Saudi Vision 2030

Saudi Vision 2030 (Arabic: رؤية السعودية ٢٠٣٠‎) is a strategic framework to reduce Saudi Arabia's dependence on oil, diversify its economy, and develop public service sectors such as health, education, infrastructure, recreation, and tourism. Key goals include reinforcing economic and investment activities, increasing non-oil international trade, and promoting a softer and more secular image of the Kingdom. It also consists of increasing government spending on the military, as well as manufacturing equipment and ammunition.

Saudi Vision 2030
رؤية السعودية 2030
The official logo of the project.
Development program overview
Formed25 April 2016 (2016-04-25)
TypeDevelopment program
JurisdictionGovernment of Saudi Arabia
MottoSaudi Arabia the heart of the Arab and Islamic worlds, the investment powerhouse, and the hub connecting three continents
Minister responsible
Key document
Websitevision2030.gov.sa
Saudi Arabia
This article is part of a series on the
politics and government of
Saudi Arabia

Member State of the Arab League

Basic Law
Monarchy
Government
Legal system
Recent elections
Administrative divisions
Foreign relations
 Saudi Arabia portal

The first details were announced on 25 April 2016 by Crown Prince Mohammad bin Salman.[1] The Council of Ministers has tasked the Council of Economic and Development Affairs (CEDA) with identifying and monitoring the mechanisms and measures crucial for the implementation of "Saudi Arabia’s Vision 2030".[2]

Description

Oil comprises 30–40% of the real GDP of Saudi Arabia, not including the proportion of the economy that is also dependent on the oil distribution. Decreasing this dependence on oil resources has been one of the goals of the government since the 1970s. However, the implementation of this goal has been unstable and remains largely dependent on the price of oil. The core priority is to be able to develop alternative sources of revenue for the government, such as taxes, fees, and income from the sovereign wealth fund.[3] Another major aspect is to lower the dependency of the country's citizens on public spending by spending on subsidies, higher salaries and increasing the portion of the economy contributed by the private sector to provide more employment opportunities.[4] The goals in Saudi Vision 2030 could be compared with other development plans in the Middle East, for example, the Kuwait Vision 2035, UAE Vision 2021 and Qatar National Vision 2030.

The vision has three main pillars: to make the country the "heart of the Arab and Islamic worlds", to become a global investment powerhouse, and to transform the country's location into a hub connecting Afro-Eurasia.[5]

The plan is supervised by a group of people employed under the National Center for Performance Measurement, the Delivery Unit, and the Project Management Office of the Council of Economic and Development Affairs. The National Transformation Program was designed and launched in 2016 across 24 government bodies.[4]

Saudi Vision 2030 lays out targets for diversification and improving competitiveness. It is built around three main themes which set out specific objectives that are to be achieved by 2030:[6]

  1. A vibrant society – urbanism, culture and entertainment, sports, Umrah, UNESCO heritage sites, life expectancy
  2. A thriving economy – employment, women in the workforce, international competitiveness, Public Investment Fund, foreign direct investment, non-oil exports
  3. An ambitious nation – non-oil revenues, government effectiveness, e-government, household savings and income, non-profits and volunteering.

Projects and initiatives

The PIF organizes an annual investment forum, the Future Investment Initiative, in Riyadh. However, amid the rising controversy and escalating tensions due to the Kingdom's involvement in Jamal Khashoggi's disappearance, many international companies have backed out of the conference. Google Cloud, KKR & Co. L.P., Ford Motor, JPMorgan Chase, BlackRock, Uber, and The Blackstone Group all withdrew their CEO/chairmen's names from the summit that was held on 23 October 2018.[7] Major media houses including CNN, Bloomberg, CNBC, the New York Times, Fox Business Network, the Financial Times, the Los Angeles Times, and Huffington Post also withdrew as partners.[8]

National Transformation Program

On 7 June 2016, the Council of Ministers approved the National Transformation Program which set out the goals and targets to be achieved by 2020.[9] It is the first of three five-year phases. Each phase will contribute towards achieving a number of goals and targets that put the Kingdom on track to reach the ultimate goals of Vision 2030. In addition, to assist the Kingdom in financing the projects to be developed and facilitate the process of achieving goals and targets, Crown Prince Mohammad bin Salman announced in January 2016 that an IPO of Saudi Aramco would take place. However, only 5% of the company will be made public.[10]

In March 2019, Aramco released its financial statements, disclosing a net income of $111.1 billion in 2018.[11] In June 2019, the Financial Times reported that Aramco is striving to separate its association with the Ministry of Investment, ahead of its potential listing. The company had been paying Ministry-related expenses, according to an unnamed sources. The report revealed that Khalid Al-Falih had been using the company's revenues for his expenses, either directly relevant to Aramco or otherwise diplomatic. However, Falih's ally stated that the his policies have brought in greater revenues for the firm.[12]

The two massive tourism projects along the Red Sea planned by the Saudi government were to be run under the directorship of Richard Branson. On 11 October 2018, Branson stated that he is suspending his advisory role for the two projects amidst the Jamal Khashoggi murder.[13] Branson also suspended talks with the Saudi government about investment in Virgin Galactic. He said he had "high hopes for the current government in the Kingdom and its leader Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman…the disappearance of journalist Jamal Khashoggi, if proved true, would clearly change the ability of any of us in the West to do business with the Saudi Government."[14]

Entertainment sector

In May 2016, a General Authority for Entertainment was announced by royal decree, into which over $2 billion have been invested. In Riyadh, the first public live music concert in over 25 years was held in May 2017, which featured American country musician Toby Keith and Saudi singer Rabeh Sager.[15][16] In April 2017, the government announced a 334 square kilometres (33,400 ha) sports, culture, and entertainment complex at Al-Qidiya, south-west of Riyadh. The project will include a Six Flags theme park, due to open in 2022.[17]

As a component of Vision 2030, there was a celebration of the 87th anniversary of the founding of the country with concerts and performances. Women were for the first time allowed into Riyadh's King Fahd International Stadium.[18]

On 5 March 2018, the General Sports Authority announced a 10-year partnership with American professional wrestling promoter World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) to hold annual pay-per-view events in Saudi Arabia.[19] The first event, Greatest Royal Rumble, was held on 27 April 2018 at King Abdullah Sports City in Jeddah.[19] Due to restrictions on women's rights, WWE's female performers are not featured in these events. An exception to this occurred at Crown Jewel on 31 October 2019, which featured Lacey Evans and Natalya in the first women's professional wrestling match to be held in Saudi Arabia. In observation of conservative dress, they both wore black leggings and T-shirts over bodysuits instead of their normal ring attire.[20]

Saudi Arabia lifted its 35-year moratorium on the construction of new movie theaters in the country, with the first new theatre, owned by AMC Theatres, opening on 18 April 2018 in Riyadh.[21][22]

In December 2019, the MDL Beast music festival was held in Riyadh, attracting 200,000 visitors over three days, and featuring acts such as Afrojack, David Guetta, J Balvin, Monsta X, and R3hab.[23]

In January 2020, Saudi Arabia unveiled plans to build a new racing circuit in Qiddiya designed by former Formula One driver Alexander Wurz, aiming to host F1 or MotoGP events as early as 2023.[24] In November 2020, Formula One Managers announced that a race would be held at the new circuit in 2021.[25]

Women's rights
See also: Women's rights in Saudi Arabia

In early 2017, Saudi state schools announced that they would be offering physical education classes to both boys and girls starting in the fall of 2017.[26] Later that year, the state announced that they would allow women to attend sports events, including those inside sports stadiums.[27] On 26 September 2017, a royal decree was issued granting women the right to drive vehicles which took effect in June 2018.[28]

While changes to the law have implemented for the welfare of women, some argue more progress still needs to be made. The case of Israa al-Ghomgham came to light after she and her husband were arrested in December 2015 for calling the release of political prisoners and an end to anti-Shia government discrimination.[29] Saudi prosecutors are seeking death penalty for Ghomgham.[30]

In 2019, the government-based web application Absher gained media attention and was criticized for tracking the movement of the women of the kingdom. The app, which promotes a male guardianship system, allows men to manage women's lives digitally by specifying where and when a woman can travel. The app also sends alerts to men's phones if a woman uses her passport at the border.[31] The European Parliament and United States Congress condemned the app and urged the Kingdom to abolish its male guardianship system.[32][33]

In August 2019, Saudi Arabia lifted travel restrictions on women and granted them greater control who are above the age of 21.[34]

Tourism visa

To advance the Saudi Vision 2030, Saudi Arabia formally announced on 27 September 2019 the issuance of the tourist visa allowing visitors from 49 countries to visit the country up to 90 days for a fee of $80. The visa can be either obtained online (eVisa) or on arrival.[35]

Other projects

Some of the other major projects to be developed are listed in the table below:

Major Saudi Vision 2030 Projects
Project Location Total Area (km2) Announcement Date Expected Completion Cost
New Taif project[36] Taif 1,250 1 March 2017 2020 $3 billion
Diriyah Gate project[37] Diriyah 1.5 20 July 2017 2030 Unknown
Al-Qiddiya project[17] Al-Qiddiya, south-west of Riyadh 334 8 April 2017 2022 $2.7 billion
Al-Faisaliah project[38][39] West of Makkah 2,450 26 July 2017 First Phase will be completed by the end of 2020 Unknown
Downtown Jeddah[40] Jeddah 5.2 27 September 2017 First phase will be completed by the end of 2022 $4.8 billion
NEOM[41] Tabuk 26,500 24 October 2017 First Phase will be completed by the end of 2025 $500 billion
Renewable Energy Project[42] Multiple locations Unknown 27 March 2018 2030 $200 billion
Amaala Project[43] Along the Red Sea 3,800 26 September 2018 First phase by end of 2020 Unknown
King Salman Energy Park[44] Between Dammam and Al-Ahsa 50 5 December 2018 First phase by end of 2021 $1.6 billion
AlUla Vision[45][46] AlUla 22,500 11 February 2019 2030 Unknown
King Salman Park, Sports Boulevard, Green Riyadh and Riyadh Art[47][48] Riyadh >149 19 March 2019 Unknown $23 billion
Great Mosque of Mecca[49] Mecca 250,000 2017 mid-2018 $21.3 billion
Mall of Saudi[49] Riyadh 8,666,000 2017 2022 $3.2 billion

Implementation

Vision Realization Programs

To achieve the strategic goals and targets of vision 2030, thirteen programs called Vision Realization Programs (VRPs) were established. The VRPs were presented by Council of Economic and Development Affairs (CEDA) on 24 April 2017:[50]

  1. Quality of Life Program
  2. Financial Sector Development Program
  3. Housing Program
  4. Fiscal Balance Program
  5. National Transformation Program
  6. Public Investment Fund Program
  7. Privatization Program
  8. National Companies Promotion Program
  9. National Industrial Development and Logistics Program
  10. Strategic Partnerships Program
  11. Hajj and Umrah Program
  12. Human Capital Development Program
  13. Saudi Character Enrichment Program

Supervision

The plan is supervised by Crown Prince Mohammad bin Salman. Overall, Vision 2030's directions and decision-making roles lie within a Council of Ministers and a Council of Economic and Development Affairs (CEDA). CEDA's director, as well as the managers of the first 12 Vision Realization Programs, ensure proper adherence to the plan on the five-year level. Annually, each entity concerned is individually responsible for its budget and objectives.

Government entities reorganization

To achieve the strategic objectives of Vision 2030, new government entities were created and existing entities were reorganized and/or merged.[51]

New entity Previous entity
Council of Economic and Development Affairs
National Center for Performance Management
General Authority for Culture
General Authority for Entertainment
Strategic Management Committee and Strategic Management Office
Ministry of Commerce and Investment Ministry of Commerce and Industry
Ministry of Human Resources and Social Development Ministry of Labor and Social Affairs
Ministry of Energy, Industry and Mineral Resources Ministry of Petroleum and Mineral Resources and
Ministry of Environment, Water and Agriculture Ministry of Water and Electricity and Ministry of Agriculture
Ministry of Hajj and Umrah Ministry of Hajj
Public Education Evaluation Commission Education Evaluation Commission

Critical reactions

The IMF's report on Saudi Arabia a few months following the announcement of Vision 2030 explained that the fiscal deficit in the Saudi economy would continue to narrow in 2016. It also claimed that recent, major government deposits at the Saudi Arabian Monetary Authority (SAMA) acted as policy buffers to smooth the transition that the plan requires.[52] In 2016, the IMF publicly warned that Saudi Arabia risks having no more foreign reserve currency within a 5-year period.[53] In 2017, it projected that SAMA's net foreign assets would continue to decline, though remaining at a "comfortable level". It expects that the fiscal deficit will continue to improve over the coming years, also noting that non-performing loans remained low, despite a slight increase in 2017.[54]

Over 300 specific targets for 2020 have been announced across 25 government entities as part of the National Transformation Plan. The NTP brings over 150 expected initial public offerings. However, reports noted the "key person dependency" on Crown Prince Mohammad bin Salman of the Vision and the NTP.[55] Other criticisms have been regarding the lack of information about the detailed plans to accompany the intended transformation.[56]

Certain journalists speculated that the plan's goals were overly ambitious, and noted that non-oil growth so far was insufficient and would threaten the plan's successful implementation.[57][58] One report felt that despite the national plan's overall forward-thinking direction, "political reform appears to be absent from the policy agenda".[3]

Reactions were mixed following the announcement that Saudi Arabia would lift the driving ban on women.[59] Similarly to the overarching Vision 2030, some understood the announcement via royal decree as acquiescing to outside pressure, while others applauded the move.[60]

According to a research paper written by Jane Kinninmont for Chatham House, the structural disadvantages of the country such as weak institutions, inefficient bureaucracy, and significant skill gaps between labor demands and the education system hinder the growth prospects of the country. Rebalancing the job market in the private sector will also prove to be a challenge since it is currently mostly staffed by expatriates. One of the difficulties is that the private sector has lower salaries and expats are easier to hire and fire. Currently, twice as many Saudi nationals work in the public sector than in the private sector. The challenge lies in getting a larger portion of nationals to accept lower-paying jobs with more hours than typical public jobs. The private sector must also be moved away from business activities that require very low-cost labor.[3]

According to Hilal Khashan, from the American conservative think tank Middle East Forum, to have the 2030 plan succeed ignoring the relationship between economic and political development is no longer a viable option, the developments required to increase the GDP as planned will encourage the breakage of the tribal system taking place. Another aspect is the "zero tolerance to corruption" that may be very difficult to achieve with a "society where family, tribal, and regional ties are stronger than the nebulous conception of state identity".[61]

The hosting of sporting events in Saudi Arabia under the strategy have been described as attempts to sportswash the country's human rights record.[62][63]

A May 16, 2020 article by The New York Times quoted Middle East analyst at the Royal United Services Institute in London, Michael Stephens critically commenting on Saudi Arabia’s Vision 2030. He stated, “I think Vision 2030 is more or less over, I think it’s finished,” following the financial crisis faced by the country amid the coronavirus spread and falling oil prices, which has also led the kingdom to delay mega projects such as the Neom city, according to Saudi finance minister, Mohammed al-Jadaan.[64]

In June 2020, following the killing of Abdulraheem al-Huwaiti of Huwait tribe, Saudi Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman, hired a US Public Relations and Communications firm Ruder Finn, to counter the negative aspects for NEOM City project. The country signed a contract worth $1.7 million, despite the ongoing COVID-19 crisis.[65] [66]

After the assassination of Jamal Khashoggi, there has been a general reluctance among the international community to invest in Saudi Arabia. In addition, assets were moved overseas and the Gulf became economically unattractive.[67] Despite this, foreign investments in the country rose in 2018 by 110% over the previous year, according to the Ministry of Economy and Planning.[68]

See also

References
  1. Marwa Rashad (24 April 2016). "Saudis await Prince's vision of future with hope and concern". Reuters. Archived from the original on 4 January 2020. Retrieved 24 April 2016.
  2. "National Transformation Program 2020" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 April 2019.
  3. Jane Kinninmont (July 2017). "Vision 2030 and Saudi Arabia's Social Contract" (PDF). Chathamhouse.org. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 March 2018. Retrieved 11 November 2017.
  4. "Vision 2030" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 April 2019.
  5. "Full-text-of-Saudi-Arabia-s-Vision-2030". Archived from the original on 29 April 2016.
  6. "Full text of Saudi Arabia's Vision 2030". english.alarabiya.net. Archived from the original on 11 September 2019. Retrieved 13 December 2017.
  7. "Finance CEOs pull out of Saudi 'Davos in the Desert' over Khashoggi, risking lucrative role in kingdom's economic reforms". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 25 August 2019. Retrieved 15 October 2018.
  8. "Media sponsors drop out of Saudi conference after journalist goes missing". CNN. Archived from the original on 25 August 2019. Retrieved 12 October 2018.
  9. "Saudi Arabia sets out 10 programs to achieve Vision 2030". Alarabiya.net. 1 May 2017. Archived from the original on 25 August 2019. Retrieved 13 November 2017.
  10. "Saudi Arabia is considering an IPO of Aramco, probably the world's most valuable company". The Economist. Archived from the original on 13 May 2018. Retrieved 13 December 2017.
  11. "Aramco's $10 billion-plus bond plan shows profits put top earner Apple in shade". Reuters. Archived from the original on 27 June 2019. Retrieved 31 March 2019.
  12. "Saudi Aramco battles oil ministry over use of company funds". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 21 July 2019. Retrieved 20 June 2019.
  13. "My Statement on the Kingdom of audi Arabia". Archived from the original on 3 September 2019. Retrieved 11 October 2018.
  14. "Sir Richard Branson suspends Saudi business talks over Khashoggi affair". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 25 August 2019. Retrieved 11 October 2018.
  15. "Saudi Arabia allows concerts—even country music". Economist.com. 1 June 2017. Archived from the original on 29 December 2017. Retrieved 28 December 2017.
  16. Anastasia Tsioulcas (22 May 2017). "How Did Toby Keith Get To Do A Concert In Saudi Arabia?". Npr.org. Archived from the original on 25 August 2019. Retrieved 28 December 2017.
  17. "Prince Mohammed bin Salman announces Saudi plans for largest entertainment city". english.alarabiya.net. Archived from the original on 26 July 2018. Retrieved 13 December 2017.
  18. "Women allowed into stadium as Saudi Arabia promotes national pride, part of reform push". 23 September 2017. Archived from the original on 24 September 2017. Retrieved 24 September 2017.
  19. WWE.com staff (5 March 2018). "Saudi Arabia to host the Greatest Royal Rumble". WWE. Archived from the original on 31 March 2018. Retrieved 7 March 2018.
  20. "Reforms Under Veil: Saudi's First Women Wrestling Battled in Bodysuits". Mirror Herald. Archived from the original on 4 November 2019. Retrieved 1 February 2020.
  21. Petroff, Alanna (18 April 2018). "'Black Panther' comes to Saudi Arabia as movie theater ban ends". CNN.com. Archived from the original on 18 April 2018. Retrieved 18 April 2018.
  22. "AMC Proceeding With Plan to Build Movie Theaters in Saudi Arabia". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on 3 December 2019. Retrieved 3 December 2019.
  23. "'I don't have to leave Saudi for fun anymore': MDL Beast represents a 'paradigm shift' in the kingdom". The National. Archived from the original on 9 January 2020. Retrieved 4 April 2020.
  24. Andrew Benson (17 January 2020). "Formula 1: Saudi Arabia unveils plans for race in 2023". BBC News. Archived from the original on 11 February 2020. Retrieved 12 February 2020.
  25. "F1 adds Saudi Arabian Grand Prix night race to 2021 calendar | Formula 1®". www.formula1.com. Retrieved 5 November 2020.
  26. "Saudi Arabia: State Schools to Allow Girls' Sports". Hrw.org. 13 July 2017. Archived from the original on 14 July 2019. Retrieved 28 December 2017.
  27. "Saudi Arabia to allow women into sports stadiums as reform push intensifies". Theguardian.com. 30 October 2017. Archived from the original on 24 April 2019. Retrieved 28 December 2017.
  28. Ben Hubbard (26 September 2017). "Saudi Arabia Agrees to Let Women Drive". Nytimes.com. Archived from the original on 15 September 2019. Retrieved 28 December 2017.
  29. "Saudi Arabia plans to execute first female political activist". The Independent. Archived from the original on 25 August 2019. Retrieved 21 August 2018.
  30. "Saudi Arabia seeks death penalty against female human rights activist". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 22 August 2018. Retrieved 22 August 2018.
  31. "Saudi Arabia runs a huge, sinister online database of women that men use to track them and stop them from running away". The Insider. Archived from the original on 27 April 2019. Retrieved 1 February 2019.
  32. "EU lawmakers urge Saudi Arabia to end women's guardianship system". Reuters. Archived from the original on 7 March 2019. Retrieved 14 February 2019.
  33. "Saudi Arabia tried to justify its app that lets men control where women travel amid a firestorm of criticism". The Insider. Archived from the original on 31 March 2019. Retrieved 12 February 2019.
  34. "Saudi Arabia lifts travel restrictions on women, grants them greater control". Reuters. 2 August 2019. Archived from the original on 16 April 2020. Retrieved 30 June 2020.
  35. "Welcome to Arabia - About the Tourism Visa". visitsaudi.com. Archived from the original on 2 October 2019. Retrieved 30 September 2019.
  36. "King inaugurates SR11bn New Taif projects". Saudigazette. 1 October 2017. Archived from the original on 13 December 2017. Retrieved 13 December 2017.
  37. "Ad Diriyah a 'jewel' of Saudi Arabia, its revival key to Kingdom's future, says project chief". Arab News. Archived from the original on 24 April 2019. Retrieved 25 April 2019.
  38. "Al-Faisaliah project to be finalized by 2050, says Makkah governor". Argaam.com. 26 July 2017. Archived from the original on 24 April 2019. Retrieved 24 April 2019.
  39. "Makkah's Al-Faisaliah project to be unveiled at Jeddah property show". Arab News. 22 September 2017. Archived from the original on 23 April 2019. Retrieved 24 April 2019.
  40. "Saudi Fund to Develop Jeddah Downtown With $4.8 Billion Project". Bloomberg.com. Archived from the original on 5 October 2017. Retrieved 13 December 2017.CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  41. "Saudi Arabia Just Announced Plans to Build a Mega City That Will Cost $500 Billion". Bloomberg.com. 24 October 2017. Archived from the original on 3 December 2017. Retrieved 13 December 2017.
  42. "Softbank says it is working with Saudi PIF on solar power project". Reuters.com. Archived from the original on 26 April 2019. Retrieved 25 April 2019.
  43. "Saudi Arabia Unveils Plans To Create Massive Red Sea Wellness Destinations". Forbes.com. 26 December 2018. Archived from the original on 29 December 2018. Retrieved 24 April 2019.
  44. "King Salman Energy Park: Saudi Aramco builds a sustainable global energy hub from the ground up - Saudi Aramco". saudiaramco.com. Archived from the original on 11 December 2018. Retrieved 24 April 2019.
  45. "Royal Commission for AlUla hosts 'Launching the Vision for AlUla'". The Saudi Center for International Communication. Archived from the original on 26 April 2019. Retrieved 24 April 2019.
  46. "Al Ula Vision... Saudi Arabia gift to world". Saudigazette. 11 February 2019. Archived from the original on 26 April 2019. Retrieved 11 February 2019.
  47. "King Salman Launches $23 Bln Wellbeing Projects in Riyadh". Asharq Al-Awsat. Archived from the original on 11 December 2018. Retrieved 24 April 2019.
  48. "King Salman Announces $23 Billion for Four Entertainment Projects Including the 'World's Biggest Park' in Riyadh". Saudi-US Trade Group. Archived from the original on 11 December 2018. Retrieved 24 April 2019.
  49. "Expansion and redevelopment define Saudi Arabia construction". Saudigazette. 11 February 2018. Archived from the original on 15 May 2019. Retrieved 15 May 2019.
  50. "Programs | Saudi Vision 2030". vision2030.gov.sa. Archived from the original on 4 July 2019. Retrieved 4 July 2019.
  51. "KSA Vision 2030 Strategic Objectives and Vision Realization Programs". Archived from the original on 11 July 2017.
  52. "IMF Country Report No. 16/326" (PDF). Imf.org. October 2016. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 January 2019. Retrieved 13 November 2017.
  53. Ian Leclecr (16 May 2016). "Saudi Arabia's Vision 2030 Is Going To Fail". Theodysseyonline.com. Archived from the original on 25 August 2019. Retrieved 13 November 2017.
  54. "IMF Executive Board Concludes 2017 Article IV Consultation with Saudi Arabia". Imf.org. 21 July 2017. Archived from the original on 25 August 2019. Retrieved 13 November 2017.
  55. "Assessment of the National Transformation Program (NTP)" (PDF). Gib.com. 2016. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 September 2017. Retrieved 13 November 2017.
  56. "Looking to the Future: Saudi Arabia and Vision 2030". Bath.ac.uk. 10 August 2017. Archived from the original on 25 August 2019. Retrieved 13 November 2017.
  57. Rakesh Upadhyay (7 April 2017). "How Realistic Is Saudi Arabia's $2 Trillion Sovereign Wealth Fund?". Oilprice.com. Archived from the original on 25 August 2019. Retrieved 11 November 2017.
  58. Vivian Nereim (1 October 2017). "Saudi Non-Oil Growth Is Stagnating Even With 2030 Vision: Chart". Bloomberg.com. Archived from the original on 25 August 2019. Retrieved 11 November 2017.
  59. "Saudi women driving ban lifted: Euphoria and sarcasm". Aljazeera.com. 27 September 2017. Archived from the original on 12 November 2017. Retrieved 11 November 2017.
  60. Eman Quotah (28 September 2017). "Yes, letting women in Saudi Arabia drive is a baby step. But we shouldn't laugh at it". Washinpost.com. Archived from the original on 10 November 2017. Retrieved 11 November 2017.
  61. Khashan, Hilal (1 January 2017). "Saudi Arabia's Flawed "Vision 2030"". Middle East Quarterly. Archived from the original on 11 December 2017. Retrieved 13 December 2017.
  62. Zidan, Karim (2 September 2019). "Sportswashing: how Saudi Arabia lobbies the US's largest sports bodies". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 4 April 2020. Retrieved 4 April 2020.
  63. Rappeport, Alan (2 December 2019). "Saudi Arabia Embraces Western Sports to Rehabilitate Global Image". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 16 April 2020. Retrieved 4 April 2020.
  64. "Saudi Arabia's Big Dreams and Easy Living Hit a Wall". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 16 May 2020. Retrieved 16 May 2020.
  65. "Saudi prince defends trophy projects amid crisis". Asia Times. Archived from the original on 5 July 2020. Retrieved 2 July 2020.
  66. "Exhibit A to Registration Statement Pursuant to the Foreign Agents Registration Act of 1938, as amended" (PDF). FARA. Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 July 2020. Retrieved 22 June 2020.
  67. ‘People are leaving’: Gulf investors wary after Khashoggi murder and British 'spy' detention Archived 14 January 2019 at the Wayback Machine, Borzou Daragahi, 9 January 2019, The Independent
  68. "Foreign investment in Saudi Arabia more than doubled in 2018: minister". Reuters. 19 December 2018. Archived from the original on 15 January 2019. Retrieved 14 January 2019.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.