLa LunaChipaqueGachetáhiatusRestricted marine (all)500 m (1,600 ft)
(Gachetá)		Source[22][25][32]
93Cenomanian
Rift 2
100AlbianUneUneCaballosDeltaic (Une)500 m (1,600 ft)
(Une)		Reservoir[26][32]
113Aptian
CapachoFómequeMotemaYavíOpen marine (Fómeque)800 m (2,600 ft)
(Fómeque)		Source (Fóm)[23][25][33]
125BarremianHigh biodiversityAguardientePajaShallow to open marine (Paja)940 m (3,080 ft)
(Paja)		Reservoir[22]
129Hauterivian
Rift 1Tibú-
Mercedes		Las JuntashiatusDeltaic (Las Juntas)910 m (2,990 ft)
(Las Juntas)		Reservoir (LJun)[22]
133ValanginianRío NegroCáqueza
Macanal
Rosablanca		Restricted marine (Macanal)2,935 m (9,629 ft)
(Macanal)		Source (Mac)[23][34]
140BerriasianGirón
145TithonianBreak-up of PangeaJordánArcabucoBuenavista
Batá
SaldañaAlluvial, fluvial (Buenavista)110 m (360 ft)
(Buenavista)		"Jurassic"[26][35]
150Early-Mid Jurassic
Passive margin 2La Quinta
Montebel

Noreán		hiatusCoastal tuff (La Quinta)100 m (330 ft)
(La Quinta)		[36]
201Late Triassic
MucuchachiPayandé[26]
235Early Triassic
Pangeahiatus"Paleozoic"
250Permian
300Late Carboniferous
Famatinian orogenyCerro Neiva
()		[37]
340Early CarboniferousFossil fish
Romer's gap		Cuche
(355-385)		Farallones
()		Deltaic, estuarine (Cuche)900 m (3,000 ft)
(Cuche)
360Late Devonian
Passive margin 1Río Cachirí
(360-419)		Ambicá
()		Alluvial-fluvial-reef (Farallones)2,400 m (7,900 ft)
(Farallones)		[34][38][39][40][41]
390Early Devonian
High biodiversityFloresta
(387-400)
El Tíbet		Shallow marine (Floresta)600 m (2,000 ft)
(Floresta)
410Late SilurianSilurian mystery
425Early Silurianhiatus
440Late Ordovician
Rich fauna in BoliviaSan Pedro
(450-490)		Duda
()
470Early OrdovicianFirst fossilsBusbanzá
(>470±22)
Chuscales
Otengá		Guape
()		Río Nevado
()		Hígado
()
Agua Blanca
Venado
(470-475)
[42][43][44]
488Late Cambrian
Regional intrusionsChicamocha
(490-515)		Quetame
()		Ariarí
()		SJ del Guaviare
(490-590)		San Isidro
()		[45][46]
515Early CambrianCambrian explosion[44][47]
542Ediacaran
Break-up of Rodiniapre-Quetamepost-ParguazaEl Barro
()		Yellow: allochthonous basement
(Chibcha Terrane)
Green: autochthonous basement
(Río Negro-Juruena Province)		Basement[48][49]
600Neoproterozoic
Cariri Velhos orogenyBucaramanga
(600-1400)		pre-Guaviare[45]
800
Snowball Earth[50]
1000Mesoproterozoic
Sunsás orogenyAriarí
(1000)		La Urraca
(1030-1100)		[51][52][53][54]
1300Rondônia-Juruá orogenypre-AriaríParguaza
(1300-1400)		Garzón
(1180-1550)		[55]
1400
pre-Bucaramanga[56]
1600PaleoproterozoicMaimachi
(1500-1700)		pre-Garzón[57]
1800
Tapajós orogenyMitú
(1800)		[55][57]
1950Transamazonic orogenypre-Mitú[55]
2200Columbia
2530Archean
Carajas-Imataca orogeny[55]
3100Kenorland
Sources
Legend
  • group
  • important formation
  • fossiliferous formation
  • minor formation
  • (age in Ma)
  • proximal Llanos (Medina)[note 1]
  • distal Llanos (Saltarin 1A well)[note 2]

See also
Geology of the Eastern Hills
Geology of the Ocetá Páramo
Geology of the Altiplano Cundiboyacense

Notes
  1. based on Duarte et al. (2019)[58], García González et al. (2009),[59] and geological report of Villavicencio[60]
  2. based on Duarte et al. (2019)[58] and the hydrocarbon potential evaluation performed by the UIS and ANH in 2009[61]

References
  1. Mojica & Villarroel, 1984, p.64
  2. Morzadec et al., 2015, p.332
  3. Morzadec et al., 2015, p.355
  4. Morzadec et al., 2015, p.331
  5. Giroud López, 2014, p.168
  6. Janvier & Villarroel, 1998, p.6
  7. Giroud López, 2014, p.169
  8. Giroud López, 2014, p.170
  9. Morzadec et al., 2015, p.335
  10. Morzadec et al., 2015, p.336
  11. Morzadec et al., 2015, p.340
  12. Morzadec et al., 2015, p.342
  13. Morzadec et al., 2015, p.344
  14. Morzadec et al., 2015, p.346
  15. Morzadec et al., 2015, p.348
  16. Morzadec et al., 2015, p.352
  17. Janvier & Villarroel, 1998, p.9
  18. Giroud López, 2014, p.39
  19. Floresta at Fossilworks.org
  20. Mojica & Villarroel, 1984, p.70
  21. Plancha 172, 1998
  22. García González et al., 2009, p.27
  23. García González et al., 2009, p.50
  24. García González et al., 2009, p.85
  25. Barrero et al., 2007, p.60
  26. Barrero et al., 2007, p.58
  27. Plancha 111, 2001, p.29
  28. Plancha 177, 2015, p.39
  29. Plancha 111, 2001, p.26
  30. Plancha 111, 2001, p.24
  31. Plancha 111, 2001, p.23
  32. Pulido & Gómez, 2001, p.32
  33. Pulido & Gómez, 2001, p.30
  34. Pulido & Gómez, 2001, pp.21-26
  35. Pulido & Gómez, 2001, p.28
  36. Correa Martínez et al., 2019, p.49
  37. Plancha 303, 2002, p.27
  38. Terraza et al., 2008, p.22
  39. Plancha 229, 2015, pp.46-55
  40. Plancha 303, 2002, p.26
  41. Moreno Sánchez et al., 2009, p.53
  42. Mantilla Figueroa et al., 2015, p.43
  43. Manosalva Sánchez et al., 2017, p.84
  44. Plancha 303, 2002, p.24
  45. Mantilla Figueroa et al., 2015, p.42
  46. Arango Mejía et al., 2012, p.25
  47. Plancha 350, 2011, p.49
  48. Pulido & Gómez, 2001, pp.17-21
  49. Plancha 111, 2001, p.13
  50. Plancha 303, 2002, p.23
  51. Plancha 348, 2015, p.38
  52. Planchas 367-414, 2003, p.35
  53. Toro Toro et al., 2014, p.22
  54. Plancha 303, 2002, p.21
  55. Bonilla et al., 2016, p.19
  56. Gómez Tapias et al., 2015, p.209
  57. Bonilla et al., 2016, p.22
  58. Duarte et al., 2019
  59. García González et al., 2009
  60. Pulido & Gómez, 2001
  61. García González et al., 2009, p.60

Bibliography

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