Loma Gorda Formation

The Loma Gorda Formation (Spanish: Formación Loma Gorda, Kl, Kslg) is a fossiliferous geological formation of the Upper Magdalena Valley (VSM) and surrounding Central and Eastern Ranges of the Colombian Andes, extending from Cundinamarca in the north to Huila and easternmost Tolima in the south. The uppermost unit of the Güagüaquí Group, a sequence of laminated siltstones and shales, dates to the Late Cretaceous period; Turonian to Coniacian epochs, and has a maximum thickness of 167 metres (548 ft).

Loma Gorda Formation
Stratigraphic range: Turonian-Coniacian
~90–86.3 Ma
↓
TypeGeological formation
Unit ofGüagüaquí Group
UnderliesOliní Group
OverliesHondita Formation
Thicknessup to 167 m (548 ft)
Lithology
PrimarySiltstone, shale
OtherCalcareous concretions
Location
Coordinates4°15′37.5″N 74°43′28.7″W
RegionCundinamarca, Huila & Tolima
Country Colombia
ExtentUpper Magdalena Valley, Central & Eastern Ranges, Andes
Type section
Named forLoma Gorda ("Fat Hill")
Named byDe Porta
LocationRicaurte, Cundinamarca
Year defined1966
Coordinates4°15′37.5″N 74°43′28.7″W
RegionCundinamarca, Huila, Tolima
Country Colombia

Paleogeography of Northern South America
90 Ma, by Ron Blakey

Etymology

The formation was named in 1966 by De Porta, named Loma Gorda ("Fat Hill") in Ricaurte, Cundinamarca.[1]

Description

Lithologies

The Loma Gorda Formation is characterised by laminated siltstones and shales with calcareous concretions.[2] The formation has provided fossils of Ankinatsytes venezolanus, Barroisiceras onilahyense, Codazziceras ospinae, Eulophoceras jacobi, Fagesia catinus, Hauericeras madagascarensis, Hoplitoides ingens, H. lagiraldae, Mitonia gracilis, Mytiloides kossmati, M. goppelnensis, M. scupini, Neoptychites cf. andinus, Paralenticeras sieversi, Paramammites sp., Peroniceras subtricarinatum, Prionocycloceras guayabanum, Reesidites subtuberculatum, Subprionotropis colombianus, Allocrioceras sp., Anagaudryceras sp., Anomia sp., Benueites sp., Choffaticeras sp., Dydimotis sp., Forresteria sp., Gauthiericeras sp., Morrowites sp., Nannovascoceras sp., and Quitmaniceras sp..[3]

Stratigraphy and depositional environment

The Loma Gorda Formation is the uppermost unit of the Güagüaquí Group.[1] It overlies the Hondita Formation and is overlain by the Oliní Group. The age has been estimated on the basis of ammonites to be ranging from Turonian to Coniacian.[2] Stratigraphically, the formation is time equivalent with the upper parts of the Chipaque, La Luna and La Frontera Formations.[4] The formation was deposited in a relative highstand sequence with an oceanic oxygen depletion event, sharply marked in Colombia and characterised by the appearance of calcareous concretions with a thick pyrite rim.[5]

Outcrops
Type locality of the Loma Gorda Formation to the southwest of the Altiplano Cundiboyacense

The type locality of the Loma Gorda Formation is located close to Loma Gorda in Ricaurte, Cundinamarca.[6] Other outcrops of the Loma Gorda Formation have been noted east of the Magdalena River northeast of Honda,[7] west of Nariño,[8] west across the Magdalena River in San Luis, Tolima,[9] between the Tetuán and Saldaña Rivers west of Coyaima and east and west of Ataco,[10] to the east of the Prado River reservoir,[11] north and west of Aipe,[12] surrounding Alpujarra, Tolima,[13] south of Palermo, Huila, displaced by the Baché Fault,[14] east of Iquira,[15] north of Yaguará,[16] south of La Plata where the formation is cut by the Itaibe Fault,[17] a small patch east of Gigante, Huila,[18] northwest and northeast of San Agustín,[19] and north of Timaná surrounding the Magdalena River.[20]

Regional correlations
Cretaceous stratigraphy of the central Colombian Eastern Ranges
AgePaleomapVMMGuaduas-VélezW Emerald BeltVilleta anticlinalChiquinquirá-
Arcabuco		Tunja-
Duitama		Altiplano CundiboyacenseEl Cocuy
MaastrichtianUmirCórdobaSecaerodedGuaduasColón-Mito Juan
UmirGuadalupe
CampanianCórdoba
Oliní
SantonianLa LunaCimarrona - La TablaLa Luna
ConiacianOliníConejoChipaque
Güagüaquí
Loma GordaundefinedLa Frontera
TuronianHonditaLa FronteraOtanche
CenomanianSimitíhiatusLa CoronaSimijacaCapacho
Pacho Fm.Hiló - PachoChuruvitaUneAguardiente
AlbianHilóChiquinquiráTibasosaUne
TablazoTablazoCapotes - La Palma - SimitíSimitíTibú-Mercedes
AptianCapotesSocotá - El PeñónPajaFómeque
PajaPajaEl PeñónTrincherasRío Negro
La Naveta
Barremian
HauterivianMuzo
Cáqueza
Las Juntas
RosablancaRitoque
ValanginianRitoqueFuratenaÚtica - MurcaRosablancahiatusMacanal
Rosablanca
BerriasianCumbreCumbreLos MediosGuavio
TamborArcabucoCumbre
Sources
Stratigraphy of the Llanos Basin and surrounding provinces
MaAgePaleomapRegional eventsCatatumboCordilleraproximal Llanosdistal LlanosPutumayoVSMEnvironmentsMaximum thicknessPetroleum geologyNotes
0.01Holocene
Holocene volcanism
Seismic activity		alluviumOverburden
1Pleistocene
Pleistocene volcanism
Andean orogeny 3
Glaciations		GuayaboSoatá
Sabana		NecesidadGuayaboGigante
Neiva		Alluvial to fluvial (Guayabo)550 m (1,800 ft)
(Guayabo)		[21][22][23][24]
2.6Pliocene
Pliocene volcanism
Andean orogeny 3
GABI		Subachoque
5.3MessinianAndean orogeny 3
Foreland		MarichuelaCaimánHonda[23][25]
13.5LanghianRegional floodingLeónhiatusCajaLeónLacustrine (León)400 m (1,300 ft)
(León)		Seal[24][26]
16.2BurdigalianMiocene inundations
Andean orogeny 2		C1Carbonera C1OspinaProximal fluvio-deltaic (C1)850 m (2,790 ft)
(Carbonera)		Reservoir[25][24]
17.3C2Carbonera C2Distal lacustrine-deltaic (C2)Seal
19C3Carbonera C3Proximal fluvio-deltaic (C3)Reservoir
21Early MiocenePebas wetlandsC4Carbonera C4BarzalosaDistal fluvio-deltaic (C4)Seal
23Late Oligocene
Andean orogeny 1
Foredeep		C5Carbonera C5OritoProximal fluvio-deltaic (C5)Reservoir[22][25]
25C6Carbonera C6Distal fluvio-lacustrine (C6)Seal
28Early OligoceneC7C7PepinoGualandayProximal deltaic-marine (C7)Reservoir[22][25][27]
32Oligo-EoceneC8UsmeC8onlapMarine-deltaic (C8)Seal
Source		[27]
35Late Eocene
MiradorMiradorCoastal (Mirador)240 m (790 ft)
(Mirador)		Reservoir[24][28]
40Middle EoceneRegaderahiatus
45
50Early Eocene
SochaLos CuervosDeltaic (Los Cuervos)260 m (850 ft)
(Los Cuervos)		Seal
Source		[24][28]
55Late PaleocenePETM
2000 ppm CO2		Los CuervosBogotáGualanday
60Early PaleoceneSALMABarcoGuaduasBarcoRumiyacoFluvial (Barco)225 m (738 ft)
(Barco)		Reservoir[21][22][25][24][29]
65Maastrichtian
KT extinctionCatatumboGuadalupeMonserrateDeltaic-fluvial (Guadalupe)750 m (2,460 ft)
(Guadalupe)		Reservoir[21][24]
72CampanianEnd of riftingColón-Mito Juan[24][30]
83SantonianVilleta/Güagüaquí
86Coniacian
89TuronianCenomanian-Turonian anoxic eventLa LunaChipaqueGachetáhiatusRestricted marine (all)500 m (1,600 ft)
(Gachetá)		Source[21][24][31]
93Cenomanian
Rift 2
100AlbianUneUneCaballosDeltaic (Une)500 m (1,600 ft)
(Une)		Reservoir[25][31]
113Aptian
CapachoFómequeMotemaYavíOpen marine (Fómeque)800 m (2,600 ft)
(Fómeque)		Source (Fóm)[22][24][32]
125BarremianHigh biodiversityAguardientePajaShallow to open marine (Paja)940 m (3,080 ft)
(Paja)		Reservoir[21]
129Hauterivian
Rift 1Tibú-
Mercedes		Las JuntashiatusDeltaic (Las Juntas)910 m (2,990 ft)
(Las Juntas)		Reservoir (LJun)[21]
133ValanginianRío NegroCáqueza
Macanal
Rosablanca		Restricted marine (Macanal)2,935 m (9,629 ft)
(Macanal)		Source (Mac)[22][33]
140BerriasianGirón
145TithonianBreak-up of PangeaJordánArcabucoBuenavista
Batá
SaldañaAlluvial, fluvial (Buenavista)110 m (360 ft)
(Buenavista)		"Jurassic"[25][34]
150Early-Mid Jurassic
Passive margin 2La Quinta
Montebel

Noreán		hiatusCoastal tuff (La Quinta)100 m (330 ft)
(La Quinta)		[35]
201Late Triassic
MucuchachiPayandé[25]
235Early Triassic
Pangeahiatus"Paleozoic"
250Permian
300Late Carboniferous
Famatinian orogenyCerro Neiva
()		[36]
340Early CarboniferousFossil fish
Romer's gap		Cuche
(355-385)		Farallones
()		Deltaic, estuarine (Cuche)900 m (3,000 ft)
(Cuche)
360Late Devonian
Passive margin 1Río Cachirí
(360-419)		Ambicá
()		Alluvial-fluvial-reef (Farallones)2,400 m (7,900 ft)
(Farallones)		[33][37][38][39][40]
390Early Devonian
High biodiversityFloresta
(387-400)
El Tíbet		Shallow marine (Floresta)600 m (2,000 ft)
(Floresta)
410Late SilurianSilurian mystery
425Early Silurianhiatus
440Late Ordovician
Rich fauna in BoliviaSan Pedro
(450-490)		Duda
()
470Early OrdovicianFirst fossilsBusbanzá
(>470±22)
Chuscales
Otengá		Guape
()		Río Nevado
()		Hígado
()
Agua Blanca
Venado
(470-475)
[41][42][43]
488Late Cambrian
Regional intrusionsChicamocha
(490-515)		Quetame
()		Ariarí
()		SJ del Guaviare
(490-590)		San Isidro
()		[44][45]
515Early CambrianCambrian explosion[43][46]
542Ediacaran
Break-up of Rodiniapre-Quetamepost-ParguazaEl Barro
()		Yellow: allochthonous basement
(Chibcha Terrane)
Green: autochthonous basement
(Río Negro-Juruena Province)		Basement[47][48]
600Neoproterozoic
Cariri Velhos orogenyBucaramanga
(600-1400)		pre-Guaviare[44]
800
Snowball Earth[49]
1000Mesoproterozoic
Sunsás orogenyAriarí
(1000)		La Urraca
(1030-1100)		[50][51][52][53]
1300Rondônia-Juruá orogenypre-AriaríParguaza
(1300-1400)		Garzón
(1180-1550)		[54]
1400
pre-Bucaramanga[55]
1600PaleoproterozoicMaimachi
(1500-1700)		pre-Garzón[56]
1800
Tapajós orogenyMitú
(1800)		[54][56]
1950Transamazonic orogenypre-Mitú[54]
2200Columbia
2530Archean
Carajas-Imataca orogeny[54]
3100Kenorland
Sources
Legend
  • group
  • important formation
  • fossiliferous formation
  • minor formation
  • (age in Ma)
  • proximal Llanos (Medina)[note 1]
  • distal Llanos (Saltarin 1A well)[note 2]

See also
Geology of the Eastern Hills
Geology of the Ocetá Páramo
Geology of the Altiplano Cundiboyacense
Geology of the Middle Magdalena Valley

Notes
  1. based on Duarte et al. (2019)[57], García González et al. (2009),[58] and geological report of Villavicencio[59]
  2. based on Duarte et al. (2019)[57] and the hydrocarbon potential evaluation performed by the UIS and ANH in 2009[60]

References
  1. Acosta & Ulloa, 2002, p.23
  2. Acosta & Ulloa, 2002, p.24
  3. Patarroyo, 2011
  4. Acosta & Ulloa, 2002, p.22
  5. Villamil, 2012, p.173
  6. Acosta & Ulloa, 2001, p.43
  7. Plancha 207, 2010
  8. Plancha 245, 1999
  9. Plancha 264, 2002
  10. Plancha 282, 1993
  11. Plancha 283, 2009
  12. Plancha 302, 1993
  13. Plancha 303, 2002
  14. Plancha 323, 1998
  15. Plancha 344, 1999
  16. Plancha 345, 1999
  17. Plancha 366, 1998
  18. Plancha 367, 2003
  19. Plancha 388, 2002
  20. Plancha 389, 2003
  21. García González et al., 2009, p.27
  22. García González et al., 2009, p.50
  23. García González et al., 2009, p.85
  24. Barrero et al., 2007, p.60
  25. Barrero et al., 2007, p.58
  26. Plancha 111, 2001, p.29
  27. Plancha 177, 2015, p.39
  28. Plancha 111, 2001, p.26
  29. Plancha 111, 2001, p.24
  30. Plancha 111, 2001, p.23
  31. Pulido & Gómez, 2001, p.32
  32. Pulido & Gómez, 2001, p.30
  33. Pulido & Gómez, 2001, pp.21-26
  34. Pulido & Gómez, 2001, p.28
  35. Correa Martínez et al., 2019, p.49
  36. Plancha 303, 2002, p.27
  37. Terraza et al., 2008, p.22
  38. Plancha 229, 2015, pp.46-55
  39. Plancha 303, 2002, p.26
  40. Moreno Sánchez et al., 2009, p.53
  41. Mantilla Figueroa et al., 2015, p.43
  42. Manosalva Sánchez et al., 2017, p.84
  43. Plancha 303, 2002, p.24
  44. Mantilla Figueroa et al., 2015, p.42
  45. Arango Mejía et al., 2012, p.25
  46. Plancha 350, 2011, p.49
  47. Pulido & Gómez, 2001, pp.17-21
  48. Plancha 111, 2001, p.13
  49. Plancha 303, 2002, p.23
  50. Plancha 348, 2015, p.38
  51. Planchas 367-414, 2003, p.35
  52. Toro Toro et al., 2014, p.22
  53. Plancha 303, 2002, p.21
  54. Bonilla et al., 2016, p.19
  55. Gómez Tapias et al., 2015, p.209
  56. Bonilla et al., 2016, p.22
  57. Duarte et al., 2019
  58. García González et al., 2009
  59. Pulido & Gómez, 2001
  60. García González et al., 2009, p.60

Bibliography

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