Science and technology in Hungary

Science and technology in Hungary is one of the country's most developed sectors.[2] Hungary spent 1.4% of its gross domestic product (GDP) on civil research and development in 2015, which is the 25th-highest ratio in the world.[3] Hungary ranks 32nd among the most innovative countries in the Bloomberg Innovation Index, standing before Hong Kong, Iceland or Malta.[4] The Global Innovation Index places Hungary 33rd among the countries of the world in 2016.[5] In 2014, Hungary counted 2,651 full-time-equivalent researchers per million inhabitants, steadily increasing from 2,131 in 2010 and compares with 3,984 in the US or 4,380 in Germany.[6] Hungary's high technology industry has benefited from both the country's skilled workforce and the strong presence of foreign high-tech firms and research centres. Hungary also has one of the highest rates of filed patents, the 6th highest ratio of high-tech and medium high-tech output in the total industrial output, the 12th-highest research FDI inflow, placed 14th in research talent in business enterprise and has the 17th-best overall innovation efficiency ratio in the world.[7]

Main Building of the Budapest University of Technology and Economics, it is the oldest Institute of technology in the world, founded in 1782
Research and development centre of Gedeon Richter Plc. in Budapest, one of the largest biotechnology company in Central and Eastern Europe
László Lovász was awarded the Wolf Prize and the Knuth Prize in 1999, and the Kyoto Prize in 2010; he is the current president of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. Previously he served as the president of International Mathematical Union.
Charles Simonyi, the chief-architect of Microsoft Office. In April 2007, aboard Soyuz TMA-10, he became the fifth space tourist and the second Hungarian in space. In March 2009, aboard Soyuz TMA-14, he made a second trip to the International Space Station.
Leó Szilárd, invented and patented the nuclear reactor, hypothesized the nuclear chain reaction (therefore he was the first who realized the feasibility of an atomic bomb), invented the electron microscope and the first particle accelerator and later invented the cyclotron.[1]
John von Neumann, one of the greatest mathematicians in modern history
Holography was invented by Hungarian Dennis Gabor, a Nobel Laureate in Physics.
Albert Szent-Györgyi a Nobel Laureate in Medicine for discovery of Vitamin C

The key actor of research and development in Hungary is the National Research, Development and Innovation Office (NRDI Office), which is a national strategic and funding agency for scientific research, development and innovation, the primary source of advice on RDI policy for the Hungarian government, and the primary RDI funding agency. Its role is to develop RDI policy and ensure that Hungary adequately invest in RDI by funding excellent research and supporting innovation to increase competitiveness and to prepare the RDI strategy of the Hungarian Government, to handle the National Research, Development and Innovation Fund, and represents the Hungarian Government and a Hungarian RDI community in international organizations.[8]

The Hungarian Academy of Sciences and its research network is the another key player in Hungarian R&D and it is the most important and prestigious learned society of Hungary, with the main responsibilities of the cultivation of science, dissemination of scientific findings, supporting research and development and representing Hungarian science domestically and around the world.[9]

Research universities and institutions
Further information: List of universities and colleges in Hungary, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, and Education in Hungary

A mining school called "Berg Schola", the world's first institute of technology was founded in Selmecbánya, Kingdom of Hungary[10] (today Banská Štiavnica, Slovakia), in 1735. Its legal successor is the University of Miskolc in Hungary.

BME University is considered the world's oldest institute of technology which has university rank and structure. It was the first institute in Europe to train engineers at university level.[11]

Among Hungary's numerous research universities, the Eötvös Loránd University, founded in 1635, is one of the largest and the most prestigious[12] public higher education institutions in Hungary. The 28,000 students at ELTE are organized into eight faculties, and into research institutes located throughout Budapest. ELTE is affiliated with 5 Nobel laureates, as well as winners of the Wolf Prize, Fulkerson Prize and Abel Prize, the latest of which was Abel Prize winner Endre Szemerédi in 2012.

Semmelweis University in the recently released QS World University Rankings 2016 listed among the world's best 151-200 universities in the categories of medicine and pharmacy. According to the international ranking in the field of medicine Semmelweis University ranked first among the Hungarian universities. The "Modern Medical Technologies at Semmelweis University" project ensuring institution's place among the leading research universities in four main areas: Personalised medicine; Imaging processes and bioimaging: from molecule to the human being; Bio-engineering and nanomedicine; Molecular medicine.

Budapest University of Technology and Economics's research activities encouraged and is present on all levels from the B.Sc. through to the doctoral level. During the 1980s the BUTE was among the first in the Eastern bloc to recognise the importance of participating in research activities with institutions in Western Europe. Consequently, the university has the most well-established research relationships with Western European universities. There are many famous alumni at university: Dennis Gabor who was the inventor of holography got his Nobel Prize in Physics in 1971, George Oláh got his Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1994. Nowadays the university has 110 departments, 1100 lecturers, 400 researchers.

University of Szeged internationally acknowledged, competitive research activities are essential parts of its educational mission, and it is particularly important to ensure the institution's position as a research university. Its research and creative activities include basic and applied research, creative arts, product and service development. University of Debrecen with a student body of about 30 thousand is one of the largest institutions of higher education in Hungary and its priority areas of research include: molecular science; physical, computational and material science; medical, health, environmental and agricultural science; linguistics, culture and bioethics. University of Pécs is one of the leading research universities in the country with a huge professional research background. The Szentágothai Research Centre of the University of Pécs is covers all aspects of education, research and innovation in the fields of biomedical, natural and environmental sciences. The infrastructure, instrumentation and expertise of the 22 research groups operating on the premises provide an excellent basis to become a well-known, leading research facility in Hungary as well as in Central Europe with an extensive and fruitful collaboration network.

Hungarian Academy of Sciences's research network also contributes significantly to research output of Hungary. It comprises 15 legally independent research institutions and more than 130 research groups at universities co-financed by the academy. This research network focusing above all on discovery research is unparalleled in Hungary, accounting for one-third of all scientific publications produced in the country. Citation indices of publications posted by the academy's researchers surpass the Hungarian average by 25.5%. The research network addresses discovery and targeted research, in cooperation with universities and corporations. The main components of the network are the MTA Szeged Research Centre for Biology, the MTA Institute for Computer Science and Control, the MTA Rényi Institute of Mathematics, the MTA Research Centre for Natural Sciences, the MTA Institute of Nuclear Research, the MTA Institute of Experimental Medicine, MTA Wigner Research Centre for Physics, the MTA Centre for Energy Research and MTA Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences (involved with Konkoly Observatory).[13]

Venture capital market

According to the HVCA (Hungarian Venture Capital and Private Equity Association) report joint efforts of the venture capital and private equity industry and the Hungarian government, the access of Hungarian enterprises to venture capital and private equity funding could be significantly increased. During the past two decades these financial intermediaries have also played an increasingly important role in the Hungarian economy. During this period, venture capital and private equity funds invested close to 4 billion US Dollars into more than 400 Hungarian enterprises.

However, so-called buyout transactions have accounted for about two thirds of the total volume of those investments, which were aimed at the acquisition of shares in mature companies that have been operating profitably for several years. The volume of investments in early and expansive stage companies was significantly lower. Only about 30% of the total volume of investments was directed at companies in the expansive stage and less than 5% at early stage companies. This is also reflected by the fact that over the last two decades slightly more than 10% of the total volume of venture capital and private equity investments came from funds focusing on early stage companies. The remaining close to 90% was invested by private equity funds focusing on more mature companies with greater economic strength. As for the number of transactions, companies in the expansive stage were targeted by the largest number of venture capital and private equity investments: such investments accounted for almost 60% of Hungarian transactions. Nearly a third of transactions involved early stage companies. Buy-out deals represented approximately 10% of transactions by number. Several factors have contributed to this growth. These include tax exemptions on Hungarian venture capital, funds established in conjunction with large international banks and financial companies and the involvement of major organizations desirous to capitalize on the strengths of Hungarian start up and high-tech companies. In recent years, the share of venture capital invested in the growth stages of enterprises has flourished at the expense of early stage investments.[14]

Nobel Prize laureates
For a more comprehensive list, see List of Hungarian Nobel laureates.

Since the first Hungarian won a Nobel Prize in 1905, the country has added a further 12 to its cache.[15] With scientists, writers and economists all honored in the prestigious awards:

YearWinnerFieldContribution
1905 Philipp Lenard Physics "for his work on cathode rays"
1914 Robert Bárány Medicine "for his work on the physiology and pathology of the vestibular apparatus"
1925 Richard Adolf Zsigmondy Chemistry "for his demonstration of the heterogeneous nature of colloid solutions and for the methods he used, which have since become fundamental in modern colloid chemistry"
1937 Albert Szent-Györgyi Medicine "for his discoveries in connection with the biological combustion processes, with special reference to vitamin C and the catalysis of fumaric acid"
1943 George de Hevesy Chemistry "for his work on the use of isotopes as tracers in the study of chemical processes"
1961 Georg von Békésy Medicine "for his discoveries of the physical mechanism of stimulation within the cochlea"
1963 Eugene Wigner Physics "for his contributions to the theory of the atomic nucleus and the elementary particles, particularly through the discovery and application of fundamental symmetry principles"
1971 Dennis Gabor Physics "for his invention and development of the holographic method"
1986 John Polanyi Chemistry "for their contributions concerning the dynamics of chemical elementary processes"
1994 George Olah Chemistry "for his contribution to carbocation chemistry"
1994 John Harsanyi Economics "pioneering analysis of equilibria in the theory of non-cooperative games"
2002 Imre Kertész Literature "for writing that upholds the fragile experience of the individual against the barbaric arbitrariness of history"
2004 Avram Hershko Chemistry "for the discovery of ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation"

Hungarian inventions
Rubik's Cube

In August 1939, Szilárd approached his old friend and collaborator Albert Einstein and convinced him to sign the Einstein–Szilárd letter, lending the weight of Einstein's fame to the proposal. The letter led directly to the establishment of research into nuclear fission by the U.S. government and ultimately to the creation of the Manhattan Project. Szilárd, with Enrico Fermi, patented the nuclear reactor).

Science

Scientists and inventors

Important names in the 18th century are Maximilian Hell (astronomer), János Sajnovics (linguist), Matthias Bel (polyhistor), Sámuel Mikoviny (engineer) and Wolfgang von Kempelen (polyhistor and co-founder of comparative linguistics).

Ányos Jedlik physicist and engineer invented the first electric motor(1828), the dynamo, the self-excitation, the impulse generator, and the cascade connection. An important name in 19th-century physics is Joseph Petzval, one of the founders of modern optics. The invention of the transformer (by Ottó Bláthy, Miksa Déri and Károly Zipernowsky), the AC electricity meter and the electricity distribution systems with parallel-connected power sources decided the future of electrification in the war of the currents, which resulted in the global triumph of alternate current systems over the former direct current systems.

Roland von Eötvös discovered the weak equivalence principle (one of the cornerstones in Einsteinian relativity). Important names in the 18th century are Maximilian Hell (astronomer), János Sajnovics (linguist), Matthias Bel (polyhistor), Sámuel Mikoviny (engineer) and Wolfgang von Kempelen (polyhistor and co-founder of comparative linguistics). Ányos Jedlik physicist and engineer invented the first electric motor(1828), the dynamo, the self-excitation, the impulse generator, and the cascade connection. An important name in 19th-century physics is Joseph Petzval, one of the founders of modern optics. The invention of the transformer (by Ottó Bláthy, Miksa Déri and Károly Zipernowsky), the AC electricity meter and the electricity distribution systems with parallel-connected power sources decided the future of electrification in the war of the currents, which resulted in the global triumph of alternate current systems over the former direct current systems. Roland von Eötvös discovered the weak equivalence principle (one of the cornerstones in Einsteinian relativity). Rado von Kövesligethy discovered laws of black-body radiation before Planck and Wien.[25][26]

Hungary is famous for its excellent mathematics education which has trained numerous outstanding scientists. Famous Hungarian mathematicians include father Farkas Bolyai and son János Bolyai, designer of modern geometry (non-Euclidean geometry) 1820–1823. János Bolyai is together with John von Neumann considered as the greatest Hungarian mathematician ever and the most prestigious Hungarian scientific award is named in honor of János Bolyai. Also John von Neumann was a pioneer of digital computing and the key mathematician in the Manhattan Project.

The most prestigious Hungarian scientific award is named in honor of János Bolyai. Paul Erdős, famed for publishing in over forty languages and whose Erdős numbers are still tracked;[27] and John von Neumann, Quantum Theory, Game theory a pioneer of digital computing and the key mathematician in the Manhattan Project.

Many Hungarian scientists, including Zoltán Bay, Victor Szebehely (gave a practical solution to the three-body problem, Newton solved the two-body problem), Mária Telkes, Imre Izsak, Erdős, von Neumann, Leó Szilárd, Eugene Wigner, Theodore von Kármán and Edward Teller emigrated to the US. The other cause of scientist emigration was the Treaty of Trianon, by which Hungary, diminished by the treaty, became unable to support large-scale, costly scientific research; therefore some Hungarian scientists made valuable contributions in the United States. Thirteen Hungarian or Hungarian-born scientists received the Nobel Prize: von Lenárd, Bárány, Zsigmondy, von Szent-Györgyi, de Hevesy, von Békésy, Wigner, Gábor, Polányi, Oláh, Harsányi, and Herskó. Most of them emigrated, mostly because of persecution of communist and/or fascist regimes. István Juhász, inventor of one of the earliest electro-mechanical computers, Gamma-Juhász[28][29] stayed at home. A significant group of Hungarian dissident scientists of Jewish descent who settled down in the United States in the first half of the 20th century were called The Martians.[30] Some went to Germany: István Szabó[31]

Béla Gáspár patended (33) the 1st one-strip fullcolor film: Gasparcolor. Names in psychology are János Selye founder of Stress-theory and Csikszentmihalyi founder of Flow- theory. Tamás Roska is co-inventor of CNN (cellular neural network)

Some highly actual internationally well-known figures of today include: mathematician László Lovász, physicist Albert-László Barabási, physicist Ferenc Krausz, chemist Julius Rebek, chemist Árpád Furka, biochemist Árpád Pusztai and the highly controversial former NASA-physicist Ferenc Miskolczi, who denies the green-house effect.[32] According to Science Watch: In Hadron research Hungary has most citations per paper in the world.[33] In 2011 neuroscientists György Buzsáki, Tamás Freund and Peter Somogyi were awarded one million Euro with The Brain Prize ("Danish Nobel Prize")" for ".. brain circuits involved in memory..."[34] After the fall of the communist dictatorship (1989), a new scientific prize, Bolyai János alkotói díj, was established (1997), politically unbiased and of the highest international standard.

Péter Horváth,[35] in Szeged, is a biophysicist, explaining minimal changes in a cell.

Year Events
2001 Csaba Horváth won Separation Science and Technology Award "father of HPLC"
2002 Ferenc Krausz Wittgenstein prize
2006 Gábor Domokos and Péter Várkonyi created a new geometrical shape: Gömböc
2008 Albert-László Barabási won the C&C prize.[36]
2010 László Lovász won the Kyoto prize
2011 György Buzsáki Peter Somogyi Tamas Freund won the European Brain Award
2012 Endre Szemerédi won the Abel prize
2012 László Lovász won the Fulkersson prize (for the 2nd time)
2013 Ferenc Krausz won the Otto Hahn Prize
2015 Attila Krasznahorkay might have found the Fifth force
2017 Mathematician János Kollár won the Shaw prize
2018 Mathematician László Székelyhidi was awarded the Leibniz Award
2018 Physicist Örs Legeza was awarded the Humboldt prize
2018 Botond Roska was awarded the Bressler Prize,[37]
2019 Botond Roska received the 2019 Louis-Jeantet Prize for Medicine
2020 Botond Roska received the 2020 Körber European Science Prize
2020 Gábor Domokos et al. Plato: Earth is made up of cubes proved
2020 Tamás Vicsek won the Lars Onsager Prize (US)[38]
2020 György Buzsáki won the Gerard prize
2020 Katalin Karikó won the Rosenstiel Award[39]the scientist behind the Covid-vaccine[40]
2021 István Peták won the Future Unicorn Award[41]

Technology

Early milestones in technology and infrastructure (1700–1918)

The first steam engines of continental Europe was built in Újbánya – Köngisberg, Kingdom of Hungary (Today Nová Baňa Slovakia) in 1722. They were similar to the Newcomen engines, it served on pumping water from mines.[42][43][44][45]

Railways
Railway network of Kingdom of Hungary in the 1910s. Red lines represents the Hungarian State Railways, blue, green and yellow lines were owned by private companies in Hungary

The first Hungarian steam-locomotive railway line was opened on 15 July 1846, between Pest and Vác.[46] By 1910, the total length of the rail networks of the Hungarian Kingdom had reached 22,869 km (14,210 mi); the Hungarian network linked more than 1,490 settlements. This has ranked Hungarian railways as the sixth-most dense in the world (ahead of countries as Germany or France).[47]

Locomotive engine and railway vehicle manufacturers before World War One (engines and wagons, bridge and iron structures) were the MÁVAG company in Budapest (steam engines and wagons) and the Ganz company in Budapest (steam engines, wagons, the production of electric locomotives and electric trams started from 1894).[48] and the RÁBA Company in Győr.

The Ganz Works identified the significance of induction motors and synchronous motors commissioned Kálmán Kandó (1869–1931) to develop it. In 1894, Kálmán Kandó developed high-voltage three-phase AC motors and generators for electric locomotives. The first-ever electric rail vehicle manufactured by Ganz Works was a 6 HP pit locomotive with direct current traction system. The first Ganz made asynchronous rail vehicles (altogether 2 pieces) were supplied in 1898 to Évian-les-Bains (Switzerland), with a 37-horsepower (28 kW), asynchronous-traction system. The Ganz Works won the tender of electrification of railway of Valtellina Railways in Italy in 1897. Italian railways were the first in the world to introduce electric traction for the entire length of a main line, rather than just a short stretch. The 106-kilometre (66 mi) Valtellina line was opened on 4 September 1902, designed by Kandó and a team from the Ganz works.[49] The electrical system was three-phase at 3 kV 15 Hz. The voltage was significantly higher than used earlier, and it required new designs for electric motors and switching devices.[50][51] In 1918,[52] Kandó invented and developed the rotary phase converter, enabling electric locomotives to use three-phase motors whilst supplied via a single overhead wire, carrying the simple industrial frequency (50 Hz) single phase AC of the high voltage national networks.[53]

  • The first steam railcar built by Ganz and de Dion-Bouton
  • The four-cylinder 2,950 hp (2,200 kW) MÁV Class 601 was the strongest steam locomotive of pre WW1 Europe.[54][55][56]
  • Ganz AC electric locomotive prototype (1901 Valtellina, Italy)
  • Electric locomotive RA 361 (later FS Class E.360) by Ganz for the Valtellina line, 1904
  • The world's first locomotive with a phase converter was Kandó's V50 locomotive (only for demonstration and testing purposes)

Electrified railway lines

Electrified tramways

The first electric tramway was built in Budapest in 1887, which was the first tramway in Austria-Hungary. By the turn of the 20th century, 22 Hungarian cities had electrified tramway lines in Kingdom of Hungary.

Date of electrification of tramway lines in the Kingdom of Hungary:

Underground

The Budapest metro Line 1 (originally the "Franz Joseph Underground Electric Railway Company") is the second oldest underground railway in the world[62] (the first being the London Underground's Metropolitan Line), and the first on the European mainland. It was built from 1894 to 1896 and opened in Budapest on 2 May 1896.[63] Since 2002, the M1 line was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.[64][65] The M1 line became an IEEE Milestone due to the radically new innovations in its era: "Among the railway’s innovative elements were bidirectional tram cars; electric lighting in the subway stations and tram cars; and an overhead wire structure instead of a third-rail system for power."[66]

Automotive industry
  • Magomobil phoenix car -1906
  • A Magomobil Phoenix advertisement in 1911
  • Rába (automobile)
  • MARTA 35-45 HP Dublu-Phaeton
  • Magomobil phönix auto -1910
  • A Magomobil truck in 1914
  • Marta bus in Arad in 1909
  • Photograph of a Ganz bus in 1914
  • Magomobil phoenix Bus
  • "Titan" petrol engine tractor in 1913. (Produced by the Magyar Motor és Gépgyár)

Prior to World War I, the Kingdom of Hungary had four car manufacturer companies; Hungarian car production started in 1900. Automotive factories in the Kingdom of Hungary manufactured motorcycles, cars, taxicabs, trucks and buses. These were: the Ganz company[67][68] in Budapest, RÁBA Automobile[69] in Győr, MÁG (later Magomobil)[70][71] in Budapest, and MARTA (Hungarian Automobile Joint-stock Company Arad)[72] in Arad.

Aeronautical industry
Hungarian produced Fokker fighter plane
Twin engine heavy bomber, produced by the Hungarian Airplane Factory, joint-stock company (1917).

The first Hungarian hydrogen-filled experimental balloons were built by István Szabik and József Domin in 1784. The first Hungarian designed and produced airplane (powered by inline engine) was flew in 1909 at Rákosmező.[73] The International Air-race was organized in Budapest, Rákosmező in June 1910. The earliest Hungarian radial engine powered airplane was built in 1913. Between 1913 and 1918, the Hungarian aircraft industry began developing. The 3 greatest: UFAG Hungarian Aircraft Factory (1914), Hungarian General Aircraft Factory (1916), Hungarian Lloyd Aircraft, Engine Factory (at Aszód (1916),[74] and Marta in Arad (1914).[75] During the WW I, fighter planes, bombers and reconnaissance planes were produced in these factories. The most important aeroengine factories were Weiss Manfred Works, GANZ Works, and Hungarian Automobile Joint-stock Company Arad.

Electrical industry and electronics
Main articles: Ganz Works, War of the currents, and Tungsram

Power plants, generators and transformers

In 1878, the Ganz company's general manager András Mechwart (1853–1942) founded the Department of Electrical Engineering headed by Károly Zipernowsky (1860–1939). Engineers Miksa Déri (1854–1938) and Ottó Bláthy (1860–1939) also worked at the department producing direct-current machines and arc lamps.

In autumn 1884, Károly Zipernowsky, Ottó Bláthy and Miksa Déri (ZBD), three engineers associated with the Ganz factory, had determined that open-core devices were impracticable, as they were incapable of reliably regulating voltage.[76] In their joint 1885 patent applications for novel transformers (later called ZBD transformers), they described two designs with closed magnetic circuits where copper windings were either a) wound around iron wire ring core or b) surrounded by iron wire core.[77] The two designs were the first application of the two basic transformer constructions in common use to this day, which can as a class all be termed as either core form or shell form (or alternatively, core type or shell type), as in a) or b), respectively (see images).[78][79][80][81] The Ganz factory had also in the autumn of 1884 made delivery of the world's first five high-efficiency AC transformers, the first of these units having been shipped on September 16, 1884.[82] This first unit had been manufactured to the following specifications: 1,400 W, 40 Hz, 120:72 V, 11.6:19.4 A, ratio 1.67:1, one-phase, shell form.[82] In both designs, the magnetic flux linking the primary and secondary windings traveled almost entirely within the confines of the iron core, with no intentional path through air (see Toroidal cores below). The new transformers were 3.4 times more efficient than the open-core bipolar devices of Gaulard and Gibbs.[83]

The Hungarian "ZBD" team invented the first high efficiency, closed core shunt connection transformer and practical parallel-connected distribution circuits.

The ZBD patents included two other major interrelated innovations: one concerning the use of parallel connected, instead of series connected, utilization loads, the other concerning the ability to have high turns ratio transformers such that the supply network voltage could be much higher (initially 1,400 to 2,000 V) than the voltage of utilization loads (100 V initially preferred).[84][85] When employed in parallel connected electric distribution systems, closed-core transformers finally made it technically and economically feasible to provide electric power for lighting in homes, businesses and public spaces.[86][87] Bláthy had suggested the use of closed cores, Zipernowsky had suggested the use of parallel shunt connections, and Déri had performed the experiments;[88] The other essential milestone was the introduction of 'voltage source, voltage intensive' (VSVI) systems'[89] by the invention of constant voltage generators in 1885.[90] Ottó Bláthy also invented the first AC electricity meter.[91][92][93][94] Transformers today are designed on the principles discovered by the three engineers. They also popularized the word 'transformer' to describe a device for altering the emf of an electric current,[86][95] although the term had already been in use by 1882.[96][97] In 1886, the ZBD engineers designed, and the Ganz factory supplied electrical equipment for, the world's first power station that used AC generators to power a parallel connected common electrical network, the steam-powered Rome-Cerchi power plant.[98] The reliability of the AC technology received impetus after the Ganz Works electrified a large European metropolis: Rome in 1886.[98]

Turbines and Turbogenerators

The first turbo-generators were water turbines which propelled electric generators. The first Hungarian water turbine was designed by the engineers of the Ganz Works in 1866, the mass production with dynamo generators started in 1883.[99] The manufacturing of steam turbo generators started in the Ganz Works in 1903.

In 1905, the Láng Machine Factory company also started the production of steam turbines for alternators.[100]

Light bulbs, radio tubes and X-ray

Tungsram is a Hungarian manufacturer of light bulbs and vacuum tubes since 1896. On 13 December 1904, Hungarian Sándor Just and Croatian Franjo Hanaman were granted a Hungarian patent (No. 34541) for the world's first tungsten filament lamp. The tungsten filament lasted longer and gave brighter light than the traditional carbon filament. Tungsten filament lamps were first marketed by the Hungarian company Tungsram in 1904. This type is often called Tungsram-bulbs in many European countries.[101] Their experiments also showed that the luminosity of bulbs filled with an inert gas was higher than in vacuum. The tungsten filament outlasted all other types (especially the former carbon filaments). The British Tungsram Radio Works was a subsidiary of the Hungarian Tungsram in pre-WW2 days.

Despite the long experimentation with vacuum tubes at Tungsram company, the mass production of radio tubes begun during WW1,[102] and the production of X-ray tubes started also during the WW1 in Tungsram Company.[103]

signal generators, oscilloscopes and pulse generators

The signal generators, oscilloscopes and pulse generators manufactured by Orion's instrumentation class have done a good job for the domestic industry as well as for export.

Home appliances

The Orion Electronics was founded in 1913. Its main profiles were the production of electrical switches, sockets, wires, incandescent lamps, electric fans, electric kettles, and various household electronics.

Telecommunication
A stentor reading the day's news in the Telefon Hírmondó studio

The first telegraph station on Hungarian territory was opened in December 1847 in Pressburg/ Pozsony /Bratislava/. In 1848, – during the Hungarian Revolution – another telegraph centre was built in Buda to connect the most important governmental centres. The first telegraph connection between Vienna and Pest – Buda (later Budapest) was constructed in 1850.[104] In 1884, 2,406 telegraph post offices operated in the Kingdom of Hungary.[105] By 1914 the number of telegraph offices reached 3,000 in post offices, and a further 2,400 were installed in the railway stations of the Kingdom of Hungary.[106]

The first Hungarian telephone exchange was opened in Budapest (May 1, 1881).[107] All telephone exchanges of the cities and towns in the Kingdom of Hungary were linked in 1893.[104] By 1914, more than 2,000 settlements had telephone exchange in the Kingdom of Hungary.[106]

The Telefon Hírmondó (Telephone Herald) service was established in 1893. Two decades before the introduction of radio broadcasting, residents of Budapest could listen to news, cabaret, music and opera at home and in public spaces daily. It operated over a special type of telephone exchange system and its own separate network. The technology was later licensed in Italy and the United States. (see: telephone newspaper).

The first Hungarian telephone factory (Factory for Telephone Apparatuses) was founded by János Neuhold in Budapest in 1879, which produced telephones microphones, telegraphs, and telephone exchanges.[108][109][110]

In 1884, the Tungsram company also started to produce microphones, telephone apparatuses, telephone switchboards and cables.[111]

The Ericsson company also established a factory for telephones and switchboards in Budapest in 1911.[112]

The first Hungarian steamship was built by Antal Bernhard in 1817, called S.S. Carolina. It was also the first steamship in Habsburg-ruled states.[113] The daily passenger traffic between the two sides of the Danube by the Carolina started in 1820.[114] The regular cargo and passenger transports between Pest and Vienna began in 1831.[113] However, it was Count István Széchenyi (with the help of Austrian ship's company Erste Donaudampfschiffahrtsgesellschaft (DDSG) ), who established the Óbuda Shipyard on the Hungarian Hajógyári Island in 1835, which was the first industrial scale steamship building company in the Habsburg Empire.[115] The most important seaport for the Hungarian part of the k.u.k. was Fiume (Rijeka, today part of Croatia), where the Hungarian shipping companies, such as the Adria, operated. The largest Hungarian shipbuilding company was the Ganz-Danubius. In 1911, The Ganz Company merged with the Danubius shipbuilding company, which largest shipbuilding company in Hungary. Since 1911, the unified company adopted the "Ganz – Danubius" brand name. As Ganz Danubius, the company became involved in shipbuilding before, and during, World War I. Ganz was responsible for building the dreadnought Szent István, supplied the machinery for the cruiser Novara.

Diesel-electric military submarines:

The Ganz-Danubius company started to build U-boats at its shipyard in Budapest, for final assembly at Fiume. Several U-Boats of the U-XXIX class, U-XXX class, U-XXXI class and U-XXXII class were completed,[116] and a number of other types were laid down, remaining incomplete at the war's end.[117] The company built some ocean liners too.

In 1915, the Whitehead company established one of its largest enterprise, the Hungarian Submarine Building Corporation (or in its German name: Ungarische Unterseebotsbau AG (UBAG)), in Fiume, Kingdom of Hungary (Now Rijeka, Croatia).[118][119] SM U-XX, SM U-XXI, SM U-XXII and SM U-XXIII Type diesel-electric submarines were produced by the UBAG Corporation in Fiume.[120][121]

See also

References
  1. "physics.org – Explore – Leo Szilard". Physics.org. Retrieved 23 December 2017.
  2. Payne, David (8 March 2017). "Investing in science in Hungary : Naturejobs Blog". blogs.Nature.com. Retrieved 23 December 2017. Hungary ranks 35th in the world for quality research output, according to Nature Index’s 2015–2016 data
  3. "Research and development (R&D) – Gross domestic spending on R&D – OECD Data". data.oecd.org. Retrieved 2016-02-10.
  4. "The Bloomberg Innovation Index". Bloomberg.
  5. "Global Innovation Index". Cornell University, INSEAD, and the World Intellectual Property Organization.
  6. "Researchers in R&D (per million people)". World Bank.
  7. "Global Innovation Index – ANALYSIS – Hungary". Cornell University, INSEAD, and the World Intellectual Property Organization.
  8. "The National Research, Development and Innovation Office". NRDI Office.
  9. "MTA and Science (Infograpihcs)". Hungarian Academy of Sciences.
  10. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2012-03-01. Retrieved 2014-01-28.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  11. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2012-11-19. Retrieved 2012-06-11.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  12. Kaplan, Robert B.; Baldauf, Richard B. (2005-01-01). Language Planning and Policy in Europe. Multilingual Matters. ISBN 978-1-85359-811-1.
  13. "MTA's Research Centres and Institutes". Hungarian Academy of Sciences.
  14. "Venture Capital and Private Equity industry in Hungary". Balázs Szabó.
  15. "Hungary's Nobel Prize Winners". Hungarian Academy of Sciences.
  16. coach. CollinsDictionary.com. Collins English Dictionary – Complete & Unabridged 11th Edition. Retrieved November 07, 2012.
  17. Definition "coach" in Merriam-Webster Dictionary.
  18. "IEC – Techline Otto Blathy, Miksa Déri, Károly Zipernowsky". Iec.ch. Archived from the original on 6 December 2010. Retrieved 20 September 2009.
  19. "US2333807A – Safety device for camera shutters". Google Patents. 1937-04-01. Retrieved 2019-09-13.
  20. Kodak Camera Design
  21. Lohr, Steve (17 September 2002). "A Microsoft Pioneer Leaves to Strike Out on His Own". The New York Times. Retrieved 21 May 2008.
  22. Fildes, Jonathan (26 October 2006). "'Nerd' outlines space ambitions". BBC News. Retrieved 21 May 2008.
  23. Dániel Rátai participated with his invention at the finals of the Intel – International Science and Engineering Fair world competition in 2005 in Phoenix, Arizona. Rátai's invention garnered six first prizes from the jury composed of international experts: IEEE Computer Society, First Award; Patent and Trademark Office Society, First Award; Intel Foundation Achievement Awards; Computer Science – Presented by Intel Foundation, Best of Category; Computer Science – Presented by Intel Foundation, First Award; Seaborg SIYSS Award. "Big corporations and research institutions have spent billions of dollars over decades to solve this problem. Meanwhile, this 19-year-old kid has cobbled this gizmo together using straws, Christmas tree lights and wire," one American juror's commented."
  24. "Székesfehérvár MJV – Hírportál – 3D Alba – Hungarian invention the three dimensional scanner microscope". Szekesfehervar.hu. Retrieved 23 December 2017.
  25. Wolfschmidt, Gudrun (ed.): Cultural Heritage of Astronomical Observatories – From Classical Astronomy to Modern Astrophysics Proceedings of the International ICOMOS Symposium in Hamburg, 14–17 October 2008. ICOMOS – International Council on Monuments and Sites. Berlin: hendrik Bäßler-Verlag (Monuments and Sites XVIII) 2009. pp 155–157
  26. Astron. Nachr. /AN 328 (2007), No. 7 – Short Contributions AG2007 Würzburg 1 A Pioneer of the Theory of Stellar Spectra – Radó von Kövesligethy Lajos Balázs, Magda Vargha and E. Zsoldos Konkoly Observatory of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences P.O.Box 67, H-1525 Budapest: The first successful spectral equation of black body radiation was the theory of continuous spectra of celestial bodies by Radó von Kövesligethy (published 1885 in Hungarian, 1890 in German). Kövesligethy made several assumptions on the matter-radiation interaction. Based on these assumptions, he derived a spectral equation with the following properties: the spectral distribution of radiation depends only on the temperature, the total irradiated energy is finite (15 years before Planck!), the wavelength of the intensity maximum is inversely proportional to the temperature (eight years before Wien!). Using his spectral equation, he estimated the temperature of several celestial bodies, including the Sun. As a byproduct he developed a theory of the spectroscopic instruments
  27. The Contribution of Hungarians to Universal Culture Archived 2007-05-02 at Archive.today (includes inventors), Embassy of the Republic of Hungary, Damascus, Syria, 2006.
  28. http://www.analogmuseum.org/library/GAMMA_JUHASZ.pdf
  29. https://www.holdcomputers.com/holdcomputers_elemei/doc/eletrajz/juhasz.pdf
  30. "A MARSLAKOK LEGENDAJA". Fizikai Szemle 1997/3. szám.
  31. Knobloch, Eberhard (2013-03-11). "The shoulders on which we stand"-Wegbereiter der Wissenschaft: 125 Jahre Technische Universität Berlin. ISBN 978-3-642-18916-6.
  32. Miskolczi, F.M. (2007) Greenhouse effect in semi-transparent planetary atmospheres, Quarterly Journal of the Hungarian Meteorological Service Vol. 111, No. 1, January–March 2007, pp. 1–40
  33. Science Watch November 2010
  34. "Home – Lundbeckfonden – The Brain Prize". TheBrainPrize.org. Retrieved 23 December 2017.
  35. "Címoldal". mta.hu.
  36. C&C Prize
  37. "Bressler Prize for neurobiologist Botond Roska". www.unibas.ch.
  38. https://mta.hu/mta_hirei/vicsek-tamas-az-mta-rendes-tagja-elnyerte-az-onsager-dijat-109990
  39. https://www.brandeis.edu/now/2021/january/rosenstiel-covid-vaccine.html
  40. https://www.france24.com/en/americas/20201218-katalin-kariko-the-scientist-behind-the-pfizer-covid-19-vaccine
  41. https://www.google.es/search?q=future+unicorn+award+2021+hungarian+petak&sxsrf=ALeKk01xtnTJnwYfjj_xEtmp0cojQ5NIrQ:1612649959996&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiJs4ygpdbuAhX6CRAIHdMAA5QQ_AUoAXoECA8QAw&biw=1904&bih=920#imgrc=xevFpHlkLshW4M>
  42. Rolt and Allen, p:145
  43. Conrad Matschoss: Great engineers, page:93
  44. L. T. C. Rolt, John Scott Allen: The steam engine of Thomas Newcomen, page:61
  45. William Chambers: Chambers's encyclopaedia -PAGE: 176
  46. Mikulas Teich, Roy Porter: The Industrial Revolution in National Context: Europe and the USA (page: 266.)
  47. Tibor Iván Berend (2003). History Derailed: Central and Eastern Europe in the Long Nineteenth Century (in Hungarian). University of California Press. p. 152; 330. ISBN 978-0-520-23299-0.
  48. "HIPO HIPO – KÁLMÁN KANDÓ (1869–1931)". Sztnh.gov.hu. 2004-01-29. Retrieved 2013-03-25.
  49. Michael C. Duffy (2003). Electric Railways 1880–1990. IET. p. 137. ISBN 978-0-85296-805-5.
  50. "Kalman Kando". Omikk.bme.hu. Retrieved 2011-10-26.
  51. "Kalman Kando". Profiles.incredible-people.com. Archived from the original on 2012-07-12. Retrieved 2009-12-05.
  52. Michael C. Duffy (2003). Electric Railways 1880–1990. IET. p. 137. ISBN 978-0-85296-805-5.
  53. Hungarian Patent Office. "Kálmán Kandó (1869–1931)". www.mszh.hu. Retrieved 2008-08-10.
  54. "VINCZE TAMÁS nyugalmazott MÁV igazgató : 100 éves a MÁV 601 sor. mozdonya" (PDF). Vasutgepeszet.hu. Retrieved 23 January 2018.
  55. (Béla Czére, Ákos Vaszkó): Nagyvasúti Vontatójármüvek Magyarországon, Közlekedési Můzeum, Közlekedési Dokumentációs Vállalat, Budapest, 1985, ISBN 9635521618
  56. Wolfgang Lübsen: Die Orientbahn und ihre Lokomotiven. in: Lok-Magazin 57, December 1972, S. 448–452
  57. István Tisza and László Kovács: A magyar állami, magán- és helyiérdekű vasúttársaságok fejlődése 1876–1900 között, Magyar Vasúttörténet 2. kötet. Budapest: Közlekedési Dokumentációs Kft., 58–59, 83–84. o. ISBN 9635523130 (1996)(English: The development of Hungarian private and state owned commuter railway companies between 1876 and 1900, Hungarian railway History Volume II.
  58. History of Public Transport in Hungary. Book: Zsuzsa Frisnyák: A magyarországi közlekedés krónikája, 1750–2000
  59. Tramways in Croatia: Book: Vlado Puljiz, Gojko Bežovan, Teo Matković, dr. Zoran Šućur, Siniša Zrinščak: Socijalna politika Hrvatske
  60. "Trams and Tramways in Romania – Timișoara, Arad, Bucharest". BeyondTheForest.com. Retrieved 23 December 2017.
  61. Tramways in Slovakia: Book: Július Bartl: Slovak History: Chronology & Lexicon – p. 112
  62. Europe Review 2003/04: The Economic and Business Report. Kogan Page Publishers. November 13, 2003. ISBN 978-0-7494-4067-1 – via Google Books.
  63. "The History of BKV, Part 1". Bkv.hu. 1918-11-22. Retrieved 25 March 2013.
  64. Centre, UNESCO World Heritage. "World Heritage Committee Inscribes 9 New Sites on the World Heritage List". whc.UNESCO.org. Retrieved 23 December 2017.
  65. UNESCO World Heritage Centre. "UNESCO World Heritage Centre – World Heritage Committee Inscribes 9 New Sites on the World Heritage List". whc.unesco.org. Archived from the original on 28 November 2009. Retrieved 10 April 2013.
  66. Budapest’s Electric Underground Railway Is Still Running After More Than 120 Years
  67. Iván Boldizsár: NHQ; the New Hungarian Quarterly – Volume 16, Issue 2; Volume 16, Issues 59-60 – Page 128
  68. Hungarian Technical Abstracts: Magyar Műszaki Lapszemle – Volumes 10-13 – Page 41
  69. Joseph H. Wherry: Automobiles of the World: The Story of the Development of the Automobile, with Many Rare Illustrations from a Score of Nations (Page:443)
  70. "History of the Biggest Pre-War Hungarian Car Maker". TheAutoChannel.com. Retrieved 23 December 2017.
  71. COMMERCE REPORTS VOLUME 4 – Page 223 (printed in 1927)
  72. G.N. Georgano: The New Encyclopedia of Motorcars, 1885 to the Present. S. 59.
  73. The American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA): History of Flight from Around the World: Hungary article.
  74. "Mária Kovács: SHORT HISTORY OF HUNGARIAN AVIATION" (PDF).
  75. "NyugatiJelen.com – Az aradi autógyártás sikertörténetéből". NyugatiJelen.com. Retrieved 23 December 2017.
  76. Hughes, p. 95
  77. Uppenborn, F. J. (1889). History of the Transformer. London: E. & F. N. Spon. pp. 35–41.
  78. Del Vecchio, Robert M.; et al. (2002). Transformer Design Principles: With Applications to Core-Form Power Transformers. Boca Raton: CRC Press. pp. 10–11, Fig. 1.8. ISBN 90-5699-703-3.
  79. Knowlton, p. 562
  80. Károly, Simonyi. "The Faraday Law With a Magnetic Ohm's Law". Természet Világa. Retrieved Mar 1, 2012.
  81. Lucas, J.R. "Historical Development of the Transformer" (PDF). IEE Sri Lanka Centre. Retrieved Mar 1, 2012.
  82. Halacsy, A. A.; Von Fuchs, G. H. (April 1961). "Transformer Invented 75 Years Ago". IEEE Transactions of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers. 80 (3): 121–125. doi:10.1109/AIEEPAS.1961.4500994. S2CID 51632693.
  83. Jeszenszky, Sándor. "Electrostatics and Electrodynamics at Pest University in the Mid-19th Century" (PDF). University of Pavia. Retrieved Mar 3, 2012.
  84. "Hungarian Inventors and Their Inventions". Institute for Developing Alternative Energy in Latin America. Archived from the original on 2012-03-22. Retrieved Mar 3, 2012.
  85. "Bláthy, Ottó Titusz". Budapest University of Technology and Economics, National Technical Information Centre and Library. Retrieved Feb 29, 2012.
  86. "Bláthy, Ottó Titusz (1860–1939)". Hungarian Patent Office. Retrieved Jan 29, 2004.
  87. Zipernowsky, K.; Déri, M.; Bláthy, O.T. "Induction Coil" (PDF). U.S. Patent 352 105, issued Nov. 2, 1886. Retrieved July 8, 2009.
  88. Smil, Vaclav (2005). Creating the Twentieth Century: Technical Innovations of 1867–1914 and Their Lasting Impact. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 71. ISBN 978-0-19-803774-3. ZBD transformer.
  89. American Society for Engineering Education. Conference – 1995: Annual Conference Proceedings, Volume 2, (PAGE: 1848)
  90. Thomas Parke Hughes: Networks of Power: Electrification in Western Society, 1880–1930 (PAGE: 96)
  91. Eugenii Katz. "Blathy". People.clarkson.edu. Archived from the original on June 25, 2008. Retrieved 2009-08-04.
  92. Ricks, G.W.D. (March 1896). "Electricity Supply Meters". Journal of the Institution of Electrical Engineers. 25 (120): 57–77. doi:10.1049/jiee-1.1896.0005. Student paper read on January 24, 1896 at the Students' Meeting.
  93. The Electrician, Volume 50. 1923
  94. Official gazette of the United States Patent Office: Volume 50. (1890)
  95. Nagy, Árpád Zoltán (Oct 11, 1996). "Lecture to Mark the 100th Anniversary of the Discovery of the Electron in 1897 (preliminary text)". Budapest. Retrieved July 9, 2009.
  96. Oxford English Dictionary (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. 1989.
  97. Hospitalier, Édouard (1882). The Modern Applications of Electricity. Julius Maier (trans.). New York: D. Appleton & Co. p. 103.
  98. "Ottó Bláthy, Miksa Déri, Károly Zipernowsky". IEC Techline. Archived from the original on 2010-12-06. Retrieved Apr 16, 2010.
  100. United States. Congress (1910). Congressional Serial Set. U.S. Government Printing Office. pp. 41, 53.
  101. (PDF). 30 May 2005 https://web.archive.org/web/20050530094858/http://www.tungsram.hu/tungsram/downloads/tungsram/tu_short_history_1896-1996.pdf. Archived from the original on 30 May 2005. Retrieved 23 December 2017. Missing or empty |title= (help)CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  102. See: The History of Tungsram 1896–1945" Page: 32
  103. See: The History of Tungsram 1896–1945" Page: 33
  104. "Google Drive – Megtekintő". Retrieved 25 March 2013.
  105. "Telegráf – Lexikon". Kislexikon.hu. Retrieved 25 March 2013.
  106. Dániel Szabó, Zoltán Fónagy, István Szathmári, Tünde Császtvay: Kettős kötődés : Az Osztrák-Magyar Monarchia (1867–1918)|
  107. Telephone History Institute: Telecom History – Issue 1. page 14.
  108. E und M: Elektrotechnik und Maschinenbau. Volume 24. page 658.
  109. Eötvös Loránd Matematikai és Fizikai Társulat Matematikai és fizikai lapok. Volumes 39-41. 1932. Publisher: Hungarian Academy of Sciences.
  110. Contributor Budapesti Történeti Múzeum: Title: Tanulmányok Budapest múltjából. Volume 18. page 310. Publisher Budapesti Történeti Múzeum, 1971.
  111. Károly Jeney; Ferenc Gáspár; English translator:Erwin Dunay (1990). The History of Tungsram 1896–1945 (PDF). Tungsram Rt. p. 11. ISBN 978-3-939197-29-4.
  112. IBP, Inc. (2015). Hungary Investment and Business Guide (Volume 1) Strategic and Practical Information World Business and Investment Library. lulu.com. p. 128. ISBN 978-1-5145-2857-0.
  113. Wisnovszky, Iván (1971). Study trip to the Danube Bend. Hydraulic Documentation and Information Centre. p. 13. ISBN 9789636021559. Retrieved 23 December 2017 – via Google Books.
  114. "185 éve indult el az első dunai gőzhajó". mult-kor.hu. 15 July 2005. Retrieved 2014-05-09.
  115. Victor-L. Tapie: The Rise and Fall of the Habsburg Monarchy PAGE: 267
  116. R.H. Gibson; Maurice Prendergast (2002). The German Submarine War 1914–1918. Periscope Publishing Ltd. p. 386. ISBN 978-1-904381-08-2.
  117. "AH Submarine Force". Gwpda.org. Retrieved 23 January 2018.
  118. Paul G. Halpern (2015). The Naval War in the Mediterranean: 1914–1918 (Routledge Library Editions: Military and Naval History ed.). Routledge. p. 158. ISBN 978-1-317-39186-9.
  119. Lawrence Sondhaus (1994). The Naval Policy of Austria-Hungary, 1867–1918: Navalism, Industrial Development, and the Politics of Dualism. Purdue University Press. p. 287. ISBN 978-1-55753-034-9.
  120. Lawrence Sondhaus (1994). The Naval Policy of Austria-Hungary, 1867–1918: Navalism, Industrial Development, and the Politics of Dualism. Purdue University Press. p. 303. ISBN 978-1-55753-034-9.
  121. Paul E. Fontenoy (2007). Submarines: An Illustrated History of Their Impact Weapons and warfare series. ABC-CLIO. p. 170. ISBN 978-1-85109-563-6.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.