Barzalosa Formation

The Barzalosa Formation (Spanish: Formación Barzalosa, Pgb, Pgba) is a fossiliferous geological formation of the Upper Magdalena Valley and the bounding foothills of the Central Ranges and Eastern Ranges of the Colombian Andes. The formation consists of conglomerates, sandstones and siltstones. The Barzalosa Formation probably dates to the Late Paleogene to Early Neogene period; Oligocene to Early Miocene epochs, and has an approximate thickness of 360 metres (1,180 ft). Fossils of Balanerodus logimus, Lophiodolodus chaparralensis, Xenastrapotherium chaparralensis, Protheosodon sp. and Proadinotherium sp. have been uncovered from the formation in Chaparral, Tolima.

Barzalosa Formation
Stratigraphic range: ~Mid Eocene-Oligocene
or Oligocene-Early Miocene
~40–20 Ma
TypeGeological formation
UnderliesHonda Gp., Carmen de Apicalá Conglomerate
OverliesLa Tabla Fm., Olini Gp., Seca Fm.
Thickness~360 m (1,180 ft)
Lithology
PrimaryConglomerates
OtherSandstones, siltstones, shale, gypsum
Location
Coordinates4°21′50.2″N 74°47′29.8″W
Approximate paleocoordinates2.7°N 71.2°W / 2.7; -71.2
RegionUpper Magdalena Valley
Central & Eastern Ranges
 Andes
Country Colombia
Type section
Named forBarzalosa
Named byScheibe
LocationGirardot
Year defined1934
Coordinates4°21′50.2″N 74°47′29.8″W
RegionCundinamarca
Country Colombia

Paleogeography of Northern South America
35 Ma, by Ron Blakey

Etymology

The formation was defined by Scheibe in 1934 and named after Barzalosa, a vereda of Girardot, Cundinamarca. Cáceres and Etayo elevated the "Pisos de Barzalosa" to a formation in 1969.[1]

Description

Lithologies

The Barzalosa Formation consists of conglomerates, sandstones and siltstones.[2] In parts, the formation contains shale beds and gypsum.[3]

Stratigraphy and depositional environment

The approximately 360 metres (1,180 ft) thick Barzalosa Formation overlies the Olini Group and the Seca Formation in the west and is overlain by the Honda Group.[2] In the east towards Fusagasugá, the formation overlies the La Tabla Formation and is overlain by the Carmen de Apicalá Conglomerate.[4] As the formation does not contain foraminifera, the age is difficult to establish, but has been estimated to be Oligocene to Early Miocene,[2] or Middle Eocene to Oligocene.[5] The depositional environment has been interpreted as alluvial fans and braided rivers.[6]

Fossil content
Location Department Fossils Notes
Alto San José, Chaparral Tolima Balanerodus logimus
[7]
Lophiodolodus chaparralensis
[8]
Xenastrapotherium chaparralensis
[9]
Protheosodon sp.
[10]
Proadinotherium sp.
[11]
Megalonychoidae indet., Gavialidae indet.
[12]

Outcrops
Type locality of the Barzalosa Formation to the southwest of the Bogotá savanna

The Barzalosa Formation is apart from its type locality found in Tocaima and to the east of Agua de Dios,[1] and on the western side of the Magdalena River around Chaparral, Tolima.[12]

Regional correlations
Stratigraphy of the Llanos Basin and surrounding provinces
MaAgePaleomapRegional eventsCatatumboCordilleraproximal Llanosdistal LlanosPutumayoVSMEnvironmentsMaximum thicknessPetroleum geologyNotes
0.01Holocene
Holocene volcanism
Seismic activity		alluviumOverburden
1Pleistocene
Pleistocene volcanism
Andean orogeny 3
Glaciations		GuayaboSoatá
Sabana		NecesidadGuayaboGigante
Neiva		Alluvial to fluvial (Guayabo)550 m (1,800 ft)
(Guayabo)		[13][14][15][16]
2.6Pliocene
Pliocene volcanism
Andean orogeny 3
GABI		Subachoque
5.3MessinianAndean orogeny 3
Foreland		MarichuelaCaimánHonda[15][17]
13.5LanghianRegional floodingLeónhiatusCajaLeónLacustrine (León)400 m (1,300 ft)
(León)		Seal[16][18]
16.2BurdigalianMiocene inundations
Andean orogeny 2		C1Carbonera C1OspinaProximal fluvio-deltaic (C1)850 m (2,790 ft)
(Carbonera)		Reservoir[17][16]
17.3C2Carbonera C2Distal lacustrine-deltaic (C2)Seal
19C3Carbonera C3Proximal fluvio-deltaic (C3)Reservoir
21Early MiocenePebas wetlandsC4Carbonera C4BarzalosaDistal fluvio-deltaic (C4)Seal
23Late Oligocene
Andean orogeny 1
Foredeep		C5Carbonera C5OritoProximal fluvio-deltaic (C5)Reservoir[14][17]
25C6Carbonera C6Distal fluvio-lacustrine (C6)Seal
28Early OligoceneC7C7PepinoGualandayProximal deltaic-marine (C7)Reservoir[14][17][19]
32Oligo-EoceneC8UsmeC8onlapMarine-deltaic (C8)Seal
Source		[19]
35Late Eocene
MiradorMiradorCoastal (Mirador)240 m (790 ft)
(Mirador)		Reservoir[16][20]
40Middle EoceneRegaderahiatus
45
50Early Eocene
SochaLos CuervosDeltaic (Los Cuervos)260 m (850 ft)
(Los Cuervos)		Seal
Source		[16][20]
55Late PaleocenePETM
2000 ppm CO2		Los CuervosBogotáGualanday
60Early PaleoceneSALMABarcoGuaduasBarcoRumiyacoFluvial (Barco)225 m (738 ft)
(Barco)		Reservoir[13][14][17][16][21]
65Maastrichtian
KT extinctionCatatumboGuadalupeMonserrateDeltaic-fluvial (Guadalupe)750 m (2,460 ft)
(Guadalupe)		Reservoir[13][16]
72CampanianEnd of riftingColón-Mito Juan[16][22]
83SantonianVilleta/Güagüaquí
86Coniacian
89TuronianCenomanian-Turonian anoxic eventLa LunaChipaqueGachetáhiatusRestricted marine (all)500 m (1,600 ft)
(Gachetá)		Source[13][16][23]
93Cenomanian
Rift 2
100AlbianUneUneCaballosDeltaic (Une)500 m (1,600 ft)
(Une)		Reservoir[17][23]
113Aptian
CapachoFómequeMotemaYavíOpen marine (Fómeque)800 m (2,600 ft)
(Fómeque)		Source (Fóm)[14][16][24]
125BarremianHigh biodiversityAguardientePajaShallow to open marine (Paja)940 m (3,080 ft)
(Paja)		Reservoir[13]
129Hauterivian
Rift 1Tibú-
Mercedes		Las JuntashiatusDeltaic (Las Juntas)910 m (2,990 ft)
(Las Juntas)		Reservoir (LJun)[13]
133ValanginianRío NegroCáqueza
Macanal
Rosablanca		Restricted marine (Macanal)2,935 m (9,629 ft)
(Macanal)		Source (Mac)[14][25]
140BerriasianGirón
145TithonianBreak-up of PangeaJordánArcabucoBuenavista
Batá
SaldañaAlluvial, fluvial (Buenavista)110 m (360 ft)
(Buenavista)		"Jurassic"[17][26]
150Early-Mid Jurassic
Passive margin 2La Quinta
Montebel

Noreán		hiatusCoastal tuff (La Quinta)100 m (330 ft)
(La Quinta)		[27]
201Late Triassic
MucuchachiPayandé[17]
235Early Triassic
Pangeahiatus"Paleozoic"
250Permian
300Late Carboniferous
Famatinian orogenyCerro Neiva
()		[28]
340Early CarboniferousFossil fish
Romer's gap		Cuche
(355-385)		Farallones
()		Deltaic, estuarine (Cuche)900 m (3,000 ft)
(Cuche)
360Late Devonian
Passive margin 1Río Cachirí
(360-419)		Ambicá
()		Alluvial-fluvial-reef (Farallones)2,400 m (7,900 ft)
(Farallones)		[25][29][30][31][32]
390Early Devonian
High biodiversityFloresta
(387-400)
El Tíbet		Shallow marine (Floresta)600 m (2,000 ft)
(Floresta)
410Late SilurianSilurian mystery
425Early Silurianhiatus
440Late Ordovician
Rich fauna in BoliviaSan Pedro
(450-490)		Duda
()
470Early OrdovicianFirst fossilsBusbanzá
(>470±22)
Chuscales
Otengá		Guape
()		Río Nevado
()		Hígado
()
Agua Blanca
Venado
(470-475)
[33][34][35]
488Late Cambrian
Regional intrusionsChicamocha
(490-515)		Quetame
()		Ariarí
()		SJ del Guaviare
(490-590)		San Isidro
()		[36][37]
515Early CambrianCambrian explosion[35][38]
542Ediacaran
Break-up of Rodiniapre-Quetamepost-ParguazaEl Barro
()		Yellow: allochthonous basement
(Chibcha Terrane)
Green: autochthonous basement
(Río Negro-Juruena Province)		Basement[39][40]
600Neoproterozoic
Cariri Velhos orogenyBucaramanga
(600-1400)		pre-Guaviare[36]
800
Snowball Earth[41]
1000Mesoproterozoic
Sunsás orogenyAriarí
(1000)		La Urraca
(1030-1100)		[42][43][44][45]
1300Rondônia-Juruá orogenypre-AriaríParguaza
(1300-1400)		Garzón
(1180-1550)		[46]
1400
pre-Bucaramanga[47]
1600PaleoproterozoicMaimachi
(1500-1700)		pre-Garzón[48]
1800
Tapajós orogenyMitú
(1800)		[46][48]
1950Transamazonic orogenypre-Mitú[46]
2200Columbia
2530Archean
Carajas-Imataca orogeny[46]
3100Kenorland
Sources
Legend
  • group
  • important formation
  • fossiliferous formation
  • minor formation
  • (age in Ma)
  • proximal Llanos (Medina)[note 1]
  • distal Llanos (Saltarin 1A well)[note 2]

See also
Geology of the Eastern Hills
Middle Magdalena Valley
Geology of the Altiplano Cundiboyacense

Notes
  1. based on Duarte et al. (2019)[49], García González et al. (2009),[50] and geological report of Villavicencio[51]
  2. based on Duarte et al. (2019)[49] and the hydrocarbon potential evaluation performed by the UIS and ANH in 2009[52]

References
  1. Acosta et al., 2002, p.49
  2. Acosta et al., 2002, p.50
  3. Acosta & Ulloa, 2001, p.56
  4. Acosta & Ulloa, 2001, p.52
  5. Acosta & Ulloa, 2001, p.57
  6. Acosta et al., 2002, p.51
  7. Balanerodus logimus in the Paleobiology Database
  8. Lophiodolodus chaparralensis in the Paleobiology Database
  9. Xenastrapotherium chaparralensis in the Paleobiology Database
  10. Protheosodon in the Paleobiology Database
  11. Proadinotherium in the Paleobiology Database
  12. Chaparral Alto José in the Paleobiology Database
  13. García González et al., 2009, p.27
  14. García González et al., 2009, p.50
  15. García González et al., 2009, p.85
  16. Barrero et al., 2007, p.60
  17. Barrero et al., 2007, p.58
  18. Plancha 111, 2001, p.29
  19. Plancha 177, 2015, p.39
  20. Plancha 111, 2001, p.26
  21. Plancha 111, 2001, p.24
  22. Plancha 111, 2001, p.23
  23. Pulido & Gómez, 2001, p.32
  24. Pulido & Gómez, 2001, p.30
  25. Pulido & Gómez, 2001, pp.21-26
  26. Pulido & Gómez, 2001, p.28
  27. Correa Martínez et al., 2019, p.49
  28. Plancha 303, 2002, p.27
  29. Terraza et al., 2008, p.22
  30. Plancha 229, 2015, pp.46-55
  31. Plancha 303, 2002, p.26
  32. Moreno Sánchez et al., 2009, p.53
  33. Mantilla Figueroa et al., 2015, p.43
  34. Manosalva Sánchez et al., 2017, p.84
  35. Plancha 303, 2002, p.24
  36. Mantilla Figueroa et al., 2015, p.42
  37. Arango Mejía et al., 2012, p.25
  38. Plancha 350, 2011, p.49
  39. Pulido & Gómez, 2001, pp.17-21
  40. Plancha 111, 2001, p.13
  41. Plancha 303, 2002, p.23
  42. Plancha 348, 2015, p.38
  43. Planchas 367-414, 2003, p.35
  44. Toro Toro et al., 2014, p.22
  45. Plancha 303, 2002, p.21
  46. Bonilla et al., 2016, p.19
  47. Gómez Tapias et al., 2015, p.209
  48. Bonilla et al., 2016, p.22
  49. Duarte et al., 2019
  50. García González et al., 2009
  51. Pulido & Gómez, 2001
  52. García González et al., 2009, p.60

Bibliography
  • Acosta, Jorge E.; Rafael Guatame; Juan Carlos Caicedo A., and Jorge Ignacio Cárdenas. 2002. Mapa Geológico de Colombia - Plancha 245 - Girardot - 1:100,000 - Memoria Explicativa, 1–92. INGEOMINAS.
  • Acosta, Jorge E., and Carlos E. Ulloa. 2001. Mapa Geológico de Colombia - Plancha 246 - Fusagasugá - 1:100,000 - Memoria Explicativa, 1–77. INGEOMINAS.

Maps
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