Subachoque Formation

The Subachoque Formation (Spanish: Formación Subachoque, Q1su) is a geological formation of the Bogotá savanna, Altiplano Cundiboyacense, Eastern Ranges of the Colombian Andes. The formation consists mainly of sandy shales and lignite with sandstone beds. The Subachoque Formation dates to the Quaternary period; Early to Middle Pleistocene epoch (from approximately 2.5 to 1 Ma), and has a maximum thickness of 150 metres (490 ft). It is the lowermost formation of the lacustrine and fluvio-glacial sediments of Lake Humboldt.

For other uses, see Subachoque (disambiguation).
Subachoque Formation
Stratigraphic range: Early to Mid Pleistocene
~2.5–1 Ma
↓
TypeGeological formation
UnderliesSabana Formation
OverliesTilatá Formation
Guadalupe Gp.
Guaduas Fm., Cacho Fm., Bogotá Fm., Regadera Fm.
Thicknessup to 150 metres (490 ft)
Lithology
PrimaryShale, lignite
OtherSandstone
Location
Coordinates4°57′17.3″N 74°13′07.5″W
RegionBogotá savanna, Altiplano Cundiboyacense
Eastern Ranges, Andes
Country Colombia
Type section
Named forSubachoque
Named byHelmens & Hammen
LocationSubachoque Synclinal
Year defined1995
Coordinates4°57′17.3″N 74°13′07.5″W
RegionCundinamarca
Country Colombia

Paleogeography of the Pleistocene
by Ron Blakey

Etymology

The formation was first defined and named by Helmens and Van der Hammen in 1995 after Subachoque, Cundinamarca.[1]

Description

Lithologies

The Subachoque Formation consists mainly of sandy shales, some organic, with lignite and sandstone beds.[1]

Stratigraphy and depositional environment

The Subachoque Formation is the lowermost of the lagunal and alluvial sequence of the Bogotá savanna. In parts, it conformably overlies the Tilatá Formation and other parts unconformably the Cretaceous Guadalupe Group and the Paleogene Guaduas, Cacho, Bogotá, and Regadera Formations. The Subachoque Formation is overlain by other Quaternary deposits of Lake Humboldt. The age has been estimated to be Early to Middle Pleistocene based on fission track analysis, with reported ages between 2.5 and 1 Ma.[2] The depositional environment has been interpreted as lacustrine and fluvio-glacial with alluvial fans.[1]

Outcrops
Type locality of the Subachoque Formation on the northwestern Bogotá savanna

The Subachoque Formation is found at its type locality in the western flank of the synclinal of Subachoque and in the western flank of the synclinal of Guasca.[1] The deposition of the Subachoque Formation postdates the main reverse movement of the Bogotá Fault.[3]

Regional correlations
Stratigraphy of the Llanos Basin and surrounding provinces
MaAgePaleomapRegional eventsCatatumboCordilleraproximal Llanosdistal LlanosPutumayoVSMEnvironmentsMaximum thicknessPetroleum geologyNotes
0.01Holocene
Holocene volcanism
Seismic activity		alluviumOverburden
1Pleistocene
Pleistocene volcanism
Andean orogeny 3
Glaciations		GuayaboSoatá
Sabana		NecesidadGuayaboGigante
Neiva		Alluvial to fluvial (Guayabo)550 m (1,800 ft)
(Guayabo)		[4][5][6][7]
2.6Pliocene
Pliocene volcanism
Andean orogeny 3
GABI		Subachoque
5.3MessinianAndean orogeny 3
Foreland		MarichuelaCaimánHonda[6][8]
13.5LanghianRegional floodingLeónhiatusCajaLeónLacustrine (León)400 m (1,300 ft)
(León)		Seal[7][9]
16.2BurdigalianMiocene inundations
Andean orogeny 2		C1Carbonera C1OspinaProximal fluvio-deltaic (C1)850 m (2,790 ft)
(Carbonera)		Reservoir[8][7]
17.3C2Carbonera C2Distal lacustrine-deltaic (C2)Seal
19C3Carbonera C3Proximal fluvio-deltaic (C3)Reservoir
21Early MiocenePebas wetlandsC4Carbonera C4BarzalosaDistal fluvio-deltaic (C4)Seal
23Late Oligocene
Andean orogeny 1
Foredeep		C5Carbonera C5OritoProximal fluvio-deltaic (C5)Reservoir[5][8]
25C6Carbonera C6Distal fluvio-lacustrine (C6)Seal
28Early OligoceneC7C7PepinoGualandayProximal deltaic-marine (C7)Reservoir[5][8][10]
32Oligo-EoceneC8UsmeC8onlapMarine-deltaic (C8)Seal
Source		[10]
35Late Eocene
MiradorMiradorCoastal (Mirador)240 m (790 ft)
(Mirador)		Reservoir[7][11]
40Middle EoceneRegaderahiatus
45
50Early Eocene
SochaLos CuervosDeltaic (Los Cuervos)260 m (850 ft)
(Los Cuervos)		Seal
Source		[7][11]
55Late PaleocenePETM
2000 ppm CO2		Los CuervosBogotáGualanday
60Early PaleoceneSALMABarcoGuaduasBarcoRumiyacoFluvial (Barco)225 m (738 ft)
(Barco)		Reservoir[4][5][8][7][12]
65Maastrichtian
KT extinctionCatatumboGuadalupeMonserrateDeltaic-fluvial (Guadalupe)750 m (2,460 ft)
(Guadalupe)		Reservoir[4][7]
72CampanianEnd of riftingColón-Mito Juan[7][13]
83SantonianVilleta/Güagüaquí
86Coniacian
89TuronianCenomanian-Turonian anoxic eventLa LunaChipaqueGachetáhiatusRestricted marine (all)500 m (1,600 ft)
(Gachetá)		Source[4][7][14]
93Cenomanian
Rift 2
100AlbianUneUneCaballosDeltaic (Une)500 m (1,600 ft)
(Une)		Reservoir[8][14]
113Aptian
CapachoFómequeMotemaYavíOpen marine (Fómeque)800 m (2,600 ft)
(Fómeque)		Source (Fóm)[5][7][15]
125BarremianHigh biodiversityAguardientePajaShallow to open marine (Paja)940 m (3,080 ft)
(Paja)		Reservoir[4]
129Hauterivian
Rift 1Tibú-
Mercedes		Las JuntashiatusDeltaic (Las Juntas)910 m (2,990 ft)
(Las Juntas)		Reservoir (LJun)[4]
133ValanginianRío NegroCáqueza
Macanal
Rosablanca		Restricted marine (Macanal)2,935 m (9,629 ft)
(Macanal)		Source (Mac)[5][16]
140BerriasianGirón
145TithonianBreak-up of PangeaJordánArcabucoBuenavista
Batá
SaldañaAlluvial, fluvial (Buenavista)110 m (360 ft)
(Buenavista)		"Jurassic"[8][17]
150Early-Mid Jurassic
Passive margin 2La Quinta
Montebel

Noreán		hiatusCoastal tuff (La Quinta)100 m (330 ft)
(La Quinta)		[18]
201Late Triassic
MucuchachiPayandé[8]
235Early Triassic
Pangeahiatus"Paleozoic"
250Permian
300Late Carboniferous
Famatinian orogenyCerro Neiva
()		[19]
340Early CarboniferousFossil fish
Romer's gap		Cuche
(355-385)		Farallones
()		Deltaic, estuarine (Cuche)900 m (3,000 ft)
(Cuche)
360Late Devonian
Passive margin 1Río Cachirí
(360-419)		Ambicá
()		Alluvial-fluvial-reef (Farallones)2,400 m (7,900 ft)
(Farallones)		[16][20][21][22][23]
390Early Devonian
High biodiversityFloresta
(387-400)
El Tíbet		Shallow marine (Floresta)600 m (2,000 ft)
(Floresta)
410Late SilurianSilurian mystery
425Early Silurianhiatus
440Late Ordovician
Rich fauna in BoliviaSan Pedro
(450-490)		Duda
()
470Early OrdovicianFirst fossilsBusbanzá
(>470±22)
Chuscales
Otengá		Guape
()		Río Nevado
()		Hígado
()
Agua Blanca
Venado
(470-475)
[24][25][26]
488Late Cambrian
Regional intrusionsChicamocha
(490-515)		Quetame
()		Ariarí
()		SJ del Guaviare
(490-590)		San Isidro
()		[27][28]
515Early CambrianCambrian explosion[26][29]
542Ediacaran
Break-up of Rodiniapre-Quetamepost-ParguazaEl Barro
()		Yellow: allochthonous basement
(Chibcha Terrane)
Green: autochthonous basement
(Río Negro-Juruena Province)		Basement[30][31]
600Neoproterozoic
Cariri Velhos orogenyBucaramanga
(600-1400)		pre-Guaviare[27]
800
Snowball Earth[32]
1000Mesoproterozoic
Sunsás orogenyAriarí
(1000)		La Urraca
(1030-1100)		[33][34][35][36]
1300Rondônia-Juruá orogenypre-AriaríParguaza
(1300-1400)		Garzón
(1180-1550)		[37]
1400
pre-Bucaramanga[38]
1600PaleoproterozoicMaimachi
(1500-1700)		pre-Garzón[39]
1800
Tapajós orogenyMitú
(1800)		[37][39]
1950Transamazonic orogenypre-Mitú[37]
2200Columbia
2530Archean
Carajas-Imataca orogeny[37]
3100Kenorland
Sources
Legend
  • group
  • important formation
  • fossiliferous formation
  • minor formation
  • (age in Ma)
  • proximal Llanos (Medina)[note 1]
  • distal Llanos (Saltarin 1A well)[note 2]

See also
Geology of the Eastern Hills
Geology of the Ocetá Páramo
Geology of the Altiplano Cundiboyacense

Notes
  1. based on Duarte et al. (2019)[40], García González et al. (2009),[41] and geological report of Villavicencio[42]
  2. based on Duarte et al. (2019)[40] and the hydrocarbon potential evaluation performed by the UIS and ANH in 2009[43]

References
  1. Montoya & Reyes, 2005, p.69
  2. Montoya & Reyes, 2005, p.71
  3. Geological Map Bogotá, 1997
  4. García González et al., 2009, p.27
  5. García González et al., 2009, p.50
  6. García González et al., 2009, p.85
  7. Barrero et al., 2007, p.60
  8. Barrero et al., 2007, p.58
  9. Plancha 111, 2001, p.29
  10. Plancha 177, 2015, p.39
  11. Plancha 111, 2001, p.26
  12. Plancha 111, 2001, p.24
  13. Plancha 111, 2001, p.23
  14. Pulido & Gómez, 2001, p.32
  15. Pulido & Gómez, 2001, p.30
  16. Pulido & Gómez, 2001, pp.21-26
  17. Pulido & Gómez, 2001, p.28
  18. Correa Martínez et al., 2019, p.49
  19. Plancha 303, 2002, p.27
  20. Terraza et al., 2008, p.22
  21. Plancha 229, 2015, pp.46-55
  22. Plancha 303, 2002, p.26
  23. Moreno Sánchez et al., 2009, p.53
  24. Mantilla Figueroa et al., 2015, p.43
  25. Manosalva Sánchez et al., 2017, p.84
  26. Plancha 303, 2002, p.24
  27. Mantilla Figueroa et al., 2015, p.42
  28. Arango Mejía et al., 2012, p.25
  29. Plancha 350, 2011, p.49
  30. Pulido & Gómez, 2001, pp.17-21
  31. Plancha 111, 2001, p.13
  32. Plancha 303, 2002, p.23
  33. Plancha 348, 2015, p.38
  34. Planchas 367-414, 2003, p.35
  35. Toro Toro et al., 2014, p.22
  36. Plancha 303, 2002, p.21
  37. Bonilla et al., 2016, p.19
  38. Gómez Tapias et al., 2015, p.209
  39. Bonilla et al., 2016, p.22
  40. Duarte et al., 2019
  41. García González et al., 2009
  42. Pulido & Gómez, 2001
  43. García González et al., 2009, p.60

Bibliography
  • Montoya Arenas, Diana María, and Germán Alfonso Reyes Torres. 2005. Geología de la Sabana de Bogotá, 1–104. INGEOMINAS.

Maps

Further reading
  • Guerrero Uscátegui, Alberto Lobo. 1992. Geología e Hidrogeología de Santafé de Bogotá y su Sabana, 1–20. Sociedad Colombiana de Ingenieros.
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